• Thoracic duct:

- Rest of body empties from lymphatic

vessels
- Empties into left subclavian vein

FUNCTIONS LYMPHATIC ORGANS

• Fluid balance • Tonsils:
• Fat absorption - palatine tonsils on each side of oral
• Defense cavity
COMPONENTS: - pharyngeal tonsils near internal
opening of nasal cavity (adenoid)
• Lymph: fluid that enters lymphatic - lingual tonsils posterior surface of
capillaries composed of water and some tongue
solutes - form a protective ring of lymphatic
• Lymphocytes tissue around nasal and oral cavities
• Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes:
• Lymph nodes - Can vary in size
• Tonsils - Filters any invading microorganisms
• Spleen - Armpit, joint, neck
• Thymus gland - Lymph passes through the lymph nodes
before entering the blood
- Moves through in immune system is
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND BLOOD VESSELS activated
- Detect foreign substances
• Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to
• Spleen
circulatory system
- Located in abdomen
• fluid moves from blood capillaries into
- Filters blood
tissue spaces
- Detect and respond to foreign
• Lymphatic capillaries: substances
- Tiny, closed-ended vessels - Destroy old red blood cells
- Fluid moves easily into - Blood reservoir
- In most tissues - White pulp: lymphatic tissue
- Join to form lymphatic vessels surrounding arteries
• Lymphatic vessels - Red pulp: contains macrophages and
- Resemble small veins res blood cells that connect to veins
- Where lymphatic capillaries join • Thymus gland
- One-way valves - Bilobed gland
• Right lymphatic duct: - Located in mediastinum behind the
- Where lymphatic vessels from right sternum
upper limb and right head, neck, chest - Stops growing at age 1 and decreases in
empty size at age 60
- Empties into right subclavian vein - Responsible for producing matures
lymphocytes
 strategy: chemotaxis,
phagocytosis)
IMMUNITY
o Macrophages:
• Ability to resist damage from foreign ➢ Monocytes
substances like parasites, bacteria, cancer ➢ Killing strategy: Leave
• Type of immunity blood and enter tissues
- Innate (Nonspecific) ➢ Can ingest more than
- Adaptive (Specific) neutrophils
➢ Protect lymph in lymph
nodes and blood in
INNATE IMMUNITY spleen and liver
o Basophils:
• Present at birth ➢ Leave blood and enter
• First defense against pathogen infected tissues
• Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical ➢ made in red bone
mediators, cells, inflammatory response marrow
• Physical Barriers ➢ can release histamine
- First line of defense o Mast cells:
- Skin and mucous membranes to act ➢ Made in red bone
barriers marrow
- Tears, saliva, urine wash away ➢ Fond in skin, lungs, GI,
pathogens urogenital tract
• Chemical Mediators ➢ Can release leukotrienes
- Chemicals that can kill microbes and o Eosinophils:
prevent their entry into cells ➢ Produced in red bone
- Lysozyme: found in tears and saliva to marrow
kill bacteria ➢ Release chemicals to
- Mucous membrane: prevent entry of reduce inflammation
microbe o Natural killer cells:
- Histamine: promote inflammation by ➢ Type of lymphocyte
causing vasodilation ➢ Produce in bone marrow
- Interferons: proteins that protect ➢ Recognize classes of cells
against viral infections by stimulating such as tumor cells or
surrounding cells to produce antiviral virus infected cells
proteins ➢ Release chemical to lysis
• Cells cells
- White blood cells: produce in red
marrow and lymphatic tissue that fight
foreign substances INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
- Phagocytic cells: ingest and destroy
foreign substances like macrophages • Involves chemical and cells due to injury
and neutrophils • Signaled by presence of foreign substances
o Neutrophils: first to respond to • Stimulates release of chemical mediators
infect but die quickly (killing
ADAPTIVE IIMMUNITY
• Defense that involves specific recognition to
a specific antigen
• Acquired after birth
• Reacts when innate defenses don’t work
• Slower than innate immunity
• Has memory
• Uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
• 2 types:
- Antibody mediated
- Cell mediated
TERMS RELATED TODAPTIVE IMMUNITY
• Antigen: substance that stimulates immune
response (Ex. bacteria, virus, pollen, food,
rugs, etc)
• Self-antigen: molecule produced by persons
body that stimulates immune system
response
• Antibody: proteins the body produces in
response to specific antigen
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHOCYTES
• Stem cells:
- Red bone marrow
- Give rise to all blood cells
- Give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B
cells
LYMPHOCYTES
• Type of white blood cell
• Involved in adaptive immunity
• Develop from stem cells
• Differentiate into specific lymphocytes such
as B or T cells
o B cells
- involved in antibody
mediated immunity
- Mature in red bone marrow
- Move to lymphatic tissue
after mature
- Lead to production of
antibodies
- War strategy: recognize
enemy (B cell receptor)
- Detect invaders and will act
according to its weaknesses
o T-cells
- involved in cell mediated
immunity primarily and
antibody mediated immunity
- Mature in thymus gland
- Move to lymphatic tissue
after mature
- 4 Types:
➢ ????
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION
• Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on
their surface
• Called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-cell
receptors on T cells
• Each receptor only binds with a specific
antigen
• When antigen receptors combine with
antigen the lymphocyte is activated and
adaptive immunity begins
• Major histocompatibility complex
molecule (MHC):
- contain binding sites for antigens
- Specific for certain antigens
- Hold and present a processed antigen
on the surface of the cell membrane
- Bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells
and stimulate response
• Cytokinesis:
- proteins secreted by a cell that regulates
neighboring cells (Ex. Interleukin 1 released
by macrophages stimulates helper T cells)
LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES
1. After antigen is processed and present to • Inactivate antigen
helper T cells, helper T cell produces • Bind antigens together
interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptors • Active complement cascades
2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and • Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
stimulates more helper T cells production • Facilitate phagocytosis
3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells
4. B cells produce antibodies
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

ANTIBODY- MEDIATED Primary Response

• Effective against antigen in body fluids • 1st exposure of B cell antigen

(blood and lymph) • B cell undergoes division and forms plasma
• Effective against bacteria, virus, toxins cell and memory cells
• Uses B cells to produce antigens • Plasma cells:
• Structure: - Produce antibodies
- Letter Y shape - 3-14 days to by effective against antigen
- Variable region: - Person develops disease symptoms
o V of Y Secondary Response
o Bind to epitopes of antigen using
antigen-binding site (site on • Memory cells:
antibody where antigen binds) - Occurs when immune system is exposed
- Constant region: to antigen that has been seen before
o Stem of Y - B memory cells quickly divided to form
o Each class of immunoglobulin plasma cells which produce antibodies
has same structure - Produces new memory cells
• Valence: number of antigen-binding sites
on antibody
• 5 immunoglobins used to destroy antigens: CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD • Effective against antigens in cells and
tissues
• Effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and protozoa,
• Uses different types of T cells

TYPES OF T-CELLS

• Helper T cells (𝑻𝑯 )

- Produces new memory cells
- Activate macrophages
- Help form B cells
- Promote production of Tc
 • Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): precursor to Cytotoxic
T Lymphocytes (CCTL) = destroys antigen on
contact
• Regulatory T cells: turn off immune system
response when antigen is gone

TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Naturally Acquired Immunity

• Active:
- Natural exposure to antigens causes
production of antibodies
- Can be lifelong immunity
- Ex. Mononucleosis
• Passive:
- Transfer of antibodies from mother to
child
- Ex. Breast milk or placenta
Artificially Acquired Immunity

• Active:
- Injection of antigens using vaccines
which cause the production of
antibodies
- Vaccine or immunization: process off
introducing killed, live, or inactivated
pathogen
• Passive:
- Injection of antibodies from another
person or an animal