Chapter 1

American roads are
good not because

America is rich, but
America is reach
because American
roads are good” –
John F. Kennedy
Transportation Engineering-(3150611)
Civil Engineering- Semester –V
Chapter-2 Highway Transportation
Chapter 2
Civil Engg. Deptt,
Lecture 1 –Highway Material
ujjval.solanki@darshan.ac.in
Transportation Engineeing (3150611) Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
Subjects in Semester V-Civil Engineering
• Core Subject
Select
Any one
• Elective Subject
Select
Any one
Select
Any one
Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 2 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
GTU Syllabus-3150611
• Teaching Scheme
Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total
L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks Marks
ESE (E) PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
3 0 2 4 70 30 30 20 150
• Theory Exam : 70 Marks

• Mid Sem Exam: 30 Marks
• Experiment ( Lab manual) : 30 Marks
• Sketch book : 10 Marks
• Active learning assignment : 10 Marks
• External Viva : 30 Marks

Sr.No Contents No. of Sir
Lecture
01 Introduction:
Importance of Transportation, Different modes of transportation,
Overview of Road, Rail, Air and Water Transportation,
Comparison of various modes of Transportation. Organizations
and their functions - Central Road Research Institute (CRRI),
Indian Road Congress (IRC), Railway Board (RB), Inland 2 DDD
Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), Airport Authority of India
(AAI), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Directorate
General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
02-A Introduction: Highway planning and development in India,

Classification of Rural and Urban roads, Highway alignment and
surveys, Preparation of Detailed Project Report. Highway 30 DDD
Geometric Design: Importance, highway cross section elements,
sight distance, design of horizontal alignment, design of vertical
alignment, design of intersection.

Sr. Contents No. of Sir
No Lecture
02-B Highway Materials: Components of highway pavement UJS
and materials used.
Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties,
Compaction, Strength evaluation tests.
Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road
aggregates and quality control.
Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties,
Tests on bitumen and quality control, Bitumen
emulsion functions and classification, Modified
bituminous binder functions and classification.
Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of
design mix, general approach for design of bituminous
mixes and introduction to Marshall Mix Design Method.

No Lecture
02-C Design and Construction of Pavement: Pavement component
functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement
design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps
for construction of highway on embankment and in cutting.
Construction of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization.
Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage

layer, Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM,
Construction of bituminous pavement layers- base course and
surface course, prime coat and tack coat.
Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components

of cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of
cement concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete
pavement-function and construction

No Lecture
02-D Pavement Maintenance: Objective and classification of highway UJS
maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in
flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation:
Functional and Structural
Highway Drainage, Arboriculture and Lighting: Requirements

of drainage system, Surface drainage system, Sub-surface
drainage system, Road Arboriculture, Highway lighting:
Importance, Design factors and lighting layout.
02-E Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, Traffic studies: Traffic DDD
Volume study, Spot speed studies, Travel time - Delay study, PCU,
Origin and Destination studies, Parking studies, Road accident
studies. Traffic regulations and control devices. Types of
Intersections. Road safety aspect

No Lecture
3 Rail Transportation: 4 UJS
Role of Indian Railways in National Development, Basic requirement of
railway alignment and functions of Permanent Way, Types of
components and functions: Gauge, Rail, Fittings, Ballast,
Embankments, Subgrade. Purpose: Coning of wheel, Super-elevation,
points and crossing, signalling and interlocking, yard, junction and
terminal.
4 Water Transportation: 3 DDD
Harbour: Classification, components, site selection. Definitions:
Harbour, Port, Plimsoll Line, Beam, Draft, Hull, Structures and
functions: Jetty, Breakwater, Wharf, Dock, Lock, Quay, Mole, Dolphin.
Mooring, Dredging. Natural Phenomenon: Tides, Waves, Wind,
Currents. Navigational Aids: Lighthouse, Lightships, Buoys.
5 Air Transportation: 3 DDD
Airport: Classification, Master plan, Site selection, Zoning laws,
imaginary surfaces. Aircraft Component parts, Importance and
Purpose: Wind rose diagram, Runway Orientation, Taxiway, Apron,
terminal building, Marking and lighting on Runway, Taxiway and
Apron
List of Experiment
1. Determination of aggregate crushing Value
2. Determination of aggregate impact value
3. Determination of Los Angeles Abrasion value
4. Determination of shape tests on aggregate
5. Determination of California Bearing Ratio values
6. Determination of viscosity of Bitumen
7. Determination of softening point of bitumen
8. Determination of ductility of the bitumen
9. Determination of flash point and fire point of bitumen
10. Determination of Bitumen content
11. Determination of stripping value of road aggregate
12. Determination of Marshall Stability value for Bituminous mix

Major Equipment
1. Aggregate crushing value test apparatus

2. Aggregate impact value test apparatus
3. Los Angeles test apparatus
4. Flakiness and Elongation index gauge
5. California bearing ratio test apparatus
6. Kinematic viscometer test apparatus
7. Ring and ball test apparatus
8. Ductility test apparatus
9. Flash and fire point test apparatus
10. Marshal test apparatus

Field Visit
1. A visit of construction site of Highway and Railway for
understanding of construction procedure
2. A visit of an Airport and Harbour / Port site for
understanding various components and its function
3. A visit of Ready-Mix Concrete plant for understanding of
process of producing concrete

Reference Books:
1. Dr. S.K. Khanna and Dr. C.E. G. Justo, Veeraraghvan “Highway Engineering”, Nem Chand &
Bros., Roorkee.
2. L.R. Kadiyali, “Highway Engineering”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
3. L.R. Kadiyali, “Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning,” Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
4. S.K. Sharma, “Principles, Practice and Design of Highway Engineering”, S. Chand & Co., New
Delhi.
5. IRC – 37 “Guidelines for Design of flexible Pavements”, IRC, New Delhi, 2001.
6. IRC – 67 “Code of Practice for Road Signs”, IRC, New Delhi – 2001.
7. IRC: 58, 2002: “Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for Highways”,
IRC, N.Delhi, December, 2002.
• NPTEL.. Transportation Engineering-I- Video lecture by Bhrgav mitra and K Sudhakar reddy (
NPTEL web site) http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105107/
• NPTEL…Transportation Engineering –I web lecture by Partha Chakraborty, Animesh Das. (
NPTEL web site)
• NPTEL… Text material by TOM Methew IIT-Bombay (IIT –B web site.. refer civil
department..faculty…refer Tom Methew
you may also refer directly on http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105101087/

Lecture 1
Chapter : 2-B
No Lecture
02-B Highway Materials: Components of highway pavement UJS
and materials used.
Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties,
Compaction, Strength evaluation tests.
Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road
aggregates and quality control.
Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties,
Tests on bitumen and quality control, Bitumen
emulsion functions and classification, Modified
bituminous binder functions and classification.
Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of
design mix, general approach for design of bituminous
mixes and introduction to Marshall Mix Design Method.

Points to be discussed in Chapter 2-B
1. Highway materials
A. Subgrade soil
B. Aggregates/Metal/Black trap metal (BT-Metal) (Kapchi)
C. Binder/ Bitumen/Asphalt
2. Bituminous Paving mixes ( Bituminous mix)
3. Cement and Cement concrete – their engineering and
physical properties, basic tests….will learn in Concrete
Technology Subject in this semester 5.. Will not discuss

Highway Construction material
Soil Aggregate Bitumen Cement

Cross section of Flexible pavement pavement
Carriage way Shoulder- Provide support
Bituminous Provide Wearing surface
Layer Binder course load transfer
Base-Load transfer
Non-bituminous layer
Upper Granular sub base- Open graded –Grad III, IV Upper subbase-
Drainage layer
Lower Granular sub base- Close graded –Grad I and II
Lower
sub-base-sep
aration layer
Existing soil OR Ground –Known as Subgrade
Surface/Wearing course -Name Binder course-Name Base course
BC-Bituminous Concrete BM-Bituminous macadam WBM-Water

bound
SDBC-Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete DBM-Dense Bituminous Macadam Macadam
OGPC- Open graded pre-mix carpet BUSG- Built Up Spray Grout WMM-Wet Mix
PC-Premix carpet PC-Premix carpet Macadam
Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1
Transportation Engineering 17 17 Darshan Institute of Engineering
Darshan Institute & Technology
of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
Cross section of flexible pavement
Tack coat Slope –known as

camber Prime coat

Cross section of flexible pavement

Cross section of Rigid Pavement/ Concrete Road
Shoulder
Shoulder 2 lane Carriage way
Separation
membrane Joint
Pavement Quality Concrete –PQC Slab
Dry Lean Concrete-DLC Sub Base
Granular Sub base / Drainage layer
Compacted Subgrade / Borrowed subgrade

Cross section of Rigid Pavement/ Concrete Road

Materials required for pavement construction
1. Subgrade -Soil- Borrowed subgrade/ Compacted
subgrade /Existing soil
2. Sub-base- Granular soil or crushed aggregates
3. Base course - Crushed stone aggregates (Kapchi /Metal/
Black trap metal) and fine aggregates/ Stone dust / Sand
4. Binder course and Wearing course - Crushed stone
aggregates (Kapchi /Metal/ Black trap metal) and fine
aggregates/ Stone dust / Sand + Bitumen (binder) in
Flexible pavement + Cement in concrete pavement

• Classified materials
Soil Aggregate Binder-BITU Binder-CEME
MEN NT
• Used as • Used in • Used in • Used in Dry
subgrade granular binder lean
• Subgrade sub base course concrete
may be • Used in • Used in (DLC)
borrowed ( granular wearing • Used in
compacted) base course course Pavement
• Used in Quality
bituminous Concrete
layer (PQC)

Flexible Further
Rigid pavement
pavement discussion
on
Subgrade Subgrade
Material-Soil Material-Soil
Sub-base- Sub-base-
Mix-GSB
Material-Aggregates Material-Aggregate
Base course- Base – Pavement Quality
Concrete (PQC)-
Mix-WBM,WMM)
Material-Aggregates and
Material-Aggregates Cement
Binder course and
Wearing course –
Material-Aggregates + Bitumen
Soil
• Soil is mineral material lying above rock strata
including air, water, and organic matter
• It is non-homogeneous and porous
• Properties greatly influenced by moisture, density
and compaction
• To identify soil and its behaviour is complex need skill
and experience
• માણસને મ ઓળખવો ુ કલ છે તેમ માટ ને ઓળખવી
પણ ુ કલ છે એટલે જ આપણે યાં માણસ માટ કહવત છે
“કઈ માટ નો બનેલો છે ”

Soil properties
Physical Properties Engineering Properties
• G-Specific Gravity, • C-Cohesion,
• OMC- Optimum moisture • ø – Friction,
content • K -Permeability,
• MDD- Maximum dry density • FSI- Free swell Index
• FMC -Field Moisture content • CBR- California Bearing
• FDD – Field dry density ratio,
• GSA-Grain size analysis • K -Modulus of Subgrade,
• Atterberg’s limit / • SBC- safe bearing capacity.
Consistency limits
• LL-Liquid limit
• UCS-Unconfined
Compressive strength
• PL-Plastic limit
(Preferred in IRC 37)
• PI-Plasticity Index
• SL- Shrinkage limit

Desirable properties of soil……GTU..Every sem
• Adequate stability to • Minimum variation in • Should retain desired
resist permanent volume, ensures subgrade support i.e.
deformation under minimum differential resistance to
loads expansion and weathering
strength values
1 3
2 Permanency of
Incompressibility
Stability Strength
• Under adverse • Essential to avoid • Ensures higher dry

conditions of excessive moisture density and strength
weather and ground retention and to under particular type
water minimum reduce the potential and amount of
change in volume frost action compaction
4 5 6
Minimum changes
Good drainage Ease of compaction
in volume
28
1-Oct-20
I H
L
Subgrade soil strength- Factors
•

Factors affecting soil strength
• Granular soil have •Degree of
higher strength
than fine grained compaction
soil governs its
strength
1 2 Particle size 3
Soil type distribution Dry density
• Soil like sand • The rate of

exhibit greater drainage affect the
strength when soil strength, More
confined then when drainage, better
not confined shear resistance
4 Moisture 5 Extent of 6
content confinement Permeability

Evaluation of Soil ( subgrade) strength
Evaluation of Soil Strength
Shear test Penetration Bearing test

test
California Plate bearing

Direct shear Unconfined Triaxial
test bearing Ratio test
compression Compression Test (CBR)
(Box shear
test (UCS) test -%
test)
Measure-
Used for Modulus of
subgrade reaction
Thickness – K value
Design of
Flexible
Used for
Pavement
Thickness Design
of Concrete
Further discussion Pavement (Rigid
on Penetration test Pavement)

Penetration test -California bearing ratio (CBR)
• Most widely used test for thickness design of flexible pavement is
California Bearing Ratio test –CBR
• Test originally developed by California division of Highway
• The U.S. Corps Engineers developed method during war
• Most of country in the world adopt this standard method
• India too used CBR value to design flexible pavement
• Test standardized by Indian Standard Code –IS 2720: part XVI
• It is penetration test, in which the load required to cause plunger of
standard size to penetrate a specimen of soil at a standard rate is
measured

Penetration test -California bearing ratio (CBR)
• A simple test that compares the bearing capacity of a material with
that of a well-graded crushed stone
• A high quality crushed stone material should have a CBR of about
100%
• CBR is basically a measure of strength
• The test is empirical and results cannot be related accurately with any
fundamental property of the material.
• CBR value is the measure of resistance of material to the penetration
of standard plunger under controlled density and moisture condition.
• The CBR test can be made in the laboratory on undisturbed or
remoulded soil samples.
• The CBR value of sub grade is normally evaluated on a soaked sample
compacted at optimum moisture content to maximum dry density.

CBR Test apparatus
Cylindrical Spacer disc

Mould + Filter Hammer 2.6 / Loading Frame + Plunger
paper 4.9 Kg
Surcharge
Perforated
weight Proving ring Dial gauge plate
2.5 /5 Kg

CBR Test arrangement

CBR Test arrangement

Definition of CBR
•

Test Procedure
• The laboratory CBR apparatus consists of a mould 150 mm diameter with a base plate and
a collar, a loading frame and dial gauges for measuring the penetration values and the
expansion on soaking.
• The specimen in the mould is soaked in water for four days and the swelling and water
absorption values are noted. The surcharge weight is placed on the top of the specimen in
the mould and the assembly is placed under the plunger of the loading frame.
• Load is applied on the sample by a standard plunger with dia of 50 mm at the rate of 1.25
mm/min. A load penetration curve is drawn. The load values on standard crushed stones
are 1370 kg and 2055 kg at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetrations respectively.
• CBR value is expressed as a percentage of the actual load causing the penetrations of 2.5
mm or 5.0 mm to the standard loads mentioned above. Therefore,
• Two values of CBR will be obtained. If the value of 2.5 mm is greater than that of 5.0 mm
penetration, the former is adopted. If the CBR value obtained from test at 5.0 mm
penetration is higher than that at 2.5 mm, then the test is to be repeated for checking. If
the check test again gives similar results, then higher value obtained at 5.0 mm
penetration is reported as the CBR value. The average CBR value of three test specimens is
reported as the CBR value of the sample.
For less For Most
Light Compaction/ Heavy Compaction/
important important
road Standard Proctor road Modified Compaction
Particle size Particle size

Particle size 20 Particle size 20
37.5 mm 37.5 mm
mm Maximum mm Maximum
Maximum Maximum
Small Mould Large Mould Small Mould Large Mould

10 cm Dia, 15 cm Dia, 10 cm Dia, 15 cm Dia,
12.73 cm Height 17.5 cm Height 12.73 cm Height 17.5 cm Height
Sample size 19 Sample size 40 Sample size 19 Sample size 40

mm passing mm passing mm passing mm passing
Quantity 5 Kg Quantity 6 Kg Quantity- 5 Kg Quantity 30 Kg
3 – layer, 25 Blow 3 – Layer, 55 Blow 5 – layer, 25 Blow 5 – layer , 55 Blow ,

2.6 Kg Hammer 2.6 Kg Hammer 4.9 Kg Hammer 4.9 Kg Hammer
31 cm Fall Height 31 cm Fall Height 45 cm Fall Height 45 cm Fall Height

Methods of Compaction and CBR Mould preparation-Lab CBR
Dynamic compaction Static compaction

• Soil sample passing from 19 mm ( • Soil sample passing from 19 mm (
size > 19 mm shall be replaced by size > 19 mm shall be replaced by
material passing through 19 mm material passing through 19 mm
and retained on 4.75 mm) and retained on 4.75 mm)
• Soil sample weight (dry) required • Volume of soil =2209 cc
@ 6 kg • Weight of dry soil =2209 *
• Water added as per lab OMC • Weight of wet soil =*
• Mould prepared by applying • Now this soil would fill the mould
hammer blow-at 5 layer of 2.6 or
• If required apply compression
4.9 Kg at its OMC and MDD
force—at compression test m/c
• Test immediately- UN SOAK test
• Test immediately- UN SOAK test
• Test after soaking 96 hours in
• Test after soaking 96 hours in
water- SOAK CBR test

Sample preparation and compaction method for
CBR mould
Dynamic compaction Static compaction
Soil sample passing from 19 mm Soil sample passing from 19 mm ( size > 19
( size > 19 mm shall be replaced mm shall be replaced by material passing
by material passing through 19 through 19 mm and retained on 4.75 mm)
mm and retained on 4.75 mm) Volume of soil =2209 cc
Soil sample weight (dry) required
@ 6 kg
Water added as per lab OMC
Mould prepared by applying

hammer blow-at 5 layer of 2.6 or Now this soil would fill the mould
4.9 Kg at its OMC and MDD
If required apply compression force—at
Test immediately- UN SOAK test compression test m/c
Test after soaking 96 hours in Test immediately- UN SOAK test
Test after soaking 96 hours in water- SOAK
CBR test

Sample preparation and compaction method for
CBR mould
• Soil sample passing from 19
mm ( size > 19 mm shall be
replaced by material passing
through 19 mm and retained
on 4.75 mm)
• Soil sample weight (dry)
required @ 6 kg
• Water added as per lab OMC
• Mould prepared by applying
hammer blow-at 5 layer of 2.6
or 4.9 Kg at its OMC and MDD
Dynamic compaction Static

compaction
Volume and weight of soil for static compaction
(OMC, MDD test results required)
Sr.No Details Explanation with example Result
01 Volume of soil 2209 cc
sample ( not
mould)
02 1.6 gm/cc
03 Optimum moisture 12.0 %
content OMC
04 Weight of dry soil 3534.4 gram
05 Weight of wet soil
3958.5 gram
07 Weight of dry soil As suggested in serial no-4 3534.4 Gram
08 Weight of water Wt of wet soil- weight of dry soil 424.1 Gram/
= 3958.5 – 3534.4 0.424 liter
Method of static compaction for CBR test
• The quantity of the soil is mixed with water to give the required
moisture content.
• The correct weight of wet soil is placed in the mould. After
initial tamping with a steel rod, a filter paper is placed on top of
the soil, followed by the 50mm displacer disc
• The specimen compressed in the compression machine until
the top of the displacer is flush with the top of the collar.
• The load is held for about 30 seconds and then released.
• In some soil types where a certain amount of rebound occurs, it
may be necessary to reapply load to force the displacer disc
slightly below the top of the mould so that on rebound the right
volume is obtained.

CBR Test options
CBR Mould
( Always large Static Un soak
mould) compaction sample
size15 cm dia ( select
OMC, MDD Soak sample
17.5 cm Height (96 hours)
light/heavy)
Disturbed Un soak
sample
CBR test alternate
sample
Light
Lab CBR compaction
Undisturbed Soak sample
sample (96 hours)
Field CBR Dynamic
compaction Un soak
( Apply blow) sample
Heavy
CBR Compacted compaction
Soil Sample size Soak sample
15 cm dia (96 hours)
12.5 cm Height

Field CBR Test

CBR Standard Load values
Penet Unit Area of Standard load Standard
ration standard plunger = load
in load, Unit standard in
in Kg/cm² load * Area of Kg
mm plunger
1370
2.5 70 (13.44 kN)
= 105 * 19.63 2055

5.0 105 = 2061 (20.15 kN)
say 2055 Kg

CBR Test -1 observation and CBR determination
Observation table
A Soak CBR (96 hour
soaking) test performed on Penetration Proving
in ring CBR
subgrade soil sample Value in %
mm division Load in Kg
collected from 0
0.0 0
Rajkot-Morbi –SH-22 at 0.5 35 21
Transportation Engg. 1.0 55 33
lab-Darshan Institute. 1.5 75 45
Following observation 2.0 95 57
collected from CBR test 2.5 110 66 4.81
machine, Load observed on 3.0 115 69
proving ring of 5 kN 4.0 120 72
capacity and penetration 5.0 130 78 3.79
interval as suggested by 7.5 145 87
Indian standard code. 10.0 150 90
Proving ring calibration 12.5 160 96
factor = 0.6 kg/ division
CBR Test-1 chart load v/s penetration
78
66

CBR Test -2 observation and CBR determination
Observation table
A Soak (96 hour soaking) CBR Penetration Proving
test performed on subgrade in ring Load CBR
soil sample collected from mm division in Kg Value in %
Rajkot-Gondal–NH-27at 0.0 0 0
Transportation Engg. 0.5 2 3.7
1.0 6 11.1
Lab.-Darshan Institute-Rajkot.
1.5 10 18.5
Following observation 2.0 18 33.3
collected from CBR test 2.5 27 50.0 3.64
machine, Load observed on 3.0 38 70.3
proving ring of 5 kN capacity 4.0 50 92.5
and penetration interval as 5.0 58 107.3 5.22
suggested by Indian standard 7.5 69 127.7
10.0 72 133.2
code. Proving ring calibration
12.5 75 138.8
factor = 1.85 kg/ ring division

Draw a tangent to the load-penetration curve where it Initial concavity shows –
CBR Test-1
changes chart
concavity load v/s penetration
to convexity penetration v/s load is not
proportionate
The point of intersection of this tangent line with the
Reason :
x-axis is taken as the new origin
1)Due to soaking, top surface
Shift the origin to this point (new origin) and correct all may be spongy so penetration
the penetration values possible, doesn't show load
Method to correct
✓
118
79
✓

CBR Test

Variation in CBR Values
• At least three samples should be tested on each type of soil at the
same density and moisture content to take care of the variation in
the values
• This will enable a reliable average value to be obtained in most cases
• Where variation with in CBR values is more than the permissible
maximum variation the design CBR value should be the average of
six samples and not three
• Permissible variation in CBR value as per IRC
CBR (per cent) Maximum variation in CBR value

5 ±1
5-10 ±2
11-30 ±3
31 and above ±5
Design CBR
• The average CBR values corresponding to 2.5 mm and 5 mm
penetration values should be worked out
• If the average CBR at 2.5 mm penetration is more than that at 5 mm
penetration, then the design CBR is the average CBR at 2.5 mm
penetration
• If the CBR at 5mm penetration is more than that at 2.5 mm
penetration, then the test should be repeated. Even after the
repetition, if CBR at 5mm is more than CBR at 2.5 mm, CBR at 5 mm
could be adopted as the design CBR.
• COMPUTATION OF DESIGN CBR 1 2 3 Average
5.54 5.76 5.71
5.44 5.56 5.56

Design CBR would be 5.71 %
CBR of subgrade =5%
Effective CBR – IRC 37 2012 CBR of compacted borrow material 500
mm thick =20 %
Effective CBR =14%
14 %
1-Oct-20 59
Example (GTU-2014)
•A subgrade soil sample was tested using standard CBR test apparatus
and observation are given below.
•Assume that the load penetration curve in convex through out. What
will be the CBR value in % for the given sample
Load in Kg Penetration in mm
60.5 Kg 2.5
80.5 Kg 5.0

Example ( GATE)
• In a CBR test the load corresponding to 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm
penetration values are respectively 1208 Kg and 1611 Kg
respectively. The CBR value of soil is
• (a) 78.39%
• (b) 88.17%
• ( c) 67.32 %
• ( d) 54.78%
• 1208/1370 * 100 = 88.17

• 1611/2055 *100 = 78.39
• Select higher of 2 = 88.17 %

Example (GATE)
A subgrade soil sample was tested using standard CBR test apparatus
and observation are given below. Assume that the load penetration
curve in convex through out. What will be the Design CBR value in % for
the given subgrade soil sample
Load in Penetration Consider Unit Standard load=
Kg in mm standard load in Kg Unit std. load x Area of plunger
130 Kg 2.5 70
180 Kg 5.0 105


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Chapter 1

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American roads are

good not because

• Theory Exam : 70 Marks

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 3 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

02-A Introduction: Highway planning and development in India,

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 4 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 5 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage

Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 6 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Highway Drainage, Arboriculture and Lighting: Requirements

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 7 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 9 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

1. Aggregate crushing value test apparatus

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 10 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 11 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 12 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 14 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 15 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Soil Aggregate Bitumen Cement

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 16 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Surface/Wearing course -Name Binder course-Name Base course

BC-Bituminous Concrete BM-Bituminous macadam WBM-Water

Tack coat Slope –known as

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 18 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 19 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Pavement Quality Concrete –PQC Slab

Dry Lean Concrete-DLC Sub Base

Granular Sub base / Drainage layer

Compacted Subgrade / Borrowed subgrade

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 21 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 22 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 23 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 25 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 26 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

• Under adverse • Essential to avoid • Ensures higher dry

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 33 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

• Soil like sand • The rate of

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 34 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Shear test Penetration Bearing test

California Plate bearing

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 35 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 36 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 37 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Cylindrical Spacer disc

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 38 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 39 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 40 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 41 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Particle size Particle size

Small Mould Large Mould Small Mould Large Mould

Sample size 19 Sample size 40 Sample size 19 Sample size 40

3 – layer, 25 Blow 3 – Layer, 55 Blow 5 – layer, 25 Blow 5 – layer , 55 Blow ,

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 43 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Dynamic compaction Static compaction

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 44 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Mould prepared by applying

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 45 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Dynamic compaction Static

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 48 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 49 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Transportation Engineering –Lecture 1 50 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology