ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

Institute of Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Reinforced Concrete Design-II

By: Tamene.T

Year, 2015E.C.
 CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMNS
(CEng 4122)
 Introduction
 A column is a vertical structural member subjected mainly to
axial compression loads with or without bending moments and
transmit these loads to the ground through the foundation.

 In general, according to EBCS-2 Clause 5.3.1(7), RC columns are

defined as compression members whose greatest lateral
dimension is less than four times its least lateral dimension; &
whose unsupported length is more than three times the least
lateral dimensions of the section.

 Stability effects must be considered in the design of compression

members (columns).
Tamene Tesfaye 3
Classification of Compression Members

 Columns may be classified based on the following criteria:

1) Based on the geometry: column may be classified as,
a) Square,
b) Rectangular,
c) Circular,
d) L-shaped,
e) T-shaped, etc.
2) Based on the type by which lateral reinforcement (Stirrups)
provided: column may be classified as,
a) Tied columns, and
b) Spiral columns.
Tamene Tesfaye 4
 Cont…

3) Based on loading type (see Fig.4.1): column may be classified as,

a) Axially loaded column,
b) Uniaxial column, and
c) Biaxial columns.
4) Based on the manner of lateral stability is provided to the
structure: column may be classified as,
a) Braced columns, and
b) Unbraced columns.

Tamene Tesfaye 5
 Cont…

5) Based on sensitivity to second-order effect (𝒆𝟐 ): columns may

be classified as,
a) Sway columns, and
b) Non-sway columns.
6) Based on the degree of slenderness: columns may also be
classified as,
a) Short columns, and
b) Long columns.

Tamene Tesfaye 6
 Cont…

Fig. 4.1. Types of column based on loading type

Tamene Tesfaye 7
 Tied and Spiral Columns
1) Tied Columns
 Tied columns are columns where main (longitudinal)
reinforcements are, held in position by separate ties spaced at
equal intervals along the length (see Fig. 4.2 & Fig. 4.3).
 Tied columns may be, square, rectangular, L-shaped, circular or
any other required shape. Moreover, over 95% of all columns in
buildings in non-seismic regions are tied columns.
2) Spiral Columns
 Spiral columns are columns which are usually circular in cross
section & longitudinal bars are wrapped by a closely spaced spiral
(see Fig. 4.4).
Tamene Tesfaye 8
 Cont…

Fig. 4.2. Tied column and its typical arrangement

Tamene Tesfaye 9
 Cont…

Fig. 4.3. Tied column

Tamene Tesfaye 10
 Cont…

Fig.4.4. Spiral column

Tamene Tesfaye 11
 Cont…
 Behavior of Tied and Spiral Columns:
 The load deflection diagrams show in Fig. 4.5 below was the
behavior of tied and spiral columns subjected to axial load.

Fig. 4.5. Load deflection behavior of tied and spiral columns

Tamene Tesfaye 12
 Cont…

 The initial parts of the diagrams shown in Fig. 4.5 are similar. As
the maximum load is reached, vertical cracks & crushing
develops in the concrete shell outside the ties or spirals, & this
concrete spalls off.

 When this happens in a tied column, the capacity of the core that
remains is less than the load & the concrete core crushes & the
reinforcement buckles outward between the ties. This occurs
suddenly, without warning, in a brittle manner.

Tamene Tesfaye 13
 Cont…

 When the shell spalls off in spiral columns, the column doesn’t
fail immediately because the strength of the core has been
enhanced by the tri-axial stress resulting from the confinement of
the core by the spiral reinforcement.

 As a result, the column can undergo large deformations before

collapses (yielding of spirals). Such failure is more ductile &
gives warning to the impending failure.

 Accordingly, ductility in columns can be ensured, by providing

spirals, or closely spaced ties.
Tamene Tesfaye 14
 Braced/Unbraced Columns

1) Braced Columns
 Braced columns are a column which is braced laterally & carry
vertical loads caused by the dead & imposed loads only. The
lateral loads are supported by bracing system.

 Although, fully non-sway structures are difficult to achieve in

practice, EBCS-2 allows a structure to be classified as non-sway if
it is braced against lateral loads using substantial bracing members
such as shear walls, elevators, stairwell shafts, diagonal bracings
or a combination of these (See Fig.4.6).
Tamene Tesfaye 15
 Cont…

 A column with in such a non-sway structure is considered to be

braced and the second order moment on such column, P-∆, is
negligible.

 A frame may be classified as braced if its sway resistance is

supplied by a bracing system which is sufficiently stiff to assume
that all horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing system. (Not
more than 10% of the horizontal loads are attracted by the frame).

Tamene Tesfaye 16
 Cont…

Fig. 4.6. Braced columns (Non-sway frame)

Tamene Tesfaye 17
 Cont…
2) Unbraced Columns
 An unbraced structure is one in which frames action is used to
resist horizontal loads.
 In such a structure, the horizontal loads are transmitted to the
foundations through bending action in the beams & columns. The
moments in the columns due to this bending can substantially
reduce their axial load carrying capacity.
 Unbraced structures are generally quit flexible & allow horizontal
displacement (see Fig.4.7). When this displacement is sufficiently
large to influence significantly the column moments, the structure
is termed a sway frame.
Tamene Tesfaye 18
 Cont…

Fig. 4.7. Unbraced columns (Sway frame)

Tamene Tesfaye 19
 Sway/Non-Sway Columns

1) Sway Frame
 A frame may be considered as sway if the effects of horizontal
displacements of its nodes (P-∆) are significant to be considered in
design.

 In sway frame, the bending moment of the column is increased by

an additional amount P∆, where P is the axial force & ∆ is the
relative displacements of the ends of the column (see Fig. 4.7).

 Thus, to maximize the axial load capacity of columns, non-sway

structures should be used whenever possible.
Tamene Tesfaye 20
 Cont…

2) Non-Sway Frame
 A frame may be considered as non-sway if its response to in-plane
horizontal forces is sufficiently stiff so that the additional internal
forces or moments arising from horizontal displacements of its
nodes can be neglected in design.
 A frame or a column may be, classified as non-sway for a given
load cases if the critical load ratio for that load case satisfies the
following criterion;
𝑁𝑑
⟹ ≤ 0.1 … … … … … … … … … . . … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏)
𝑁𝑐𝑟
Tamene Tesfaye 21
 Cont…
Where:
𝑵𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 :- is the design value of the total vertical (axial) load.
𝑵𝒄𝒓 :- is the critical axial load value for failure in a sway mode.
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑒
⟹ 𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟐)
𝐿𝑒
 In Beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with
beams connecting each column at each story level may be classified
as non-sway for a given load case, when first-order theory is used,
the horizontal displacements in each story due to the design loads
(both horizontal and vertical), plus the initial sway imperfection
satisfy the following criteria;
Tamene Tesfaye 22
 Cont…

𝑁×𝛿
⟹ ≤ 0.1 … … … … … … … . … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟑)
𝐻×𝐿
Where:
𝑵:- is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story.
𝜹:- is the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative
to the bottom of the story.
𝑯:- is the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story.
𝑳:- is the story height.
 The displacement 𝜹 in 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟑) shall be determined using
stiffness values for beams & columns corresponding to the ultimate
limit state.
Tamene Tesfaye 23
 Cont…
 Determination of Storey Buckling Load 𝑵𝒄𝒓
 Unless more accurate methods are used, the buckling load 𝑵𝒄𝒓 of
a story may be assumed to be equal to that of the substitute beam-
column frame defined in Fig 4.8, and may be determined as:
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑒
⟹ 𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 2 … … … … … … … … … . . … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟒)
𝐿𝑒
0.2𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
⟹ 𝐸𝐼𝑒 ≥ … … … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟒𝐚)
0.4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
OR alternatively
𝑀𝑏
⟹ 𝐸𝐼𝑒 = ≥ 0.4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 … … . … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟒𝐛)
1 𝑟𝑏
Tamene Tesfaye 24
 Cont…

Where:
𝑰𝒄 & 𝑰𝒔 : are moment of inertia of concrete & reinforcement section,
respectively, of the substitute column, with respect to the
centroid of the concrete section.
𝑬𝒄 & 𝑬𝒔 : are modulus of elasticity of concrete & reinforcement steel,
respectively.
𝑴𝒃 : is the balanced moment capacity of the substitute column.
𝒓𝒃 : is the curvature at balanced load.
𝟏

1 5 −3
1
⟹ = × 10 = . … … … . . … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟒𝐜)
𝑟𝑏 𝑑 200𝑑

Tamene Tesfaye 25
 Cont…

 The equivalent reinforcement areas 𝑨𝑺,𝒕𝒐𝒕 , in the substitute

column to be used for calculating 𝑰𝑺 and 𝑴𝒃 may be obtained by
designing the substitute column at each floor level to carry the
story design axial load & amplified sway moment at the critical
section.

 Circular columns may be replaced by square columns of the

same cross-sectional area. The concrete cover & bar arrangement
in the substitute columns shall be taken to be the same as those of
the actual columns.
Tamene Tesfaye 26
 Cont…

 The amplified sway moment, to be used for the design of the

substitute column, may be found iteratively taking the first-order
design moment in the substitute column as an initial value.
 The first-order design moment 𝑴𝒅𝒍 , at the critical section of the
substitute column may be determined using:

𝛼2 + 3
⟹ 𝑴𝒅𝒍 = 𝐻𝐿 … … … … . … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟓)
𝛼1 + 𝛼2 + 6
Where: 𝜶𝟏 and 𝜶𝟐 are defined as the end restrain factors and shall
not exceed 10.
Tamene Tesfaye 27
 Cont…

Equivalent
Ground Beams

Fig 4.8 (a). Actual frame Fig 4.8 (b). Substitute beam-column
frame calculating effective length
Fig 4.8. Substitute multi-storey beam-column frame
Tamene Tesfaye 28
 Short and Slender Columns

a) Short Columns
 They are columns with low slenderness ratio & their strengths are
governed by the strength of the materials and the geometry of the
cross-section.  is small and second order moment is negligible.
b) Long (Slender) Columns
 A column is said to be slender if its cross-sectional dimensions are
small compared with its length.
 A slender columns are columns with high slenderness ratio and
their strength may be significantly reduced by lateral deflection.
Tamene Tesfaye 29
 Cont…
 EBCS Classifies Column as Short when;
a) For Columns of Sway Frame:
𝐿𝑒 15
⟹ ≤ 25 𝑜𝑟 … … … … … … … … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟔)
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑑
𝑁𝑑 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where: ⟹ 𝑣𝑑 = & 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = … . … … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟔𝐚)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐
b) For Columns of Non-s𝑤𝑎𝑦 F𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 (I𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 B𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 C𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛):
𝐿𝑒 𝑀1
⟹ ≤ 50 − 25 … … … … . . … … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟕)
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑀2
𝑴𝟏 - is the value of smaller first-order end moment, & it is positive if
member is bent in single curvature & negative for double curvature.
Tamene Tesfaye 30
 Cont…

𝑴𝟐 - is the value of larger first order end moment, & it is always

positive.
 In no case, 𝑳𝒆 𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏 shall exceed 140. This limit may be from
economic consideration.
 When an unbalanced moment or as moment due to eccentric
loading is applied to a column, the member responds by bending as
shown in Fig. 4.9.
 If the deflection at the center of the member is, 𝜹, then at the
center there is a force (P) and a total moment of (𝑴 + 𝑷𝜹).
 The end moments on a slender column cause it to deflect sideways
and thus bring into play an additional moment (𝑷𝜹).
Tamene Tesfaye 31
 Cont…

 The additional moment causes a further lateral deflection & if the

axial load exceeds a critical value, this deflection & the additional
moment become self-propagating until the column buckles.

 The second order bending component (𝑷𝜹), is due to the extra

eccentricity of the axial load which results from the deflection.

 If the column is short 𝜹 is small and the second order moment is

negligible. If on the other hand, the column is long & slender, 𝜹 is
large & 𝑷𝜹 must be calculated & added to the applied moment
(𝑴).
Tamene Tesfaye 32
 Cont…
 Short columns usually fail by crushing. Slender column is liable
to fail by buckling.

Fig. 4.9
Tamene Tesfaye 33
 Slenderness Ratio
 The significance of 𝑷𝜹 (i.e. whether a column is short or slender)
is defined by a slenderness ratio (𝝀). In EBCS-2, the slenderness
ratio is defined as follows:
a) For Isolate Columns:
 For isolate columns, the slenderness ratio (𝝀) is defined by;
𝐿𝑒
⟹ 𝝀 = … … … … … … … … … . . … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟖)
𝑖
 The radius of gyration (i) is given by:
𝐼
⟹𝑖= … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟖𝐚)
𝐴
Tamene Tesfaye 34
 Cont…
Where: I: is the second moment of area of the section.
A: is the cross sectional area.
𝑳𝒆 : is the effective buckling length.
i: is the minimum radius of gyration.
b) For multi-Story Sway Frames:
 For multi-story sway frames, comprising rectangular sub-frames,
the following expression may be used to calculate the slenderness
ratio (𝝀) of the columns in the same storey.

12𝐴
⟹𝝀= … … … … . … … . . … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟗)
𝐾𝑖 × 𝐿
Tamene Tesfaye 35
 Cont…
Where:
A: is the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all columns of the
story.
𝑲𝑖 : is the total lateral stiffness of the columns of the story (story
rigidity) with modulus of elasticity taken as unity.
L: is the story height.

Tamene Tesfaye 36
 Limits of Slenderness
 The slenderness ratio of concrete columns shall not exceed 140.
This limit may be from economic consideration.
 Second order moment in a column can be ignored if the following
criteria is satisfied:
a) For Sway Frames:
25
⟹ If the Slenderness Ratio (𝝀) ≤ 15 … … … . . … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟎)
𝑣𝑑
𝑁𝑑
𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞: ⟹ 𝒗𝒅 = … … … … . … … … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝐚)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝐴𝑐
Tamene Tesfaye 37
 Cont…

b) For Non-Sway Frames (I𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 B𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 C𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛):

𝑀1
⟹ If the Slenderness Ratio (𝝀) ≤ 50 − 25 … … … … … 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟏)
𝑀2

 Where 𝑴𝟏 and 𝑴𝟐 are the first-order moments at the ends, 𝑴𝟐

being always positive and greater in magnitude than 𝑴𝟏 , and 𝑴𝟏
being positive if member is bent in single curvature and negative
if bent in double curvature.

Tamene Tesfaye 38
 Effective Length of Columns

 The effective buckling length 𝑳𝒆 of a column is the distance

between the two consecutive points of contra flexure or zero
bending moments.
 The greater the effective length, the more likely the column is to be
buckle.
 The effective length of the column 𝑳𝒆 can be determined from
Fig. 4.10, or using approximate equations.
1) Determination of Effective Length 𝑳𝒆 using Figure:
 Figure is used when the support conditions of the column can be
closely represented by those shown in the Fig. 4.10.
Tamene Tesfaye 39
 Cont…

Fig. 4.10. Effective length factors for centrally loaded columns with
various idealized conditions
Tamene Tesfaye 40
 Cont…
2) Determination of Effective Length 𝑳𝒆 using
Approximate Equations:
 Accordance to EBCS-2, the following approximate equations can
be used to determined the effective length (𝑳𝒆 ) for an RC column,
provided that the values of 𝜶𝟏 and 𝜶𝟐 don’t exceed 10.
𝐿𝑒 𝛼𝑚 + 0.4
⟹ = ≥ 0.7 … … … … … … … … . . 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐿 𝛼𝑚 + 0.8

𝐿𝑒 7.5 + 4 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 + 1.6𝛼1 𝛼2
⟹ = ≥ 1.15 … … 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐿 7.5 + 𝛼1 + 𝛼2

Tamene Tesfaye 41
 Cont…
𝐿𝑒
𝐎𝐑 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚; ⟹ = 1 + 0.8𝛼𝑚 ≥ 1.15
𝐿
 For example, for the theoretical model shown below.

Tamene Tesfaye 42
 Cont…

Where:
𝑲𝟏 & 𝑲𝟐 are the column stiffness coefficients (𝑬𝑰/𝑳) for the lower &
the upper column, respectively. 𝑲𝒄 is the stiffness coefficient (𝑬𝑰/𝑳)
of the column being designed.
𝑲𝟏𝟏 , 𝑲𝟏𝟐 , 𝑲𝟐𝟏 , 𝑲𝟐𝟐 , … … … 𝑲𝒊𝒋 is the effective beam stiffness
coefficient (𝑬𝑰/𝑳), & it is equal to;
= 𝟏. 𝟎(𝑬𝑰/𝑳) for opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained.
= 𝟎. 𝟓(𝑬𝑰/𝑳) for opposite end free to rotate.
= 𝟎. 𝟎 (𝑬𝑰/𝑳) for a cantilever beam.
Tamene Tesfaye 43
 Cont…

 For the purpose of design calculations, structures, or structural

members may be classified as braced or unbraced depending on
the provision or not of bracing elements and as sway or non- sway
depending on their sensitivity to second-order effects due to lateral
displacements.
 In a sway frame, additional internal forces or moments due to the
effects of the horizontal displacements of its nodes shall be taken
into account for design. Additional internal forces or moments are
neglected in a non-sway frame since its response to in-plane
horizontal forces is sufficiently stiff.
Tamene Tesfaye 44
 Cont…

Note that:
 If the end of the column is fixed, the theoretical value of 𝜶 is 0,
but an 𝜶 value of 1 is recommended for use.

 On the other hand, if the end of the member is pinned, the

theoretical value of 𝜶 is infinity, but an 𝜶 value of 10 is
recommended for use.

 The rational behind the foregoing recommendations is that no

support in reality can be truly fixed or pinned.

Tamene Tesfaye 45
 Axially Loaded Columns
 Axially loaded columns, are columns subjected to axial or
concentric load with out moments. They occur rarely.
 In compression, both the longitudinal steel & concrete contribute
to the resistance of the applied axial force.
 For the design of short columns in pure compression, EBCS-2
limits the strain in the concrete to 0.002, since generally this is
the strain at which the stress in the concretes is maximum.
 The ultimate capacity of an axially loaded short column can be
computed using the following equations:
⟹ 𝑷𝒅𝒖 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑑 … … … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟐)
Tamene Tesfaye 46
 Cont…

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 ⟹ 𝜌𝑔 = = ; ⟹ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝜌𝑔 × 𝐴𝑔 … … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟑)
𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑔
 Then, substitute Eq.(𝟒. 𝟏𝟑) in to Eq.(𝟒. 𝟏𝟐)
⟹ 𝑃𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑔 − 𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝑔 + 𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦𝑑
⟹ 𝑷𝒅𝒖 = 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑓𝑦𝑑 … . … … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟒)
Where: 𝑨𝒈 & 𝑨𝒔𝒕 are the gross concrete area & total reinforcement
area, respectively.
 When concentric axial load acts on a long column, its ultimate
capacity may be obtained using the following equations:
Tamene Tesfaye 47
 Cont…

⟹ 𝑷𝒅𝒖𝒍 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑃𝑑𝑢 … … … … . … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟓)

𝐿𝑒
𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞; 𝑪𝒓 = 1.25 − … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝐚)
48𝑏
 𝐄𝐪. 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐 or 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟒) is used if the column is perfectly axially
loaded. Since perfect conditions never exist, some minimum
eccentricity should be allowed to get the ultimate column load.
EBCS-2 provides minimum eccentricity of:
𝐿𝑒
⟹ 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ≥ 20𝑚𝑚 … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟔)
300
Tamene Tesfaye 48
 Column Under Combined Axial Load &
Bending Moment

 Almost all compression members in concrete structures are

subjected to moments in addition to axial loads. These may be due
to the load not being centered on the column or may result from the
column resisting a portion of the unbalanced moments at the end
of the beams supported by columns.
 When a member is subjected to combined axial compression (P)
and moment (M), it is more convenient to replace the axial load
and the moment with an equivalent (P) applied at eccentricity (e)
as shown in Fig. 4.11.
Tamene Tesfaye 49
 Cont…

Fig. 4.11. Equivalent eccentricity of column load

Tamene Tesfaye 50
 Reinforcement of Columns & Minimum
Code Requirements
 RC columns normally contains longitudinal reinforcing bars; and
these bars are laterally supported by either by closed loops called
ties or by closely spaced spirals.
 Functions of Lateral Reinforcement.
 They hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while
the concrete is being placed.
 They prevent the slender longitudinal bars from buckling out
ward by bursting the thin concrete cover.
 Size of Columns.
 The minimum lateral dimension of a column shall be at least
150mm & the minimum diameter of a spiral column is 200mm.
Tamene Tesfaye 51
 Cont…
 Longitudinal Reinforcement (According to EBCS):
a) The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall neither be less than
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝑨𝑪 nor more than 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝑨𝑪 . The upper limit shall be
observed even where bars overlap.
b) The minimum number of longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be 6
for bars in a circular arrangement and 4 for bars in a rectangular
arrangement.
c) The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less than 12mm.
d) The Minimum cover to reinforcement should never be less than:
𝟏). ∅ 𝑜𝑟 ∅𝑛 ≤ 40𝑚𝑚 , 𝑜𝑟
𝟐). ∅ + 5𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 ∅𝑛 + 5𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑑g > 32𝑚𝑚.
Tamene Tesfaye 52
 Cont…

Where: 𝐝𝐠 – the largest nominal maximum aggregate size.

 Lateral Reinforcement (According to EBCS):
a) The diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less than 6mm or one
quarter of the diameter of the longitudinal bars.
b) The center-to-center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not
exceed:
 12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars.
 least dimension of column.
 300mm.
Tamene Tesfaye 53
 Design of Columns (According to EBSC 2)

 The internal forces and moments may generally be determined by

elastic global analysis using either first order theory or second
order theory.
a) First-order theory: using the initial geometry of the structure,
may be used in the following cases;
• Non-sway frames,
• Braced frames, and
• Design methods which make indirect allowances for
second-order effects.
b) Second-order theory: taking into account the influence of the
deformation of the structure, may be used in all cases.
Tamene Tesfaye 54
 Cont…

A. Design of Non-Sway Frames

 Individual non-sway compression members shall be considered to
be isolated elements and be designed accordingly.

 Design of Isolated Columns

 For buildings, a design method may be used which assumes the

compression members to be isolated.

 The additional eccentricity induced in the column by its deflection

is then calculated as a function of slenderness ratio and curvature
at the critical sections.
Tamene Tesfaye 55
 Cont…
Total Eccentricity or (Design Eccentricity)
 The total eccentricity 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕 to be used for the design of columns of
constant cross-section at the critical section is given by:
⟹ 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒a + 𝑒2 … … … … . . … … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟕)
Where: 𝒆𝒆 :- is equivalent constant first-order eccentricity of the
design axial load, 𝒆𝐚 is the additional eccentricity allowance for
imperfections, and 𝒆𝟐 is the second-order eccentricity.
a) Additional Eccentricity 𝒆𝐚 : For isolated columns it is given by

20𝑚𝑚
⟹ 𝒆𝐚 ≥ 𝐿𝑒 … . … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟖)
300
Tamene Tesfaye 56
 Cont…

b) First Order Equivalent Eccentricity 𝒆𝒆

1. For first-order eccentricity 𝒆𝟎𝟏 & 𝒆𝟎𝟐 is equal at both ends of
a column 𝒆𝟎𝟏 = 𝒆𝟎𝟐 the equivalent eccentricity 𝒆𝒆 is given by:
𝑴𝟐
⟹ 𝒆𝒆 = … … … … … … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟏𝟗)
𝑷𝒅
2. For first-order moments 𝑴𝟏 & 𝑴𝟐 varying linearly along the
length of the column, the equivalent eccentricity 𝒆𝒆 is the higher
of the following;
0.6𝒆𝟎𝟐 + 0.4𝒆𝟎𝟏
⟹ 𝒆𝒆 ≥ … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟐𝟎)
0. 𝟒𝒆𝟎𝟐
Tamene Tesfaye 57
 Cont…
Where:-
𝒆𝟎𝟏 & 𝒆𝟎𝟐 :- are the first-order eccentricities at the ends, 𝒆𝟎𝟐
being positive & greater in magnitude than 𝒆𝟎𝟏 . Additionally,
𝒆𝟎𝟏 is positive if the column bents in single curvature &
negative if the column bends in double curvature.
𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐
⟹ 𝒆𝟎𝟏 & 𝒆𝟎𝟐 is given by; 𝒆𝟎𝟏 = & 𝒆𝟎𝟐 =
𝑷𝒅 𝑷𝒅
3. For different eccentrics (negative & positive) at the ends or (the
values of 𝒆𝟎𝟏 & 𝒆𝟎𝟐 is opposite in sign), the critical end section
shall be checked for first order moments;
⟹ 𝒆𝒅 = 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒a … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟐𝟏)
Tamene Tesfaye 58
 Cont…
c) Second Order Eccentricity 𝒆𝟐
 For non-sway frames, the second-order eccentricity 𝒆𝟐 of an
isolated column may be obtained by;
𝑘1 𝐿𝑒 2 1 𝑟
⟹ 𝒆𝟐 = … … … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟐𝟐)
10
𝜆
⟹ 𝒌𝟏 = − 0.75 … … … . . 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟓 ≤ 𝝀 ≤ 𝟑𝟓
20
⟹ 𝒌𝟏 = 𝟏 … … … … … … . . … … … … . . 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝀 > 𝟑𝟓
𝟏 5
⟹ = is the curvature at the critical section = 𝑘2 × 10−3
𝒓 𝑑
Tamene Tesfaye 59
 Cont…

𝑀𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑
⟹ 𝒌𝟐 = =
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙
Where:-
𝒅:- is the effective column dimension in the plane of buckling.
𝑴𝒅 :- is the design moment at the critical section including
second-order effects.
𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 :- is the balanced moment capacity of the column.
 The appropriate value of 𝒌𝟐 may be found iteratively taking an
initial value corresponding to first-order actions.

Tamene Tesfaye 60
 Cont…

B. Design of Sway Frames

 The second order effects in the sway mode can be accounted using
either of the following two methods:
a) Second-order Elastic Global Analysis: When this analysis is
used, the resulting forces and moment may directly be used for
member design.
b) Amplified Sway Moments Method: In this method, the sway
moments found by a first-order analysis shall be increased by
multiplying them by the moment magnification factor 𝜹𝒔 :
Tamene Tesfaye 61
 Cont…
1
⟹ 𝜹𝒔 = … … … … . … … . … . 𝐄𝐪. (𝟒. 𝟐𝟑)
𝑁𝑠𝑑
1− 𝑁𝑐𝑟
Where:- 𝑵𝒔𝒅 is the design value of the total vertical load, and
𝑵𝒄𝒓 is the critical value for failure in a sway mode.
 The amplified sway moments method shall not be used when the
𝑵𝒔𝒅
critical load ratio is greater than 0.25 or 𝑵𝒄𝒓 > 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 .
 Sway moments are those associated with the horizontal translation
of the top of story relative to the bottom of that story. They arise
from horizontal loading and may also arise from vertical loading
if either the structure or the loading is unsymmetrical.
Tamene Tesfaye 62
 Procedures Used for Design of Column
Using Charts
Step-1 : Determine the necessary design constants:

Step-2 : Determine the design axial load 𝑷𝒅 if it is not given:

: Assume the x-section of column & calculate or assume 𝒅 ′
Step-3 ′
𝒅
then, evaluate 𝒉 to choose the appropriate Chart No:
Step-4 : Check for sway & non-sway frame types:
Step-5 : Determine the design eccentricity 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝒆𝒅 and design
moments 𝑴𝒔𝒅 = 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕 ∗ 𝑷𝒅 :
Step-6 : Calculate 𝒗 and 𝝁 then, find the value of 𝝎 by entering the
two points (𝒗, 𝝁) in the chart corresponding to grade of
′
steel and 𝒅 𝒉:
Tamene Tesfaye 63
 Cont…
 If the coordinate (𝒗, 𝝁) is within the boundary of the curve, the
assumed cross-section is adequate, otherwise, larger section
should be tried.
Step-7 : Calculate the steel ratio 𝝆 = 𝝎𝒇𝒄𝒅 /𝒇𝒚𝒅 & also calculate
the steel area, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝝆𝑨𝒄 = 𝝎𝒇𝒄𝒅 /𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝑨𝒄 :
 Then, check for 𝝆𝐠 = 𝟐𝝆 with in the limit given in the Code. If it is
out of the limit, repeat the procedure; else calculate areas of steel,
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨′𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒉
≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗
≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.008𝐴𝑐

Step-8 : Sketch:
Tamene Tesfaye 64