KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HEBBAL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT BERNOULLI'S
THEOREM
SESSION: 2022-2023
Submitted to- Mrs. Neethu K
Submitted by- ARNAB DAS
CLASS: 11TH C
ROLL NO. :- 11321
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ARNAB DAS is a

student of class XI C has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of Mrs.
NEETHU K (subject teacher) during year
2022-23 in partial fulfillment of chemistry
practical examination of central board of
secondary education (CBSE).

PRINCIPAL SUBJECT
TEACHER
P SRINIVASA RAJU Mrs. NEETHU K
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work

entitled "BERNAULLI'S PRINCIPLE"
submitted to the "KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA HEBBAL". is a record of
original work done by me except of the
experiments, which are duly
acknowledged, under the guidance of my
subject teacher Mrs. Neethu K.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to
our school KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
HEBBAL, principal sir P SRINIVASA RAJU,
to the management team of our school who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic BERNAULLI'S
PRINCIPLE, which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things.

Secondly I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finishing this project within the limited time.

INDEX

1. PRESSURE
2. Pascal's Law
3. Hydraulics
4. Continuity Equation
5. Bernoulli's Equation
6. Venturi Tube
7. Atomizer
8. Torricelli and his Orifice
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography

PRESSURE

1. Pressure is defined as force per unit area.

2. Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m²
3. For liquid pressure, the medium is
considered as a continuous distribution of
matter.
4. For gas pressure, it is calculated as the
average pressure of molecular collisions on
the container.
5. Pressure acts perpendicular on the surface.
6. Pressure is a scalar quantity - pressure has
no particular direction (i.e. acts in every
direction).

Pascal's Law

Pf= Po + pgh
1. "When there is an increase in pressure at
any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal
increase at every point in the container."
2. In a fluid, all points at the same depth must
be at the same pressure.
3. Consider a fluid in equilibrium.

Hydraulics
You have to push down to achieve some
change in the height of the piston on the right.
1. Pressure is equal at the bottom of both
containers (because it's the same depth!)
2. P = ^ F2 / A2 = ^ F1 / A1 and since A_{1} <
A_{2} F_{2} > F_{1}
3. There is a magnification of force, just like a
lever, but work stays the same! (conservation
of energy). W = F 1 ^ * D 1 F_{2} ^ * D 2
D1>D2

Continuity Equation
Bernoulli's Equation
P+1/2pv*v+pgh-constant
Where p is the pressure, p is the density, v is
the velocity, h is elevation, and g ist
gravitational acceleration.
 Venturi Tube

1. A2 < A1; V2 > Vi

2. According to Bernoulli's Law, pressure at
Az is lower.
3. Choked flow: Because pressure cannot be
negative, total flow rate will be limited. This is
useful in controlling fluid velocity.
P₂+ 1/2p V₁² = P₁ + 1/2 V₁²
deltaP=P/2 (V22 -V₁2)
Atomizer
• This is an atomizer, which uses the Venturi
effect to spray liquid.
• When the air stream from the hose flows
over the straw, the resulting low pressure on
the top lifts up the fluid.

Torricelli and his Orifice

• In 1843, Evangelista Torricelli proved that the
flow of liquid through an opening is proportional
to the square root of the height of the opening..
• Q = A*√(2g(hi-hz)) where Q is flow rate, A is
area, his height
Depending on the contour and shape of the
opening, different discharge coefficients can be
applied to the
equation (of course we assume simpler situation
here

Conclusion
Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous
fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross
section, then the pressure is lower at
constrictions where the velocity is higher, and
the pressure is higher where the pipe opens out
and the fluid stagnate. Many people find this
situation paradoxical when they first encounter
it (higher velocity, lower pressure).
Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump
Bernoulli's principle is used in venturimeter to
find the rate of flow of a liquid. It is used in a
carburettor to mix air and petrol vapour in an
internal combustion engine. Bernoulli's
principle is used in an atomiser and filter
pump.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. HELP FROM INTERNET

2. HELP FROM REFERENCE BOOKS
 HC VERMA
NCERT CLASS 11 PHYSICS
3. HELP FRPM TEACHERS