Probability and

Statistics
KRISHNA SHARMA

Name | Course Title | Date

A continuous random variable is a type of random variable that can take any value within
a certain range, rather than just discrete values. Continuous random variables are typically
used to model quantities that can vary continuously, such as the height of a person or the
time it takes for an event to occur. Continuous random variables are typically associated
with probability density functions (PDFs), which describe the probability that the random
variable will take a particular value within its range. The probability that a continuous
random variable will take a specific value is always zero, but the probability that it will
take a value within a certain range can be calculated by integrating the PDF over that
range.

Here are some examples of continuous random variables:

1. The height of a person: A person's height can be any value within a certain range
(e.g., between 4 feet and 7 feet).
2. The time it takes for a student to complete a test: The time it takes for a student to
complete a test can be any value within a certain range (e.g., between 30 minutes
and 2 hours).
3. The temperature outside: The temperature outside can be any value within a
certain range (e.g., between -30 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius).
4. The weight of a package: The weight of a package can be any value within a
certain range (e.g., between 1 pound and 10 pounds).

write the errors of testing of hypothesis

In statistical hypothesis testing, there are two types of errors that can occur:

1. Type I error: This error occurs when the null hypothesis is true, but it is rejected.
A type I error is also known as a false positive.
2. Type II error: This error occurs when the null hypothesis is false, but it is not
rejected. A type II error is also known as a false negative.

Both type I and type II errors are risks that must be considered when designing and
interpreting the results of a hypothesis test. The probability of making a type I error is
known as the "significance level" of the test, and is typically set at a small value (e.g.,
0.05 or 0.01). The probability of making a type II error is known as the "power" of the
test, and is typically set to a high value (e.g., 0.8 or 0.9).

A construction company is bidding for two contract A and B, the probability that the
company will get contract A is 3/5, the probability that the company will get contract B is
1/3. the chances of getting the contract are independent of each other. find the probability
that the company will get at least one contract.

The probability that the company will get both contracts is the product of the probabilities
of getting each contract separately, which is 3/5 * 1/3 = 1/5. The probability that the

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company will get neither contract is the complement of the probability of getting at least
one contract, which is the opposite of getting both contracts or getting one of the
contracts. The probability of getting one of the contracts is the sum of the probabilities of
getting each contract separately, which is 3/5 + 1/3 = 8/15. Therefore, the probability of
getting neither contract is 1 - 8/15 = 7/15. So the probability of getting at least one
contract is 1 - (probability of getting neither contract) = 1 - 7/15 = 8/15.

A box plot is a graphical representation of statistical data based on the minimum, first
quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. It is also known as a box and whisker plot.

To create a box plot, the data is first sorted and divided into four equal groups, or
quartiles, with each group containing 25% of the data. The lowest value in the data is the
minimum, and the highest value is the maximum. The median is the middle value, or the
value that separates the higher half of the data from the lower half.

The box in a box plot represents the middle 50% of the data, or the second and third
quartiles. The line in the middle of the box is the median. The "whiskers" extending from
the box represent the rest of the data, with the ends of the whiskers being the minimum
and maximum values.

Box plots are useful for comparing the distributions of different datasets and for
identifying outliers, which are values that are significantly higher or lower than the rest of
the data.

A box plot displays several features of a dataset, including the following:

1. The minimum and maximum values: These are the lowest and highest values in
the dataset, and they are represented by the ends of the whiskers.
2. The first and third quartiles: These are the values that divide the dataset into four
equal groups, with each group containing 25% of the data. The first quartile is the
value below which the lowest 25% of the data falls, and the third quartile is the
value above which the highest 25% of the data falls. The box in the box plot
represents the area between the first and third quartiles.
3. The median: This is the middle value in the dataset, or the value that separates the
higher half of the data from the lower half. The median is represented by a line in
the middle of the box.
4. Outliers: These are values that are significantly higher or lower than the rest of the
data. Outliers are often represented by individual points outside the whiskers.

Box plots are useful for comparing the distributions of different datasets and for
identifying outliers. They can also be used to identify trends and patterns in data, and to
compare the spread of different datasets.

describe the types of errors in hypothesis testing

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In hypothesis testing, there are two types of errors: Type I and Type II errors.

A Type I error, also known as a "false positive," occurs when the null hypothesis is true
but is rejected. This error is represented by the Greek letter alpha (α). In other words, a
Type I error occurs when we conclude that a difference exists when there is no actual
difference.

A Type II error, also known as a "false negative," occurs when the null hypothesis is false
but is not rejected. This error is represented by the Greek letter beta (β). In other words, a
Type II error occurs when we conclude that no difference exists when there is an actual
difference.

It's important to try to minimize the likelihood of both types of errors when conducting a
hypothesis test.

write the procedure of testing of hypothesis of difference two proportions

The procedure for testing the hypothesis of a difference between two proportions
involves the following steps:

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis states that there is
no difference between the two proportions, while the alternative hypothesis states
that there is a difference.
2. Determine the sample size and collect the data. The sample size should be large
enough to ensure that the sampling distribution of the difference between the two
proportions is approximately normal.
3. Calculate the sample proportions and the difference between the two proportions.
4. Calculate the standard error of the difference between the two proportions.
5. Calculate the test statistic using the formula:

test statistic = (difference between proportions - hypothesized difference) / standard error

6. Find the p-value by determining the probability of observing a test statistic at least
as extreme as the one calculated in step 5, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
7. Compare the p-value to the significance level (usually 0.05) to determine the
statistical significance of the results. If the p-value is less than the significance
level, the null hypothesis can be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. If
the p-value is greater than the significance level, the null hypothesis cannot be
rejected.
8. Interpret the results in the context of the research question. If the null hypothesis
is rejected, conclude that there is a significant difference between the two
proportions. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, conclude that there is not a
significant difference between the two proportions.

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