SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS Vol.28, No.3, 160-168, Sept.

1988
Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

TECHNICAL NOTE

DIAGRAMS CONSIDERING WELL RESISTANCE

FOR DESIGNING SPACING RATIO
OF GRAVEL DRAINS

A TSUO ONOUEi)

ABSTRACT
The finite difference method is applied to numerical analysis of the effectiveness of gravel
drains constructed to prevent liquefaction of sandy soils due to earthquake motion. The basic
equation used here is the axisymmetric diffusion equation which includes the generation of
excess pore water pressure. The arcsin function of the equivalent cycle ratio formulated by
Seed and Booker is used as the pore pressure buildup curve under undrained conditions. A
comparison with the results of in-situ experiments reveals that the well resistance of the
drain wells should be considered in the gravel drain design, and that the numerical method is
valid for the pore pressure prediction.
The analytical results are summarized as a set of diagrams in order to provide a convenient
basis for the drain spacing design which takes well resistance into account. These diagrams
permit drain spacing to be directly decided without the need for a computer. The application
range of these diagrams is markedly wider than those of several existing diagrams currently
used.

Key words : design, drainage, (gravel drain), in-situ test, liquefaction, permeability, pore
pressure, sandy soil, soil stabilization (IGC : E 8/K 6)

ed, however, because gravel with finite per-

INTRODUCTION
Gravel drains have often been installed to
prevent liquefaction of loose sandy deposits
during an earthquake. The diagrams pro-
posed by Seed and Booker (1977) are general-
ly used in the drain spacing design, although
they do not take well resistance into account.
The effect of well resistance cannot be ignor-
meability is used as the actual drain materi-
al. Onoue et al. (1987 a) quantitatively con-
firmed that well resistance must be considered
in the drain spacing design.
Previous to the latter paper, several dia-
grams, equations and numerical analysis
methods which take well resistance into ac-
count have been proposed. Okita et al.

i) Senior Research Engineer, Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, No. 4-17, Etchujima,
3-chome, Koto-ku, Tokyo.
Manuscript was received for review on December 11, 1987.
Written discussions on this note should be submitted before April 1, 1989, to the Japanese Society
of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Sugayama Bldg. 4 F, l Kanda A waji-cho 2-23,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. Upon request the closing date may be extended one month.

This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.

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 GRAVEL :CRAIN SPACING DIAGRAMS
(1986) presented a nomograph which incor~
porates well resistance for reading Seed and
Booker's diagrams. The use of their nomo-
graph, however, is limited only to a coeffi-
cient of well resistance of 1. 0 and a pore
pressure ratio of 0. 5. Tokimatsu and Yoshi-
mi (1980) proposed a diagram concerning the
pore pressure ratio in the case where the
value of the shear stress ratio is 1. 3.
Though the method proposed by Ishihara
(1982) which involves the equivalent coeffi-
cient of permeability is a procedure clearly
considering well resistance, it requires a
seepage flow analysis for each value of the
slenderness ratio of the drain well.
Tanaka et al. (1983) offered a simple pre-
diction equation for the pore pressure ratio
using the assumption that the relationship
between the pore pressure ratio and cycle
ratio is linear for the pore pressure genera-
tion curve in undrained cyclic shear tests of
sandy soil. Although Tanaka et al. (1984)
and Tanaka (1986) also proposed a more gen-
eral equation using parameter f3 for the pore
pressure buildup curves under undrained con-
ditions, it is necessary to perform liquefac-
tion tests in order to determine the value of
f3 in advance of the spacing design work.
Onoue et al. (1987 a) have expanded Tanaka
et al. 's simple equation with respect to the
linear pore pressure buildup curve by com-
bining their equation with Hansbo's equation
for centripetal consolidation taking well re-
sistance into account. After having verified
the validity of their equations through corn-
paring the predicted values and the actual
measurements, they presented a detailed
design procedure. Currently, however, the
arcsin function given by Seed et al. (1976)
is generally being recommended, e. g. by
Sasaki and Taniguchi (1982), as the experi-
mental formula for the pore pressure buildup
curve for various kinds of sandy soils in the
undrained condition.
Iai and Koizumi (1986) presented drain
spacing diagrams using parameter Tz, which
is the time factor with respect to the dura-
tion of earthquake shaking required to cause
initial liquefaction. Though their method
161
yields a comparatively simple design proce-
dure, their diagrams always produce an un-
derestimated pore pressure ratio. This is
especially so when the earthquake duration
is equal to or less than twice the duration
required to cause liquefaction under un-
drained conditions.
In spite of the above-mentioned studies,
however, there has not yet appeared an effi-
cient way of deciding drain spacing taking
well resistance into account. This paper,
therefore, presents a previously developed
numerical analysis method based on the finite
difference method which considers well resist-
ance. The method uses the same model
for the pore pressure generation curve as that
used by Seed and Booker (1977). Usefulness
of the analytical method is verified by com-
paring the analytical results with the in-situ
experimental results. The design diagrams
for reading the most suitable spacing for
gravel drains are next presented for the wide
ranges of design pore pressure ratios, cycle
ratios and coefficients of well resistance.
These ranges cover all values required in
ordinal design work.
ANALYTICAL METHOD
Basic Equation
When generation and dissipation of pore
pressure occurs simultaneously, the basic
equation for excess pore water pressure, u,
is described by the axisymmetric diffusion
equation (Seed and Booker, 1977),
au+ au)- au- aug_
2
r ar az at at2 -
(1)
Here, OUgj ot is the generation velocity of
the pore water pressure due to cyclic loading
under the undrained condition, and is rewrit-
ten as
(2)
The continuity condition along the drain
periphery is given by Eq. (3), which was
presented by Yoshikuni and Nakanodo
(1974) :
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 162 ONOUE

f)u)
( fJr +~~(~) -0 (3)
r=rw 2 ks fJz 2 r=rw-
In an earlier work, Onoue and Mori (1987
b) reported that the effect of gravel drains
in multi-layered ground can be accurately
predicted by the numerical analysis based on
Eqs. ( 1 ), ( 2) and ( 3 ). This conclusion
was drawn from a comparison of the calcu-
lated time histories of the pore pressure ratio
and the measured ones. The outline of the
in-situ experiments will be mentioned later.
In their calculation process for obtaining the
analytical results, the time histories of the
equivalent number of cycles, Neq, measured
in each experiment on one drain pile, and Impermeable
the relationship between the pore pressure
ratio, rw and Neq measured in unimproved,
Fig. 1. Drain well and boundary
i.e., undrained, ground, were respectively
conditions
used as the function Neq of t, and as the
function Ug of Neq. are carried out according to the numerical
In order to widen the applicability of the analysis procedure explained by Onoue
.analytical results, however, a more general- (1988).
ized Ug""Neq relationship should be adopted
in the analysis. According to Seed and Initial and Boundary Conditions
Booker (1977), the pore pressure buildup The initial condition is u=O when t=O,
curve is formulated in terms of the number and the boundary conditions are shown in
of cycles, Nz, required to cause initial lique- Fig. 1. Both the coefficient of permeability
faction as of ground for horizontal water flow, kh, and
Ug 2
--=-arcsm-
. ( N )1/(2a:) (4)
that for vertical flow, kw are assumed to be
<1vo' 7t Nz equal to the same value of k 8 when both the
horizon tal flow toward the drain well and
Here, <1vo' is the initial effective stress for
the vertical flow toward the upper surface of
the simple shear conditions. Eq. ( 4) with
the sand layer are taken in to consideration .
.a typical a value of 0. 7 is considered to be
On the other hand, the value of kv is assum-
the best fitting formula for various kinds of
ed to be equal to zero when the vertical water
sandy soils at the present time (Seed et al.,
flow is neglected.
1976 ; Sasaki and Taniguchi, 1982).
Also assuming that a linear relationship
Difference in Pore Pressure Ratio Dependence
exists between an equivalent number, Neq,
on Vertical Water Flow
.and the duration of time, td, of earthquake
When vertical water flow in the sandy
motion for practical purposes, Eq. ( 2) IS
ground is taken into account, the pore water
reduced to
pressure ratio varies with the value of the
!_l!_rz_=_!_{ 2<1vo' arcsin( N )1/(2a:)} slenderness ratio of the drain, l ( = H/ dw).
fJt f)N 7r Nz ta Since the installation length, H, of gravel
(5) drains having a diameter of 40,.-..,.,50 em ranges
This is also the same procedure as Seed and 5,..__,15 m in general, the ordinal value of l
Booker used. In the present numerical anal- ranges from 10 to 37. 5. The value of l in
ysis, Eqs. ( 1 ), ( 3) and ( 5) are then solved this analysis is therefore presumed to be
.as a continuous equation. The calculations equal to 20. The time factor for the verti-

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 GRAVEL DRAIN SPACING DIAGRAMS 163

cal water flow, T av' and that for the hori- presentation of the design diagrams concern-
zontal flow, Ta, are defined as Tav=k 8 ·taf ing this overall average value Yumax·
(mvrwH 2) and Ta k 8 ·taf(m~rwdw 2 ) respec- Fig. 2 is a radial direction distribution of
tively in which ta is the earthquake duration the maximum pore water pressure ratio,
of time. The value ofT av then ranges 0. 00125 rumax' at a nondimensional depth, z/H, of
.......,0. 25 when the value of T a ranges 2,....,_,400. 0. 5 for various values of the coefficient of
According to numerous calculations, the well resistance, Lw. Here, the value of r 8
greater the value of T a is, the larger the is equal to 0. 3, that of rN is 1 and that of
effect of the vertical water flow becomes.
Especially in the case where the value of Nondimensional radius, (r-rw)/(re-rw)
the cycle ratio, rN, is equal to 1. 0, the great- X 0.0 0,5 1.0
er the value of T a is, the more significant E 1.0.-~~-r~--r-T-~~~--~
the difference becomes between the analytical :.:: (rs=0.3,rN=1,Td=10)
results when considering the vertical flow and 10.0
those when disregarding it.
On the other hand, in the case where the
value of rN is equal to or greater than 2, no
difference in the pore pressure ratio in the
ground is recognized between the calculated
results derived when considering or when dis-
regarding the vertical water flow. There-
fore, two kinds of diagrams are obtained in
~
o.
--r---·
Radial direction
the case where rN=l : one which considers ~ average of ru max,
~ (ru ave)max, at Z::::H/2
the vertical water flow and one which dis- Q 0.0~---=---------------------·
regards it. Conversely, only one diagram
Fig. 2. Radial direction distribution of
is obtained in each case when rN=2, 3 or 4.
maximum excess pore water pressu:re
and its average value at a depth of
H/2
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Radial Direction Average and Overall Aver- Radial direction average of excess
age of Maximum Pore Water Pressure pore water pressure ratio,(ru ave)max
Pore water pressure in the ground gradual- 0.0 0.5 l.0
ly rises according to the cyclic loading of the 0.0.-.-T-~~~~~~~~
shear stress, and finally reaches a certain
maximum value. The pore water pressure :c
'--.
produced at the final stage is called the maxi- N

mum excess pore water pressure, Umax· This £

15.
maximum pressure is divided by the initial (J)
'"0
effective stress in the vertical direction, ·avo', ro O.Sr------------r~~~~~--4
c:
to define the maximum pore water pressure 0
·u:;
c:
ratio, rumax· The rumax is a function of time (J)
E
.as well as of the coordinates r and z. :0
c:
In the spacing design of gravel drains, z
0

there are two ways to define. the design pore

pressure ratio, rud : one uses ruma:x: and the I . 0'---'--....J.---'--__,£,.114...
·other uses the overall average of rumax> i.e., - - {Cru ave)maxat Z/H=O.Jf- {(ru ave)maxat Z/H=O.sf;:;;;;o.l
rumax· The mutual relationship between ......... {(ru ave)maxat Z/H=O.l} - {(ru ave)max at Z/H=O.Sl ;:;;;;0,05

both of these values will be estimated first Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of the radial
in the rest of this section, followed by a direction average value, (rua.ve)ma.x

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 164
T d is 10. The broken lines in the figure are
the radial direction average value, (ruave) max'
for each distribution curve. According to
this figure, though the pore pressure ratio
at the outer boundary of the effective circle,
i.e., r=re, is slightly larger than the value
of (ruave) malO the difference between their
values is less than 0. 05 in the (ruave)max~
0. 3 range.
The vertical direction distribution of
Cruave) max is given in Fig. 3. As is clear
from the figure, the less the depth is, the
greater the pore pressure ratio becomes. In
all vertical distributions of (ruave) max calcu-
lated for all of the combinations .of r 8 =0. 1,
0. 2, ... o. 6, rN=1, 2, ... 4, T d=2, 5, ... 400
and Lw=O, 0. 1, ... so, the vertical distribu-
tions having a difference of 0. os . . . . . o. 1 be-
tween the values of Cruave)max at nondimen-
sional depths ( =zf H) of 0. 1 and 0. 5 are
drawn by broken lines. The distributions
presenting a difference of more than 0. 1 are
shown by solid lines. All other distributions
whose differences are less than 0. 05 are not
shown.
According to Fig. 3, the values of
(ruave)max at z/H=O. 5 of all solid and broken
lines are greater than 0. 536. In other
words, the value of (ruave)max at a nondi-
mensional depth of 0. 5 can be qualified for
use as a representative index for all values
of (r uave) max at any nondimensional depth
since the underestimated pore pressure ratio
is within o. os if the value of Cruave) max at
zf H = 0. 5 is less than 0. 536. Therefore, as
seen from Figs. 2 and 3, wherever the value
of (ruave)max at z/H=O. 5 is less than 0. 536,
it can be used as a representative value hav-
ing an underestimation probability of less
than 0. 1 for any value of rumax at an arbi-
trary point in sandy ground.
Design Pore Pressure Ratio
The overall average value of the maximum
pore pressure ratio, rumax> is always nearly
equal to or slightly less than the value of
Cruave)max at z/H=O. 5. Therefore, the
value of rumax at an arbitrary point does not
exceed 0. 7 if the value of r umax is adopted
ONOUE
as the design pore pressure ratio, and is
selected under 0. 6. Fortunately, the design
pore pressure ratio is generally selected to be
less than 0. 6 since the coefficient of volume
compressibility and stiffness of sand do not
change greatly when the value of ru is less
than 0. 6 (Seed et al., 1976).
Comparison Between In-situ Experimental
Results and Analytical Results
In order to evaluate the validity of design-
ing by using fumax and of the numerical anal-
ysis proposed here, the analytical results
should be compared with the in-situ experi-
mental results reported by Onoue et al.
(1987 a). In the experiment, steel pipes
having a diameter of 120 em, a length of 12m
and a thickness of 12. 7 mm were driven into
the reclaimed sandy ground to a depth of
11m. A gravel drain having a diameter of
30, 40 or 50 em was formed at the center of
the in-pipe ground in each pipe. Vertical
vibration was applied at the pipe head with
a vibrohammer. The respective values of
the drain spacing ratios, r~n were thus 0. 25,
0. 333 and 0. 417.
One of the experimental results, borrowed
from the previous paper (Onoue et al., 1987
a), is indicated in Fig. 4, where the value
of rN is equal to 2. The curves in Fig. 4
X
Me au red ru Read ru .... *
Cd 1.0
E
~ 0.8
(lJ
1-
:::::s
C/)
C/)
~ 0.2
o~--~--~~~--==
0
Spacing ratio, rs
Fig. 4. Read values from diagram presented
by Seed and Booker (1977) and measured
values of excess pore water pressure
ratio (Onoue et al., 1987 a)
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 GRAVEL DRAIN SPACING DIAGRAMS 165

were initially presented by Seed and Booker curves are plotted using the * mark in the
to show the relationship between ru and the :figure. Onoue et al. concluded from this
spacing ratio, r 8 , where well resistance was :figure that disregarding well resistance Is
disregarded. The values of ru read from the improper since the values of ru read from
Seed and Booker's diagram were considerably
smaller than the measured values.
Fig. 5 presents the relationship between the
0.8 overall average value of the excess pore water
pressure ratio, r umax' and the spacing ratio,
where well resistance is considered when rN is
)( 0.6 equal to 2. Figs. 5( a), (b) and (c) cor-
<0
E
respond to each experimental case where the
I~ 0.4 value of Lw equals 8. 8, 4. 9 and 3. 1 respec-
tively. The experimental results shown in
0.2 these figures agree well with the respective
pore pressure ratios indicated by the * marks
which are read directly from the curves.
Therefore, using diagrams derived from this
analysis method is clearly appropriate to drain
spacing design.

0.8
DRAIN SPACING DIAGRAMS TAKING
)( 0. 6 WELL RESISTANCE INTO CONSIDl~RA·
<0
E TION
I~ 0.4 Figs. 6( a )'"'-'6( d) indicate the relationship
between the spacing ratio and the coefficient
of well resistance when both dewatering
0.2
through the drain well and through the up-
per surface of the sand layer are taken into
account. On the other hand, Fig. 7 gives the
relationship for 1 in the case where de-
watering only through the drain well is con-
sidered. As previously mentioned, the dia-
grams for rN=2, 3 and 4 in this case agree
0.8
with Figs. 6( b), (c) and (d) respectively.
More specifically, the relationships between
)( 0.6
<0 r 8 and Lw for 3 and 4 are not at all
E
affected by whether the vertical water flow
~~ 0.4 is involved or not.

0.2
DESIGN EXAMPLES
o.o~--~--~--~--~.--~--~ When the design pore pressure ratio is 0. 5,
0.1 0.2 0.3 0~4 0.5 0.6 for instance, the value of r 8 read from Fig. 6
Spacing ratio, rs =dw/de (b) is 0. 48 under the conditions that rN=2,
Fig. 5. Relationship between spacing ratio Ta=25 and Lw=5. If Lw=O, the value of
and overall average of maximum pore r 8 is 0. 23 under the same conditions. There-
pressure ratio fore, the number of drains necessary increas-

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166 ONOUE

v · .. Td = 2 o · · · Td = I0 o · .. Td = 50
x···Tct= 5 .t.oo•Td=25 .... Tct=IOO v·"Td=200

........
'"0"
~ 0 •4:t--'""'--t--17r+++Jm·:;;4---:J.L~t4--i"':r-:+*'f-H'-h~-.4+!,LJ
II
........
::_ 0.3;;r-~±--~·~f.:~+W~
.Q
,_ •2 :t:.::;:;;;;;:;.::,~~r
et;o
O'l

·actl
<75' 0. I

Coefficient of well resistance, Coet'fioient of well resistance,

0
0
N

~~-s~~+b~f~7L~&/1-¥~H+~~~~Ig
........ o;;r
...."'
·~ 0. 3 ~;:::..<.j=~-Ft:
...

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 50 20 50

Coefficient of well resistance, Coefficient of well resistance, Lw(= 3 ~~ (1L)2)
1r kw dw

Fig. 6. Relationship between coefficient of well resistance and spacing ratio

es more than four times if well resistance

is taken into account. In another instance,
the value of r 8 read from. Fig. 6( c) is 0. 24
v .. •Tct =
2 o .. · Tct = I0 o .. · Td = 50
x.. •Td= 5 A•"Tct=25 •"'Td=IQQ 'V•"Td=200 for the rumax value of 0. 5 under the condi-
0.6 tions that rN=3, Td=lOO, and Lw=O.l.
The same r 8 value is obtained for the Yuma.x
value of 0. 6 under the conditions that rN=3,
Td 100 and Lw=O. 2. In other words, even
when the value of Lw is less than 0. 2, dis-
regarding well resistance results in an under.-
estimation of the pore pressure ratio by
around 0. 1. Because this underestimated
value is significant, there is no limit beyond
which the well resistance can be ignored.
0, I 0. 2 0. 5 I 2 5 I0 20 50
Coefficient of well resistance, Lw(=~ ~(d~~ 2 )
CONCLUSION
Fig. 7. Relationship between coefficient of
well resistance and spacing ratio in Gravel drain spacing diagrams have been
the case where vertical direction de- proposed taking well resistance into account.
watering is disregarded These diagrams provide a convenient basis

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 GRAVEL DRAIN SPACING DIAGRAMS
for determining proper drain spacing. The
less the time factor T a value is, the greater
the influence of well resistance becomes.
However, even for a large T a value, e. g.
100 or more, a slight increase in well resist-
ance brings about a considerable increase in
the pore water pressure ratio. Since there is
no limit at which well resistance can be con-
sidered negligible, it follows that well resist-
ance should always be considered in drain
spacing design.
NOTATIONS
(de, dw)=diameter of (effective circle, drain well)
H=drain length
(kft, kv)=(horizontal, vertical) coefficient of per-
meability of ground
(ks, kw) =coefficient of permeability of (ground,
drain well)
Lw =coefficient of well resistance
(.!!_) 2)
32 .!:.E._
( rt 2 kw dw
l=slenderness ratio of drain well (Hfdw)
N=number of uniform stress cycles
Neq=equivalent number of uniform stress
cycles during time ta
Nz=number of uniform stress cycles required
to cause liquefaction
(re, rw) =radius of (effective circles, drain well)
rN=cycle ratio (Neq/ND
r 8 =spacing ratio (dwfde)
ru=excess pore water pressure ratio (uf(Jv 0 ')
as a function of r, z and t
fu=overall average of ru at arbitrary time t
rua=design excess pore water pressure ratio
rumax=maximum value of ru at time ta
fumax=maximum value of fu
(ruave)max=radial direction average of rumax
T a= time factor (4k 1/d/(mvrwdw 2))
T av=time factor for vertical water flow
(ksta/CmvrwH 2))
ta=earthquake duration of time
(u, u) =(excess, overall average of excess) pore
water pressure
ug=excess pore water pressure generated by
earthquake motion
(Jv 0 ' =initial effective stress in vertical direction
REFERENCES
1) Iai, S. and Koizumi, K. (1986) : "Estimation of
167
earthquake induced excess pore water pressure
for gravel drains," Proc. 7th Japan Earthquake
Eng. Symposium, pp. 679-684.
2) Ishihara, K. (1982) : "Liquefaction and coun-
termeasure," Preprint of Lectures on Recent
Problems Concerning Soil and Foundation,
JSSMFE, pp. 215-225 (in Japanese).
3) Okita, Y., Yunoki, T., Ito, K., Nakajima, Y. and
Shimaoka, H. (1986) : "Effect of drain permea-
bility on nomograph of gravel drain system, ,.
Proc., 21th Nat. Con£. SMFE, Vol. 1, pp. 737-
738 (in Japanese).
4) Onoue, A., Mori, N. and Takano, J. (1987 a) :
"In-situ experiment and analysis on well resist-
ance of gravel drains," Soils and Foundations,
Vol. 27, No.2, pp. 42-60.
5) Onoue, A. and Mori, N. (1987 b) : "Liquefac-
tion preventive effect of gravel drains for sandy
deposits," Proc. 8th Asian Regional Con£..
ICSMFE, Vol.1, pp. 257-260.
6) Onoue, A. (1988) : "Consolidation of multilayer-
ed anisotropic soils by vertical drains with well
resistance, " Soils and Foundations, Vol. 28,
No. 3, pp. 75-90.
7) Sasaki, Y. and Taniguchi, E. (1982) : "Shaking
table tests on gravel drains to prevent liquefac-
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Vol. 22, No.3, pp.1-14.
8) Seed, H. B., Martin, P. P. and Lysmer, J.
(1976) : "Pore water pressure change during
soil liquefaction," J. Geotech. Eng. Div.,
ASCE, Vol.102, No. GT 4, pp. 323-346.
9) Seed, H. B. and Booker, J. R. (1977) : "Stabili-
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using gravel drains," J. Geotech. Eng. Div.,
ASCE, Vol.103, No. GT 7, pp. 757-768.
10) Tanaka, Y., Kokusho, T., Esashi, Y. and Matsui,
I. (1983) : "Effects of gravel piles on stabilizing
a sand deposit susceptible to liquefaction-Part
2 : On the designing method of gravel piles
with finite permeability-," Rep. Cent. Res.
Inst. Elec. Pow. Ind., No. 382058 (in Japanese).
11) Tanaka, Y., Kokusho, T., Esashi, Y. and Mat-
sui, I. (1984) : "Effects of gravel piles on sta-
bilizing a sand deposit susceptible to liquefac-
tion-Part 5: On the designing method of gravel
piles for stabilizing liquefiable level ground-,"
Rep. Cent. Res. Inst. Elec. Pow. Ind., No.
384002 (in Japanese).
12) Tanaka, Y. (1986) : "A study on practical de-
sign method of gravel pile systems (Part 1) Im-
provement in calculating formulas for excess
pore pressure and settlement and verification
tests," Rep. Cent. Res. Inst. Elec. Pow. Ind .•
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No. 385056 (in Japanese). Natural Disasters, pp. 643-655.

13) Tokimatsu, K. and Yoshimi, Y. (1980) : "Ef- 14) Yoshikuni, H. and Nakanodo, H. (1974) : "Con-
fects of vertical drains on the bearing capacity solidation of soils by vertical drain wells with
of saturated sand during earthquakes," Proc. finite permeability," Soils and Foundations,
Int. Con£. on Engineering for Protection from Vol.14, No.2, pp. 35-46.

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