11,1

I
I,' !
II
I II

1':'
'\ 1 I
II
I
I
\
I

l'Wk
-
~-'

(I) Name of each part

r .
Hemp core

(2) Lay
The "ordinary lay" has the lay of the rope opposite to that of the strand. The most
standard ropes found on board vessels are those of "ordinary Z-Iay"
The Lang's lay rope has the same lay of the rope as that of the strand and has the
tendency to unlay and is liable to kink. It is used in places where both rope ends are
unlikely to rotate freely or the rope is kept tensioned at all times. It should not be used for
general slinging.

~ ~

Ordinary Z-Iay Ordinary S-Iay Lang's Z-Iay Lang's S-Iay

.Cross section

Core of each strand There is no fiber core There is no fiber core A strand is used as
as well as the core of in a strand. This is in a strand. Wire core the core of rope
the wire rope is a fiber used for standing is used in the center (homo- centric). Used
core mostly on a ship. wire. of mooring wires as as the wire for
this is more suitable suspension bridge.
for the tension placed
on mooring wires.

e Chapter 5
 1 Wire Rope

'Structure of cross section

OfJIS (Japanese Industrial Standard), No.1 to No.23 wire ropes, the following figure shows
No.1to No.6 wire ropes.
No.4wire rope is mostly used for general and marine purposes. ,I
Symbol for Structure Use
Structure
,I

7 - stranded wire, i I
6x7 6 stranded rope with Standing wire ,I
fiber core I
I
I'
I
I'I
12- stranded wire with a
6 x 12 fiber core, 6 stranded Running wire II,
rope with fiber core

19- stranded wire,

Standing wire
6 x 19 6 stranded rope with
Running wire
fiber core

24- stranded wire with a

fiber core, Standing wire
6 x 24
6 stranded rope with a Running wire
fiber core

30- stranded wire with a

fiber core, Standing wire
6 x 30
6 stranded rope with a Running wire
fiber core

37- stranded -wire

6 x 37 6 stranded rope with a Running wire
fiber core

E--

Chapter 5
G
...,
 - -~--iIffj ,. . ,.- w:

2
(3) Diameter
The size of wire rope is nominally represented by the diameter of a circle just enclosing all
of its strands. The method of measuring wire rope is to measure the diameters in three
directions in a certain section using a caliper as shown in fig.1-2 and the averaged
diameter is to be the size of the wire rope.
The diameter of a wire rope at the time of manufacturing is somewhat larger than the
nominal diameter and the tolerance is to be 07% of the nominal diameter (0-10% for the
..
wire rope with a nominal diameter less than 10 mm).
.G
G

.-

I
I~
~
fig.1 Correct measurement fig.2 Incorrect measurement

(Nc
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slir
(Di

e
~
Chapter 5
 .
JJC~~klJ?C<
.? :(t

2 Safe Working-l;oad-of~SI-in'g-Wire-R 1.1

Wire ropes are classified into Grade-G, Grade-A, etc. in respect of the strength depending
on the tensile strength of the wire and the galvanization status, Le. galvanized or not
galvanized.
Thebreaking strength of each of the two most common wire ropes for sling works, 6 x 24 "
and6 x 37 of Grade-G and A, is shown in Table 1.

'Table1. Classification by the breaking strength of a wire

Grade Remarks , 1

Grade-G(1470N/mm2class) With zinc coating (including those cold-worked after zinc coating) ,I
Grade-A(1620N/mm2class) With or without zinc coating (including those cold-worked after zinc coating) jl
.
I
Ii
'Table2. Breaking strength of wire rope sling I:
Breaking strength (kN)
6 x 24 6 x 37
Ordinary lay Ordinary lay. rI

With zinc coating With or with put With zinc coating With or with put I
zinc coating zinc coating
Grade-G Grade-A Grade-G Grade-A
l
8 29.3 31.6 31.6 34.0
9 37.1 39.9 40.0 43.0
10 45.8 49.3 49.4 53.1
11.2 57.4 61.8 61.9 66.6
12 65.9 71.0 7101 76.5
12.5 71.5 77.0 77.1 83.0
14 89.7 96.6 96.7 104
16 117 126 126 136
18 148 160 160 172
20 183 197 197 212
22.4 230 247 248 266
24 264 284
25 286 308 308 332
28 359 387 387 416
30 412 444 444 478
31.5 454 489 490 527
33.5 514 553 554 596
35.5 577 621 622 669
37.5 644 693 694 747
40 732 789 790 850
42.5 827 890 892 959
45 927 998 1000 1080
47.5 1030 1110 1110 1200
50 1140 1230 1230 1330
(Note)Source; JIS G 3525-1995
'Ordinance on Safety of Crane, etc" requires the safety factor "6" for sling wire ropes. Accordingly a single
slingwirerope can vertically hoist up to the maximum load (basic safe load) as shown in fig. Table3.
!Diameterto be expressed in mm)

Chapter5 8
r-r-"I'["'''~'i'l:Iill1;

8Table3. Basic safe load (kN)

~§=:

n ~
I
3.
Diameter Grade-G
~6x 24

Grade-A Grade-G
6 x 37

Grade-A
.
..~

6.3 0.33 0.35

8 0.49 0.53 0.53 0.57
9 0.63 0.67 0.68 0.73
10 0.77 0.83 0.84 0.90
11.2 0.97 1.0 1.0 1.1
12 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3
12.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4
14 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7
16 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3
18 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.9
20 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.6
22.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.5
24 4.4 - 4.8 -
25 4.85 5.2 5.2 5.6
3
28 6.1 6.5 6.5 7.0
q
30 7.0 7.5 7.5 8.1
31.5 7.7 8.3 8.3 8.9
33.5 8.7 9.4 9.4 10
35.5 9.8 10 10 11
37.5 10 11 11 12
40 12 13 13 14
42.5 14 15 15 16
45 15 16 16 18
47.5 17 18 18 20
50 19 20 20 22
53 23 25
56 26 28
60 30 32

The above basic safe load can be worked out roughly by the following formula.
Basic Load (t) = 0.008 x (diameter of wire rope)'
(Diameter to be expressed in mm)

8 Chapter 5
 I
~"

ITensionImposed on Wire Sling

Thetension applied to a sling greatly varies, depending on the angle of hosting; the
hoisting angle should be less than 60 deg. ,I

90. ,I
2t
2t 1
.
1

I;
_ ,:,

11 1t
I 1

I'
140. 120. I"
2t 2t 2t 2t 1'1

II
I 1:11 I

2Slinging Hitch
I) Eyehitch ,
11I1
Wire rope for slinging work has eye splice, ring shackle, etc. This method hitches them on
acrane hook hoist the load.
I
:
I\~

I I

I I

Single hitch Double hitch Quadruple hitch

I Half hitch ! il\

This method should be avoided because the wire rope

easily slips on the hook, especially when a high-center-
of-gravity load is to be hoisted. 1111

I!I Singleblackwall hitch I ill

Singleblackwall hitch is the method to wind slinging rope around the

main stem of the hook so that the loop works as the eye of slinging
wire rope.This method can not be recommended. Do not tap wire rope
tofitit to the main stem of the hook. In addition, one-sided loading is
very dangerous.

Chapter 5
CD
 (4) Round turn hitch (
This method is employed to hoist a load which center of gravity is one-
sided with thin rope. In this method, a wire rope is wound the hook by
one turn so that friction prevents the wire rope from slipping.

3-3 Slinging a Load

There are several methods to sling wire rope over a load. Basically, the following methods
are employed.
Wellbe understood these methods so that you can properly select a suitable one for each
application.

(I) Through-eye single rope suspension

The suspended load rotates.

Basically avoid this method because the lay of the rope may
be released

It is hard to judge where the center of gravity is.

(2) Round turn and through-eye, single rope suspension

When the suspended load rotates, the lay of rope is released.
Firmly draw the rope.

Applied to material with mill scale.

~
This method shall basically be avoided.

Use a hemp rope to prevent the load from rotating.

(3) Bound double rope (Cow hitch) suspension

Use a twice-folded wire rope to prevent the load from rotating.

cnf~~~"'~
~afe even when the load rotates. (b)

Chapter 5
CD l
 3 Handling
W Clasping
Firmly draw the rope.
I.
,I I
I
i I

11
This method tends to damage wire rope, requiring wire rope ,
to be inspected after work. This method shortens the life of
I 1 I
It
wire rope. ,I
,I
With this method, the rope is sufficiently drawn. I I
"
I,
I

,! I I'
i: ,,~
(5) Half hitch quadruple suspension ! :.

:1

I 'II,
I I
Iill

,
II
! 1:1
I 1
I'I

Low-center-of-gravity load. I

Be careful that the rope easily slips.

Formaterial with mill scale and uniform diameter.

16)Round turn hitch quadruple suspension

, Low-center-of-gravity

Insert rug when the load slips.

load.

(1)Through-eye, double rope suspension

Firmly draw the rope.

Slight drawing

Firm drawing

Chapter 5
CD l
-
~."'.,"'..."".'''~
n
-'"'

(8) Left-right different through-eye, double rope, suspension

Let the rope through the eye differently on both sides.

Wire rope hardly kinks.

(9) Round turn hitch through-eye, double rope suspension

For a material with mill scale, the rope is firmly drawn

~ Suitable even for a high-center-of gravity, one-sided load.

3-4 Miscellaneous a Load Slinging

(1) Quadruple suspension of rectangular load

To hoist a rectangular load by quadruple suspension,

wind the wire rope around the load by one turn.

(3) Two ring suspension

(2) Ring suspension

Suspend at equal intervals.

Firmly draw the rope. For
small rings, triple suspension. Wind the rope around
the hook by one turn.

0 Chapter 5
 I
3 Handling I"

W Bound double (5) Tilting suspension for ring

suspension for ring
Let the wire rope slip here.
Bind a thin rope. ,I
I
Use a pin.

t! ,\
~ Do not allow the
wire rope to slip
here.
i I

,I
\,
'J> l I
II
I
!II
(6)Trigonal-pyramid suspension (7) Gripping suspension

Cheek the pin

for wearing.

For timber, grip at a

point lower than the
center line.
Wire rope on the
rear face.
~ Carefully check the
center of gravity.

(8) Hand-mill suspension (9) Disc suspension

Apply the wire

rope at two
opposite points
(right and left).
Firmly draw
the wire.

Apply the rope at

4 equally divided Wire rope on
points. the rear face.

Chapter5 e
j
 (10) "Hakama" suspension (II) Stage plank suspension

APPlied to lengthy Applied to hoist a ~

single piece of
/ load, such as log
and pipe. scaffold board or log. ~
~
0

Use hemp
rope.
4..
6
Use a "hakama"
made of canvas.
V
11

1.-
8 Chapter 5