MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR

Department of chemical Engineering

CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING LAB

VI YEAR, SEMESTER-6

EXPERIMENT#1
NON CATALYTIC GAS-SOLID REACTION

INSTRUCTUR
IR.Nandna Chakinala

NAME-Amoluck Bhatia
ID-209101001

DATE OF EXPERIMENT-20/01/2023

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………............... (10)

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE ……………………….….. (30)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………............. (30)
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………….. (10)

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………….. (5)

APPENDIX Original data, sample calculations, other information………. (5)

GENERAL COMPLETENESS Conciseness and neatness………………………… (10)

TOTAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (100)

CONTENT TABLE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.OBJECTIVE
2.INTRODUCTION
3.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.PROCEDURE
5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.REFRENCE
8.APPENDEX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The aim of this experiment is to study the non-catalytic gas-solid reactions by
recording the weight and height at different time intervals and to determine a
suitable model for the reaction. Dhoop (essence) stick was burned in a petri
dish kept on a weighing balance to record its weight during the process. The
result of this experiment, confirm the experiment follows Shrinking-Core
Model with some ash diffusion, as the actual sample kept on decreasing the
size while unreacted ash stayed back.

OBJECTIVE
AIM :
To study non-catalytic gas solid reaction for combustion of dhoop stick and to
record weight loss-time data and to find out suitable model for the reaction.

INTRODUCTION
Non-catalytic reactions are the chemical reactions in which a catalyst is not
involved in the reaction process. There are two types of non-catalytic reactions
namely, homogeneous, and heterogeneous reactions. In this experiment we will
be dealing with heterogeneous non-catalytic reactions.

A heterogeneous reaction in which a gas or solid reacts with and forms a

product. Such reactions are represented by :-

A(fluid) + B(solid)  fluid and solid products

For non-catalytic reactions of particles with surrounding fluid, we consider two

simple idealized models, the progressive – conversive model and the shrinking-
core model.
Progressive – Conversion Model (PCM) : the reactant gas always enters and
reacts throughout the particles, most likely at different rates and location within
the particle. Thus, the solid reactant is converted and progressively throughout
the particle, as shown in the figure.

Shrinking – Core Model (SCM) : The reactant occurs first at the outer skin of
the particle. The zone of the reaction then moves into the solid, leaving behind
completely converted material and inert solid, referred to as ash. Thus, at any
time there exists an unreacted core of material which shrinks in size during
reaction, as shown in the figure;
Mechanism behind shrinking core model:
The mechanism in shrinking core model consists of 5 steps during the
succession of the reaction,
1. Diffusion of gaseous reactant A through the film surrounding the particles
to the surface of the solid.
2. Penetration and diffusion of A through the blanket of ash to the surface of
the unreacted core.
3. Reaction of gaseous A with solid at this reaction surface.
4. Diffusion of gaseous products through the ash back to the exterior surface
of the solid.
5. Diffusion of gaseous products through the gas film back into the main
body of fluid.
Diffusion through Gas Film Controls: No gaseous reactant is present at the
particle surface, hence the concentration driving force, C Ag – CA becomes CAg
and is constant at all times during reaction of the particle.

−1 d N B −1 d D B −b d N A
= = =b k g ( C Ag−C As ) =b k g C Ag=constant
S ex dt 4 π R dt
2
4 π R dt
2

( )
2
ρB R r
On further simplifying the equation, t = [1− C ]
2b k g C Ag R

ρB R
For complete conversion, τ = 2b k C
g Ag

π r 2C H rC 2
The conversion in this case is 1− X B = (
volume of unreacted core
total volume of particle
= )
π R2 H
=( )
R

( )
3
t r
Therefore, =1− C = X B
τ R

Diffusion through Ash Layer Controls:

 −d N A 2 2
=4 π r Q As=4 π r Q Ag=constant
dt

On further solving, t=
ρB R
[ ( ) ( ) ]
4 b D e C Ag
1−
rC 2
R
+2
rC 2 rC
R
∈( )
R

2
ρB R
For complete conversion, τ =
6 b D e C Ag

t
Therefore, =1−1−
τ ( ) ( ) ( )
rC 2
R
r 2 r
+2 C ∈ C =X B + ( 1− X B ) ∈ ( 1− X B )
R R

Chemical Reaction Controls: Since the progress of the reaction is unaffected by

the presence of any ash layer, the rate is proportional to the available surface of
unreacted core.

−1 d N B −b
2
= 2
=bk {C} rsub {Ag
4 π R dt 4 π rC

ρB R
On further solving, t=
bk {C} rsub {Ag}} left [1- {{r} rsub {C}} over {R} right ¿

ρB R
For complete conversion, t=
bk {C} rsub {Ag} ¿

t r
Therefore, =1− C =1−(1− X B )1/ 2
τ R

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Apparatus:
 1. Weighing Machine
2. Stand
3. 1 (15cm) Scale
4. Stop-watch / Timer.
5. Dhoop Stick
6. Lighter / Matchbox

Chemicals:

Cylindrical shaped dhoop stick.

PROCEDURE
1. Prepare an experimental setup as shown in the above photos.
2. Take well cylindrical shaped piece of dhoop stick and measure its height
with the help of a scale.
3. Calculate the volume of the dhoop stick.
4. Measure its weight and then calculate the density of the same.
5. Put the dhoop stick in a petri dish and place it on the weighing balance.
6. Do not forget to tear the readings on the weighing balance before placing
the dish.
7. Burn the dhoop stick and start thew timer and note down the change in
weight with respect to time from the weighing scale display.
8. Calculate the value of T/ & RC/R.
9. Plot a graph of RC/R vs T/
10.Compare the graph with the standard graph shown above and select the
rate of controlling step based on the plotting of graph which meets
exactly or approximately with the standard graph.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

WEIGHT HEIGHT
TIME(s) (g) (cm)
0 7.39 5.8
90 7.299 5
180 7.26 4.7
270 7.207 4.6
360 7.15 4.55
450 7.11 4.49
 540 7.058 4.4
630 6.996 4.27
720 6.92 4.2
810 6.835 4.1
900 6.755 3.9
990 6.65 3.8
1080 6.522 3.8
1170 6.43 3.7
1260 6.33 3.5
1350 7.12 3.3
1440 5.97 3.1
1530 5.858 3.1
1620 5.73 3
1710 5.606 2.8
1800 5.444 2.8
1890 5.297 2.6
1980 5.1713 2.6
2070 5.007 2.5
2160 4.86 2.3
2250 4.71 2.2
2340 4.57 2.2
2430 4.455 2.1
2520 4.3531 2.1
2610 4.22 2
2700 3.96 1.8
2790 3.84 1.7
2880 3.82 1.7
2970 3.72 1.7
3060 3.59 1.4
3150 3.435 1.3
3240 3.168 1.3
3330 3 1.2
3420 2.85 1.2
3510 2.67 1.1
3600 2.52 1
3690 2.37 0.95
3780 2.22 0.8
3870 2.08 0.6
3960 1.92 0.5
4050 1.77 0.4
4140 1.62 0.4
4230 1.48 0.3
4320 1.09 0.2
4410 1.009 0.1
4500 0.945 0.1
4590 0.9085 0.1
4680 0.88 0
4770 0.873 0
 4860 0.873 0
4950 0.873 0
5040 0.873 0
5130 0.873 0

Calculation:

V = 3.14 * (Radius of
camphor)^2 * L L/D= 0.625
L=
0.625
*D
D=
2*R
V = 3.14 * (Radius of camphor)^2 * (0.625
* D) V= 3.14 * (Radius of camphor)^2 *
(0.625 * 2*R) V= 3.925* (Rc^3)
Rc= (V/3.925)^ (1/3)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In burning the camphor particle, the overall rate is controlled by gas
film diffusion. Hence, In Combustion of Camphor Gas film diffusion is
rate controlling step.
RECOMMENDATION
1. The experiment should be conducted in a well-ventilated room.
2. The dhoop batti should be lit properly.
3. The weighing scale should be well calibrated.

REFRENCE
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233620116_Modelling_of_non-
catalytic_gas-solid_reactions_-_multicomponent_non-
equimolar_counter_diffusion_of_gaseous_phase