BS en 15776-2011

BS EN 15776:2011
BSI Standards Publication
Unfired pressure vessels —

Requirements for the design
and fabrication of pressure
vessels and pressure parts
constructed from cast iron with
an elongation after fracture
equal or less than 15 %
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
raising standards worldwide™

Copyright British Standards Institution
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
BS EN 15776:2011 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15776:2011.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee PVE/1, Pressure Vessels.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© BSI 2011
ISBN 978 0 580 61609 9
ICS 23.020.30
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
This British Standard was published under the authority of the

Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2011.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected

BS EN 15776:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 15776

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2011
ICS 23.020.30
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Requirements for the design and

fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed
from cast iron with an elongation after fracture equal or less than
15 %
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Anforderungen an die
Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und
récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit einer Bruchdehnung
moulés en fonte à allongement après rupture inférieur ou von 15 % oder weniger
égal à 15 %
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 January 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 15776:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5
3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols ................................................................................................6
4 Materials, limitations and service conditions .................................................................................. 10
5 Design requirements .......................................................................................................................... 13
6 Founding, material and casting testing ............................................................................................ 27
7 Final assessment ................................................................................................................................ 30
8 Pressure vessels assembled of a combination of parts in different materials ............................ 30
9 Marking and documentation .............................................................................................................. 30
Annex A (normative) Technical data for design calculations ..................................................................... 32
Annex B (informative) Recommendations for in-service validation and inspection ................................ 35
Annex C (informative) Examples of fatigue design curves ......................................................................... 36
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC ........................................................................................... 39
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
2
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 15776:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired pressure
vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by August 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
3
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Introduction
For pressure equipment, special precautions are required when using grey cast iron grades or spheroidal
graphite cast iron grades with an elongation after fracture equal to or less than 15 % to attain the same safety
level as when using spheroidal graphite cast iron grades with an elongation after fracture higher than 15 %.
Service restrictions and limitations are given in Clause 4.
Attention is drawn to the references to EN 13445-6 for design and fabrication according to specific grades of
material standards EN 1563 and EN 13835 which are found in some clauses of this standard, EN 15776.
Requirements for the design, material, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel
parts made from ferritic or austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades with an elongation after fracture
higher than 15 % are given in EN 13445-6.
Cast iron with elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 % may only be used for pressure equipment
when operational and technical advantages are dictating its use instead of the cast iron grades given in
EN 13445-6 with elongation after fracture higher than 15 %.
4
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, material, manufacturing and testing of
pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts made from materials for which details are specified from the
following material standards for specific grades which meet the criterion of an elongation after fracture less
than or equal to 15 %:
 EN 1561, Founding — Grey cast irons;
 EN 1563, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons;
 EN 13835, Founding — Austenitic cast irons.
The allowed content of the vessel or pressure part is a fluid of group 2 only, according to the
Directive 97/23/EC.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 764-5:2002, Pressure Equipment — Part 5: Compliance and Inspection Documentation of Materials
EN 1370, Founding — Surface roughness inspection by visual tactile comparators
EN 1371-1:1997, Founding — Liquid penetrant inspection — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die
castings
EN 1559-1, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General
EN 1559-3, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 3: Additional requirements for iron castings
EN 1561, Founding — Grey cast irons
EN 1563, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons
EN 12680-3, Founding — Ultrasonic examination — Part 3: Spheroidal graphite cast iron castings
EN 13445-3:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design
EN 13445-5:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13445-6:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of
pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
EN 13835, Founding — Austenitic cast irons
EN ISO 8062-3, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for
moulded parts — Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for
castings (ISO 8062-3:2007)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
grey cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar)
graphite particles (EN 1561)
NOTE Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite cast iron.
3.1.2
spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon-based, the carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal
graphite particles (EN 1563)
NOTE Spheroidal graphite cast iron is also known as ductile iron, and less commonly as nodular iron.
3.1.3
austenitic cast iron
cast material with an austenitic matrix which is iron and carbon based and alloyed with nickel and manganese,
copper and/or chromium in order to stabilize the austenitic structure at room temperature
NOTE The graphite can be present in flake or spheroidal form (EN 13835).
3.1.4
relevant wall thickness
section of the casting, agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, to which the guaranteed
mechanical properties apply
3.1.5
critical zone
highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test
NOTE 1 It can be caused, for example, by any of the following:
— sudden change in cross section;
— sharp edges;
— sharp radii;
— peak stresses;
— bending stresses;
— stresses due to other than membrane stress;
— changes in curvature.
NOTE 2 A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric method, strain gauge
methods, burst test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis, etc.
NOTE 3 Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures are to be
considered in defining critical zones.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
3.1.6
purchaser
individual or organisation that buys pressure equipment, including assemblies or parts, for its own use or on
behalf of the user and/or operator
3.1.7
manufacturer
individual or organisation responsible for the design, fabrication, testing, inspection, installation of pressure
equipment and assemblies where relevant
NOTE 1 The manufacturer may subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under its responsibility.
3.1.8
casting manufacturer
subcontractor that produces the castings used in the manufacture of pressure equipment
3.1.9
temperature factor
reduction factor applied to the 0,2 % proof strength to take account of temperature influence
3.1.10
wall thickness factor
reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of reduced mechanical properties
3.1.11
stress factor
ratio of peak stress to total stress
3.1.12
total stress
total stress in a design model which includes all stress concentration effects, non-local and local
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, symbols used in EN 13445-6:2009 are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
c corrosion allowance mm
e required thickness mm
ea analysis thickness mm
eact actual thickness mm
maximum local thickness at the location of a possible fatigue crack

emax mm
initiation
emin minimum thickness as specified on drawing mm
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
7
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 1 (continued)
f nominal design stress MPa
fe thickness correction factor
fm mean stress correction factor
ftest nominal design stress for testing condition MPa
fT temperature correction factor
fs surface finish correction factor
mC exponent in equation of fatigue design curve
n shell shape factor
neq number of equivalent full pressure cycles
T,Tc calculation temperature °C
A, A5 minimum elongation after fracture %
CC coefficient in equation of fatigue design curve
Ce wall thickness reduction factor
CT temperature reduction factor
E modulus of elasticity MPa
F test factor used in experimental fatigue assessment
Keff effective stress concentration factor
Kt theoretical elastic stress concentration factor
M mean stress sensitivity factor MPa
value from appropriate Tables 10, 11, 13, 14 in the appropriate

mc
number of cycle number range used in fatigue calculations
total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different
N
amplitude
Nall allowable number of cycles obtained from the fatigue design curve
minimum number of cycles obtained in experimental fatigue

Nmin
assessment
ni number of cycles with amplitude ∆Pi

a
PC,pc calculation pressure MPa
a
Pb burst test pressure MPa
a
Pb,act actual burst test pressure MPa
8
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 1 (continued)

a
PD,pd design pressure MPa
b a
Pmax maximum permissible pressure MPa
b a
PS,ps maximum allowable pressure bar
b
PT, pt test pressure MPa
Rm minimum tensile strength MPa
* average tensile strength of three test bars taken from the same cast
Rm MPa
for design according to DBE route
Rp0,2 minimum 0,2 % - proof strength MPa
minimum 0,2 % - proof strength at temperature T in degrees

Rp0,2/T MPa
Celsius
Rz surface roughness parameter – peak – to - valley height µm
RM material strength parameter MPa
S safety factor
TSmax, TSmin maximum / minimum allowable temperature °C
V volume L
a
∆P pressure range MPa
∆Pi pressure cycle amplitude
∆σ allowable stress range MPa
∆σ* pseudo elastic stress range MPa
∆σCut cut-off limit MPa

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
∆σD endurance limit MPa
∆σeq,struc structural stress range MPa
∆σR stress range in fatigue design curve MPa
δ casting tolerance mm
ε extra thickness due to casting process mm
γR partial safety factor
η Stress factor
ν Poisson’s ratio
σe nominal design stress for external pressure MPa

a
MPa for calculation purposes only, otherwise the unit shall be bar (1 MPa = 10 bar).
b
See also EN 13445-3:2009, Table 4-1.
9
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
3.3 Inter relation of thicknesses definitions (EN 13445-6)
ea e emin eact
Key
e required thickness
ea analysis thickness
emin minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as indicated on drawings
eact actual thickness
c corrosion allowance
ε extra thickness due to casting process
δ casting tolerance
Figure 1
4 Materials, limitations and service conditions
4.1 Materials and limitations on temperature, maximum allowable pressure and energy
content
All material grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1561 for grey cast iron,
EN 1563 for spheroidal graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic cast iron. The material grades and
corresponding limitations are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 2 — Allowable material grades and limitations for grey cast iron and austenitic lamellar graphite
cast iron
Material Material designation Design Maximum Maximum

standard temperature allowable energy content
limits pressure PS PS × V for a
single casting
Symbol Number °C bar bar ⋅ L
EN-GJL-200 EN-JL1030
- 10 ≤ T ≤ 200
EN 1561
- 10 ≤ T ≤ 200 25 65 000
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
EN-GJLA-XNiCuCr15-6-2 EN-JL3011
EN 13835 - 10 ≤ T ≤ 200
EN-GJLA-XNiMn13-7 EN-JL3021
The product PS × V and the design temperature limit of Table 2 for a single casting may be exceeded when
all the following conditions are met:
 maximum allowable temperature TSmax ≤ 300 °C;
 maximum allowable pressure PS ≤ 15 bar;
 material grades shall be limited to EN-GJL-300 or EN-GJL-350;
 documented stress factor ≤ 2 throughout the casting;
 stress relief heat treatment is carried out when the maximum cooling rate in the mould exceeds 30 °C/h
for the temperature range from 600 °C decreasing to 150 °C.
NOTE An in-service inspection to Annex B of this standard may be considered to be mentioned in the operating
instructions of the part or vessel.
11
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 3 — Allowable material grades and design limits for spheroidal graphite cast iron
Material Design Maximum Maximum

standard temperature allowable energy content
Material designation limits pressure PS × V for a
single casting
PS
Symbol Number °C bar bar ⋅ L
EN-GJS-400-15 EN-JS1030
100 100 000
EN-GJS-400-15U EN-JS1072
EN-GJS-450-10 EN-JS1040
64 80 000
EN-GJS-500-7 EN-JS1050
EN 1563 - 10 ≤ T ≤ 300
25 65 000
EN-GJSA-XNiCr20-2 EN-JS3011
EN-GJSA-XNiCrNb20-2 EN-JS3031
64 80 000
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 EN-JS3061
EN 13835 - 10 ≤ TS ≤ 540
EN-GJSA-XNiCr30-3 EN-JS3081
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr30-5-5 EN-JS3091 25 65 000
EN-GJSA-XNiCr35-3 EN-JS3101 64 80 000
The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions, given in EN 1559-1 and EN 1559-3, shall also apply.
4.2 Cyclic loading
Lamellar and spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for cyclic operation.
A fatigue analysis shall be performed if the service conditions require more than the maximum number of full
pressure cycles as given in Table 4, or more than an equivalent number of cycles neq with smaller amplitude
according to Equation (1).
Table 4 — Full pressure cycle number for dynamic loading consideration
Maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory

Material grade fatigue analysis according to Equation (1)
(if stress factor η ≤ 3)
Grades according to Table 2 8 000
Grades according to Table 3 50 000
The calculation of an equivalent number of full pressure cycles neq when the operating pressure is less than
the maximum pressure shall be calculated according to Equation (1):
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
mc
j =N
 ∆Pi 
neq = ∑ n j ⋅   (1)
j =1  Pmax 
where
N is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude;
ni is the number of cycles with amplitude ∆Pi ;
∆Pi is the pressure cycle amplitude;
Pmax is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in EN 13445-3:2009, 3.16;
mC is the value from Table 10 (lamellar graphite cast iron grades) or Table 11 (spheroidal graphite
3 6
cast iron grades) in the appropriate number of cycle range value for 10 < N < 10 or
6 8
10 < N < 10 whichever is the case.
NOTE A stress factor – defined in 3.1.11 (ratio of peak stress to total stress-defined in 3.1.12) − greater than 3,
determined by any of the design methods given in 5.8, can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other
small changes, an acceptable design may be generated. It is recommended to carry out a finite element analysis to
determine areas with possible excessive stress concentrations.
5 Design requirements
5.1 Design principle
The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2009, Clause 5.
The materials, limitations and service conditions of Clause 4 of this standard shall be considered.
Design methods shall be in accordance with this European Standard and, when indicated in a clause of this
standard, with the relevant clauses of EN 13445-6:2009.
If the geometry of the component or the loading case does not allow calculation by the formulas given in
EN 13445-3:2009, design by analysis (DBA) or design by experiment (DBE) shall be applied.
Depending on the complexity of the component, the loading conditions and the level of NDT, the designer may
choose one of the following available design methods mentioned below. Correlation between safety factor,
testing factor and the method to assess dynamic loading is given in Table 5.
5.2 Conceptual design and construction drawings
The manufacturer analysis of hazards identifying those which apply to the pressure vessel on account of
pressure shall be documented and be of sufficient detail.
Details of the conceptual design including the design methods adopted, performance criteria and construction
drawings shall be provided. Guidance about the detailed dimensional information that shall be provided is
given in Annex B of EN 13445-5:2009. Process diagrams, sub-assemblies or other data relevant to
conceptual design shall also be maintained.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
13
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
5.3 Static loading
5.3.1 General
In order to design the part for static loading, the following shall be considered by the designer.
5.3.2 Design by formula (DBF)
Equations for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3:2009
and EN 13445-6:2009, Annex G. This Annex G gives additional equations for non-standard shaped parts
often used in casting design. Nominal design stress for component forms other than bolts shall be calculated
in accordance with Table 5. If design by experimental method is used, it shall be in conformity with 5.3.4 of
this standard. In general, the manufacturer shall specify to the casting manufacturer which zones are critical
related to the design and design loads. Other critical zones may be indicated by the casting manufacturer
related to the casting process and shall be taken into account by the manufacturer.
Table 5 — Safety factor and nominal design stress
Item Material grades according to Material grades according to

Table 3 Table 2
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Grade Stress
according As cast relieve
to annealed
 15  EN 1561 S=9 S=7

Safety factor S S = 3 ,75 + 0 ,5 ⋅  − 1 
 A  EN 13835 S=8* S=6
R p 0 ,2 ⋅ C T ⋅ C e
f = Rm
Nominal design stress f S f =
S
where
CT is defined in 5.4;
Ce is defined in 5.5;
Rm is the tensile strength value for a given wall thickness according to Table A.1;
Rp0,2 is 0,2 % proof strength value according to Table A.4
where A5 is the elongation after fracture in percent according to EN 1563 and EN 13835.
* If a risk of stress corrosion cracking may exist, especially for austenitic grades at higher temperatures, a stress relief
heat treatment is beneficial depending on the service conditions but is left to the agreement between the parties
concerned.
5.3.3 Design by analysis (DBA)
a) Decide whether the direct route (limit load, EN 13445-3:2009, Annex B) or the stress categorization
method (EN 13445-3:2009, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear or non-linear approach will
be used;
b) base modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thickness (ea) and
material characteristics at operation temperature;
14
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
c) for interpretation of calculation results, follow the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria in order
to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related procedures are
typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes, see EN 13445-3:2009.
5.3.4 Design by experiment (DBE)
Where design by equations (DBF) according to EN 13445-3:2009 is not considered appropriate due to the
complex shape of the component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness ea and the
minimum thickness emin shall be performed according to the procedure in 5.8.2.4. This test is also a part of the
technical documentation.
NOTE 1 For vessels for which PS × V < 6 000 bar × L (600 MPa × L) an experimental method may be applied as an
alternative to the design by formulae (DBF) or design by analysis (DBA) methods.
NOTE 2 For vessels for which PS × V ≥ 6 000 bar × L (600 MPa × L) the experimental method may be used in addition
to detailed design.
5.4 Temperature reduction factor

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For grey cast iron material grades according to EN 1561 and austenitic lamellar graphite cast iron material
grades according to EN 13835 mechanical properties shall be considered to remain constant for the
temperature range - 10 °C up to 200 °C.
For spheroidal graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 1563:
CT = 1 for T ≤ 20 °C (2)
CT = 1 – 0,001(T - 20) for 20 °C < T ≤ 300 °C 1) (3)
For austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 13835:
CT = 1 for T ≤ 20 °C (4)
CT = 1 – 0, 000 5 (T - 20) for 20 °C < T ≤ 540 °C (5)
5.5 Wall thickness reduction factor
For spheroidal graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 1563 and EN 13835:
Ce = 1 for emin ≤ 60 mm (6)
Ce = 0,8 for 60 mm < emin ≤ 200 mm (7)
NOTE The wall thickness reduction factor for lamellar graphite cast iron grades according to EN 1561 is already
included in Table A.1 in this standard and needs no extra thickness correction factor.
5.6 Design for external pressure
Design for external pressure shall be carried out according to EN 13445-3:2009, Clause 8, with the following
modifications:
Replace Equations 8.4.2-1, 8.4.2-2, 8.4.3-1, 8.4.3-2 by:
1) See Bibliography ref. [13].
15
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
σ e = R p 0, 2 / T ⋅ C e (8)
The minimum safety factor, which applies throughout this clause, is given by:
 for material grades according to Table 2:
S = (safety factor according to Table 5) + 1 (9)
 for material grades according to Table 3:
S = (safety factor according to Table 5) + 0,5 (10)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.7 Testing conditions
The test pressure may exceed the value given in Equation (15) either intentionally or occasionally. However,
the nominal design stress for testing conditions, ftest shall not exceed the following values.
For material grades according to Table 2:
Rm
f test = (11)
2
For material grades according to Table 3:
R p 0 , 2 / Ttest ⋅ C e
f test = (12)
1,33
5.8 Design methods
5.8.1 General
Design methods shall be in accordance with this standard and, when indicated in the clauses of this standard,
with the clauses of EN 13445-6.
5.8.2 Static loading
5.8.2.1 General
In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer.
5.8.2.2 Design by formula (DBF)
Formulas for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3.
5.8.2.3 Design by analysis (DBA)
For cast iron pressure vessels the general procedures and corresponding rules are covered by
EN 13445-6:2009, Annex E "Design by analysis for castings" with the following modifications:
 additional to EN 13445-6:2009, Annex E.2.1 "Design checks for normal operating load cases"
Material strength parameters (RM) and partial safety factors (γR) shall be as given in Table 6:
16
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 6 — RM and γR for normal operating load cases
Material grade RM γR
a
According to Table 2 Rm S/1,8
a
According to Table 3 Rp0,2/T S/(1,8 × Ce)
a)
S according to Table 5.
 additional to EN 13445-6:2009, Annex E.2.2 "Design checks for testing load cases"
RM and γR shall be as given in Table 7 and Table 8:
Table 7 — RM and γR for test load case lamellar cast iron grades
According to Table 2 Rm 2,0
Table 8 — RM and γR for test load case spheroidal graphite cast iron grades
According to Table 3 Rp0,2/Ttest 1,33/Ce
5.8.2.4 Design by experiment (DBE)
Design by experiment shall be carried out according to EN 13445-6:2009, 5.2.2.1.5, where:
 for material grades according to Table 2 of this standard, the following formula applies:
1/ 2
 S ⋅ PS ⋅ Rm(3) 
ea = eact ⋅   (13)
 P ⋅R 
 b,act m 
 for material grades according to Table 3 of this standard, the following formula applies:
1/ n
 S ⋅ PS ⋅ Rm (3) 
ea = eact ⋅   (14)
 Pb,act ⋅ R p 0, 2 ⋅ CT ⋅ Ce 
 
where
n = 1 for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles α ≤ 60°, stayed surfaces and stressed
parts when it can be shown that the bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;
n = 2 for all other surfaces except when it can be shown that the bending stress is less than 2/3 of the
total stress.
5.8.2.5 R*m Determination and general test requirements
For determining R*m three tensile test specimen shall be performed in accordance with EN 1561, EN 1563 or
EN 13835 material standards for each of the required positions taken from the same cast.
17
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
The specimen positions shall be in accordance with the specifications in the technical delivery conditions of
the product form for materials for pressure equipment. In addition to the requirements of the material, the
manufacturer and the purchaser may agree on the properties required at stated positions in the casting.
These properties shall be determined by testing machined test pieces cut from the casting at these stated
positions. The mean value of the three specimens shall be used to determine the ratio of R*m/Rm.
Specimen may be taken before the burst test on an identical part or on the same part after burst test. It is not
allowed to use scaled-down part of the part under investigation. 2)
The position on the casting from where the sample is cut shall be in an area where the casting wall thickness
is close to the relevant wall thickness of the casting. For the purpose of determining the size of the test pieces
to be used, the purchaser shall, by the time of acceptance of the order, indicate to the manufacturer which are
the important sections. In the absence of any direction by the purchaser, the manufacturer may choose the
size of the test piece to be used according the relevant standard.
No specimen may show a lower value than the minimum value of Rm stated in the respective material
standards of the material grade under investigation, taking into account the corresponding thickness.
The preferred test piece diameter is 14 mm, but, for technical reasons and for test pieces machined from
castings, it is permitted to use a test piece of different diameter or equivalent diameter.
Retesting shall be carried out if a test is not valid. A test is not valid if there is:
 a faulty mounting of the test piece or defective operation of the test machine;
 a defective test piece because of incorrect pouring or incorrect machining;
 a fracture of the tensile test piece outside the gauge length;
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a casting defect in the test piece, evident after fracture.
In all cases, a new test piece shall be taken from the same sample or a duplicate sample cast at the same
time. The result of the retest shall be used.
5.8.2.6 Determination of the minimum hydraulic burst pressure and maximum allowable pressure
for static loading
For the purposes of this standard the methods given in EN 13445-6:2009, 5.2.2.1.6 to determine the minimum
hydraulic burst pressure and maximum allowable pressure for static loading apply with the following
modification:
Replace in formulae 5-3 and 5-4 n as follows:
 for material grades given in Table 2, n = 2 applies in all cases of curvature of the pressure part;
 for material grades given in Table 3, see 5.2.2.1.6 of EN 13445-6:2009.
5.8.3 Dynamic loading
5.8.3.1 General
If the number of full pressure cycles or equivalent full pressure cycles according to Equation (1) exceeds the
number of full pressure cycles for static loading considered in Table 4, a fatigue assessment of the complete
2) When taking values after burst testing these may show lower tensile strength properties for some grades and should
only be used with caution in exceptional cases (single part or very large part, etc.).
18
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
design is required. In order to design the part for dynamic loading, the following options can be considered by
the designer:
 a simplified fatigue assessment (maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure fluctuations); or
 a detailed fatigue assessment (maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure fluctuations using
detailed stress analysis which is less conservative than the simplified method).
5.8.3.2 Simplified fatigue assessment (SFA)
A simplified fatigue assessment will give a maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure fluctuations
under service conditions.
The assessment shall be performed according to EN 13445-6:2009, Annex D with equation modifications as
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
listed in Table 9 and coefficients of Table 10 and Table 11 for mC and CC.
19
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 9 — Equations for simplified fatigue assessment
Equation for material grades Equation for material

Equation and definition in
Symbol according to Table 2 of this grades according to Table 3
EN 13445-6:2009, Annex D
standard of this standard
Replace
EN 13445-6:2009, Annex D
D.6.1.
Pseudo elastic ∆σ∗ Same as EN 13445-6:2009,
Equation 6.1 by
stress range D.6.1
∆ P ⋅η ⋅ f
∆σ *
=
Pmax
D.6.2, Correction factor for fe fe = 1 for all thicknesses As EN 13445-6:2009, D.6.2

D.6.3 wall thickness and D.6.3
temperature
correction factor for
D.6.4
ferritic/pearlitic
fT n.a. As EN 13445-6:2009, D.6.4
materials
temperature
D.6.4
correction factor for
fT fT =1 for design temperature n.a.
pearlitic materials range (°C) - 10 ≤ T ≤ 300
only
temperature for design temperature range
D.6.5 correction factor for
fT limited to (°C) - 10 ≤ T ≤ 350 As EN 13445-6:2009, D.6.5
austenitic materials
Replace Replace
D.6.8
Stress range, ∆σ R EN 13445-6, Annex D.6.8 by EN 13445-6:2009, D.6.8 by
fatigue design curve
C C ⋅ Rm CC
∆σ R = 1
∆σ R = 1
mC mC
N N
Replace Replace
EN 13445-6:2009, D.6.9 EN 13445-6:2009, D.6.9
Allowable number of by by
D.6.9 N
cycles
mc mc
C ⋅R   C 
N =  C *m  N =  C* 
 ∆σ   ∆σ 
Replace criterion by
Allowable stress ∆σ As EN 13445-6:2009,
D.6.10
range ∆σ ≤ ∆σ R Annex D, Equation 6.10
20 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 10 — Coefficients of the fatigue design curves for lamellar graphite cast iron grades according
to Table 2 (NOTE) − Simplified assessment
Constants of fatigue design curve Allowable stress range at N cycles

∆σR – N MPa
Material grades
according to Table 2 3
10 < N < 10
6 6
10 < N < 10
8
∆σD at N = 106 ∆σcut at N = 108

mC CC mC CC
As cast 7 1,440 10 0,797 0,200 × Rm 0,126 × Rm
Stress relieve annealed 7 1,830 10 1,012 0,254 × Rm 0,160 × Rm
NOTE See Table 2 of this standard for allowed lamellar graphite cast iron grades taken from EN 1561 and EN 13835.
An example of a fatigue design curve for simplified assessment is given in informative Annex C.
Table 11 — Coefficients of the fatigue design curves for spheroidal graphite cast iron grades
according to EN 1563 and EN 13835 and Table 3 − Simplified assessment
Material grade Constants of fatigue design curve ∆σR – N Allowable stress

according to Table 2 3 6 6 8 range at N cycles
10 < N < 2 × 10 2 × 10 < N < 10 MPa
mC CC mC CC ∆σD at ∆σcut at
6 8
N = 10 N = 10
EN-GJS-400-15 900 555 130 88
EN-GJS-450-10 983 606 142 96
EN-GJS-500-7 7,5 1 059 653 153 103
EN-GJS-600-3 1 218 750 176 119
EN-GJS-700-2 1 370 845 198 134
EN-GJSA-XNiCr20-2 10
EN-GJSA-XNiCrNb20-2
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 573 452 106 72
8,6
EN-GJSA-XNiCr30-3
EN-GJSA-XNiCr35-3
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr30-5-5 637 504 118 80
5.8.3.3 Detailed fatigue assessment (DFA)
A detailed fatigue assessment returns a value of maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure
fluctuations using detailed stress analysis in service conditions.
The assessment shall be performed according to EN 13445-6:2009, Annex D with modifications to equations
and coefficients of Table 13 and Table 14 for mC and CC as listed in Table 12, Table 13 and Table 14.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
21
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 12 — Equations for detailed fatigue assessment
Equation
Equation for
in
Equation for material material grades
EN 13445- Item Symbol
grades according to Table 2 according to
6:2009
Table 3
Annex D
Pseudo elastic stress
D.7.1 ∆σ∗ As EN 13445-6:2009, D.7.1
range
Effective stress
D.7.2 Keff As EN 13445-6:2009, D.7.2
concentration factor
Theoretical elastic
D.7.3 stress concentration Kt As EN 13445-6:2009, D.7.3
factor
As EN 13445-
D.7.4, Correction factor for
D.7.5 wall thickness
fe f e = 1 for all thicknesses 6:2009, D.7.4 and
D.7.5
Correction factor for
temperature for As EN 13445-
ft n.a<
ferritic/pearlitic 6:2009, D.6.4
materials
7.2.2 ft = 1 for design temperature
temperature for ft
range - 10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
pearlitic materials
ft = 1 for design temperature As EN 13445-
temperature for ft
range - 10 ≤ TS ≤ 350 6:2009, D.6.5
austenitic materials
( 0 ,105 ln N ) − 0 , 465 As EN 13445-
D.7.6 fs
f s = FS 6:2009, D.7.6 and
6
Surface finish fs = 1 if N > 10 D.7.7
correction factor
 Rm 
D 7.7 Fs F s := 1 − 0.06 ⋅ log ( R z) ⋅ log 
 50 
Correction for mean As EN 13445-
D.7.8 M M = 0,5
stress 6:2009, D.7.8
Replace
Replace
EN 13445-6:2009,
Stress range, fatigue EN 13445-6:2009, D.7.9 by
D.7.9 ∆σR D.7.9 by
design curve
C C ⋅ Rm CC
∆σ R = 1 ∆σ R =
mc 1
N N mc
mc mc
Allowable number of C ⋅R   C 
D.7.10
cycles
N N =  C *m  N =  C* 
 ∆σ   ∆σ 
Allowable structural Replace

D.7.11 ∆σeq.struc
stress range
EN 13445-6:2009, D.7.9 by D.7.11
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
22
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table 13 — Coefficients of the fatigue design curves for lamellar graphite cast iron grades according
to EN 1561 and EN 13835 and Table 2 – Detailed assessment
Material grades according Allowable stress

to Table 2 Constants of fatigue design curve range at
∆σR – N N cycles
MPa
3 6 6 8
10 < N < 10 10 < N < 10
∆σD at 106 ∆σcut at 108
mC CC mC CC
As cast 2,694 1,49 0,374 × Rm 0,236 × Rm

7 10
Stress relieve annealed 3,417 1,89 0,475 × Rm 0,300 × Rm
Table 14 — Coefficients of the fatigue design curves for spheroidal graphite cast iron grades
according to EN 1563 and EN 13835and Table 3 − Detailed assessment
Material grade according Constants of fatigue design curve ∆σR – N Allowable stress
to Table 3 3 6 6 8 range
10 < N < 2 × 10 2 × 10 < N < 10
at N cycles
MPa
mC CC mC CC ∆σD at ∆σcut at
6 8
N = 2 × 10 N = 10
EN-GJS-400-15 1 041 1 041 244 165
EN-GJS-450-10 1 240 1 240 291 197
EN-GJS-500-7 1 255 1 255 294 199
EN-GJS-600-3 1 323 1 323 310 210
EN-GJS-700-2 1 421 1 421 333 225
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
EN-GJSA-XNiCr20-2 10 10
EN-GJSA-XNiCrNb20-2
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 850 850 199 135
EN-GJSA-XNiCr30-3
EN-GJSA-XNiCr35-3
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr30-5-5 947 947 222 150
An example of a fatigue design curve for detailed assessment is given in informative Annex C.
5.8.3.4 Assessment rule for total fatigue damage
The assessment shall be carried out to the method described in EN 13445-6:2009, D.8.
5.8.3.5 Experimental fatigue assessment (EFA)
The method as described in EN 13445-6:2009, Annex H shall be used if stress analysis is inadequate or the
design analysis shows abnormal low calculated fatigue life values indicating a too conservative approach by
theory.
23
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
5.9 Construction details
5.9.1 Reinforcement of openings in cylinders, flat ends, dished ends, etc.
Reinforcement of openings in cylinders, flat ends, dished ends, cones, etc. shall be according to
EN 13445-6:2009, Table D.1A. When reinforcement is calculated with the area replacing method, a length
considered contributing as reinforcing vessel wall shall be ≤ 2 × emin to calculate the additional reinforcement.
5.9.2 Fillet radius
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, and construction limits given in EN 13445- 6:2009,
5.2.2.6 applies.
5.9.3 Dished cover
Specific design requirements for a cast dished cover without knuckle radius are given in EN 13445-6:2009,
Annex G. The same formulae can be kept; appropriate material design coefficients according to this standard
shall be used.
5.10 Technical documentation
5.10.1 General
The vessel manufacturer shall document those items listed prior to manufacture commencing.
The manufacturer shall state which vessels are covered by the same design documentation.
5.10.2 Information to be contained in the technical documentation
5.10.2.1 General description of the pressure vessel
a) Name or logo of vessel manufacturer and subcontractors, if applicable;
b) location(s) of vessel manufacturers and sub-contractors, if applicable;
c) document describing design data and special consideration which covers:
1) maximum and minimum allowable pressures, design pressures and test pressures in bar for each
compartment (vacuum with minus sign);
2) capacity in litres for each compartment;
3) maximum and minimum design temperatures;
4) nature and location of marking of the pressure vessel, nameplate or stamp;
5) if the vessel is designed for fatigue
6) the cyclic loads considered;
7) the allowed numbers of cycles;

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8) the relevant fatigue locations;
9) the design method used, e.g. if the vessel is totally or in part designed by design by analysis.
24
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
5.10.2.2 Descriptions and explanations necessary for an understanding of the drawings and
diagrams and the operation of the pressure vessel
a) Operating instructions;
b) special checks to be carried out, e.g. tests envisaged on closures, bellows, clamping bolts, etc.;
c) operational position if this is significant with regard to the safety evaluation.
5.10.2.3 Results of design calculations and examinations carried out
Design calculations shall be provided by the vessel manufacturer to the extent necessary to demonstrate
compliance with this standard. Supporting detailed drawings shall be prepared with all dimension notations
marked. The drawings shall clearly identify in the case of cyclic loaded vessels, the critical areas.
If calculations are made with the aid of a computer in order to comply with this standard, then at least the
following data shall be presented:
a) explanation of notations;
b) input values;
c) reference number of the standard including edition and reference number of the equation;
d) results of intermediate equations;
e) calculated minimum thickness without additions or the calculated stress and its comparison to the
allowable stress;
f) wastage (corrosion) allowance;
g) thickness tolerance;
h) the chosen thickness minimum thickness( this may different on different places of the casting).
In the event that a stress analysis is carried out with the finite element method or other design methods they
shall be documented as follows:
i) input data;
j) plotter graphs (original and copy) form:
1) the element subdivision;
2) the stresses, e.g. as line or arrow figures or equal stress curves; stress curves of surfaces;
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3) the displacements;
4) boundary conditions;
5) the stresses in the most critical areas;
6) the dividing and classifying of the stresses into different stress categories;
7) the comparison of stress intensities and the allowable stress values.
25
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
In specific cases the following information shall be necessary:
k) type of heat treatment of material;
l) pressure testing medium, if the initial or the periodic pressure tests are to be carried out with a medium
other than water, the test minimum metal temperature for proof tests (both hydrostatic and pneumatic);
m) position of the vessel in the pressure tests (e.g. horizontal or vertical), if this is significant with regard to
the safety evaluation;
n) maximum and minimum liquid levels, if these are required with regard to the safety evaluation;
o) if supplementary forces essentially affect the design of the pressure vessel;
p) cyclic and dynamic loading;
q) additional requirements based on other regulations;
r) purchaser’s requirements based on the vessel operating conditions in addition to the requirements of this
standard;
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
s) possible corrosion attack, especially in crevices, which shall be taken into account.
5.10.3 Test reports
These shall consist, as a minimum, of the following:
a) qualification records, certificate of qualification of testing personnel;
b) material certificates;
c) an example of the proposed list of the manufacturing records.
5.10.4 Technical/manufacturing schedule
This shall consist of the following information:
a) special checks to be carried out, e.g. the tests envisaged on closures, bellows, clamping, bolts;
b) any pertinent details relative to vessel design and data required in specific cases:
1) additional wall thickness if this is required by the purchaser;
2) operational position if this is significant with regard to the safety evaluation;
3) location and size of inspection and access openings and also closing mechanisms and special
locking elements in accordance with EN 13445-5:2009, Annex C;
4) proposals on process requirements such as drainage, etc.
5.10.5 Design review
A design review and documented acceptance shall be conducted in all cases.
In particular the review shall include design calculations in accordance with the requirements of this standard,
taking into consideration the supporting information of the manufacturer analysis of hazards, and the
26
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
technical/manufacturing schedule in respect of its intended service. Following the design the pressure vessel
shall be manufactured in accordance with the approved manufacturing drawings.
The design review shall consist of, but not be limited to, the following areas:
a) the suitability of material for intended use;
b) the access to perform the required levels of inspections and tests based on proposed vessel construction
geometry;
c) the suitability of openings and closures in meeting the requirements of this standard;
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
d) the provision and adequacy of safety accessories against the requirements of this standard for individual
pressure vessels or devices which are contained within the pressure system or assembly. Alternatively
the parties responsible for satisfying the provision of safety accessories shall be identified;
e) the adequacy of proposed pressure retaining boundary (thickness, vessel geometry, etc.) for design
conditions against those required by the design requirements of this standard;
f) the adequacy of the stress analysis method in accordance with 5.10.2.3;
g) manufacturing and test procedures.
6 Founding, material and casting testing
6.1 Founding
6.1.1 General
The castings shall be free from surface and internal defects that might impair their usability. No excessive
residual stress shall be permitted to be built up in the casting that can impair the fracture behaviour or the
fatigue life of the casting. This can be achieved by allowing the casting sufficiently long cooling periods in the
mould followed by cooling in still air. The casting manufacturer shall document this cooling procedure
(required cooling time) in a process or work instruction. If this procedure to avoid excessive residual stresses
cannot be complied with, a stress relieving heat treatment shall be carried out, based on agreement between
the parties concerned.
6.1.2 Welding
No production, repair or cosmetic welding shall be carried out on cast iron parts which are manufactured
according to this standard.
6.2 Material testing
6.2.1 General
All material tests as required by the applicable material standards shall be performed.
6.2.2 Frequency and number of tests
For each batch the amount of testing shall be, on each ladle or each heat treatment batch:
 chemical analysis;
 one tensile test;
27
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
 one hardness test.
The cast-on test piece type and dimension shall be chosen according to the applicable material standard and
shall represent the wall thickness of the part.
NOTE Cast-on test pieces are representative of the castings to which they are attached and their size depends on
the relevant wall thickness of the casting.
6.2.3 Inspection documents
Inspection documents shall be in accordance with EN 764-5:2002, 4.3.3.
6.3 Casting testing
6.3.1 General
Testing of cast vessels and vessel parts, manufactured according to this part, shall be in accordance with
Table 15.
Table 15 — Summary of testing requirements
Ultrasonic testing Sectioning Visual inspection Wall thickness

(for grades only measurement
according to Table 3) 6.3.4 6.3.2, 6.3.3, 6.3.5,
6.3.6 6.3.7, 6.3.8, 6.3.9
6.3.4
Initial sample + + + +
0-serie: pre-production + +
+ +
(10 %) (1 sample)
Serial production + +
(random sampling) (random sampling
only for material + +
grades according to
Table 2)
NOTE + = Required.
6.3.2 Surface imperfections
Sand inclusions, slag inclusions and blowholes shall be limited as follows:
 a maximum of five imperfections in a square 100 mm × 100 mm facing inwards or outwards shall be
accepted. None of these shall cover an area larger than 100 mm² and the total area of the imperfections
shall not exceed 200 mm²;
 the maximum permissible depth of an imperfection is such that the minimum wall thickness is maintained.
Grinding of such surface imperfections is permitted without inducing abrupt cross section change down to
the minimum wall thickness indicated on the drawing.
6.3.3 Cracks, laps, cold shot and non-fused chaplets
No visible cracks, laps, cold shot or non-fused chaplets are permitted.
Liquid penetrant inspection according to EN 1371-1 may be necessary in case of doubt about the severity of
any detected imperfection.
28
--`,,```,,,,````-

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
6.3.4 Ultrasonic testing and/or sectioning
The ultrasonic testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 12680-3. If ultrasonic testing is not feasible,
sectioning shall be carried out to visually detect internal imperfections.
Imperfections shall not be permitted on the main pressure bearing part (casting section with minimum required
wall thickness specified on the drawing).
On other parts of the casting (even those parts not bearing pressure load), imperfections which are centrally
located and not covering an area of 300 mm² shall be permitted, provided the minimum distance of the
imperfection from the surface is a minimum of 1/3 of the wall thickness or at least 3 mm. Imperfections are not
permitted around drilled holes, or where holes are to be drilled, within an area with a diameter of two times the
diameter and concentric with the hole, even if these drilled holes areas are located in a non-pressure bearing
area.
6.3.5 Penetrant testing
The testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 1371-1. The maximum severity level shall be equal to
or better than SP 02/CP 02 in Table 2 of EN 1371-1:1997 and LP 2/AP 2 in Table 3 of EN 1371-1:1997.
6.3.6 Surface roughness
Casting roughness or surface finish shall be approved by the purchaser on a sample casting. Production
castings shall have a surface roughness comparable to the approved sample. The casting surface roughness
shall, when required, be tested and specified according to EN 1370 using visual tactile comparators, or as
specified by the manufacturer.
6.3.7 Minimum wall thickness
Castings shall be measured on specified locations in order to verify that the required minimum wall thickness
has been reached.
Results shall be recorded in an appendix to the material certificate.
The measurement shall be made by ultrasonic or any mechanical measuring devices with accuracy in
accordance with indicated design tolerances.
6.3.8 Wall thickness tolerances
The casting manufacturer shall determine on a regular basis the wall thickness tolerance. The wall thickness
tolerance shall be given in accordance with EN ISO 8062-3. The casting tolerance grade to be applied
depends on the casting process. The casting manufacturer shall prove its capability to meet the agreed
tolerances.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.3.9 Other dimensions
A full dimensional examination shall be made and recorded on the initial samples. During series production,
relevant dimensions shall be inspected and recorded on a regular basis to guarantee conformity to the
drawing.
6.3.10 Qualification of testing personnel
The personnel carrying out testing shall be qualified as indicated in EN 13445-5.
29
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
7 Final assessment
7.1 General
Final assessment shall be carried out according to EN 13445-5:2009, Clause 10 except for the standard
hydraulic test pressure.
7.2 Hydraulic test pressure
All pressure bearing cast iron parts constructed to this standard shall be hydraulically tested with a test
pressure, greater or equal to:
Pt = 2 ⋅ Pd (15)
Pd, expressed in bars (see Table 1; 1 bar = 0,1 MPa) may be taken equal to PS.
It shall be checked that at the hydraulic test pressure no part exceeds the allowable stress specified for that
part, as defined in 5.7.
When the assembly consists of parts designed with different safety factors, the highest test pressure shall be
applied. It shall be checked that at the hydraulic test pressure no part exceeds the allowable stress specified
for that part.
8 Pressure vessels assembled of a combination of parts in different materials

When parts are linked by non-permanent joining (e.g. bolting) with other metallic parts fabricated by welding,
forging, etc. to form a pressure vessel, the components made according to different fabrication techniques
shall satisfy design, inspection and test requirements of the relevant clauses of EN 13445-5.
9 Marking and documentation
9.1 Marking of castings
Pressure vessel castings and cast vessel parts shall be marked at least with the following information,
preferably in cast characters with a minimum height of 6 mm:
 casting manufacturer logo or identification;
 type or designation;
 material grade according to EN 1561, EN 1563 or EN 13835;
 cast date and mould or batch number, depending on the moulding process.
Cast characters, either standing proud, raised or embedded shall not cause any adverse effect on the
strength, static and dynamic stability or local stress concentration of the pressure vessel or vessel parts. The
cast marking described above may be replaced by a coded system agreed between the parties concerned,
and may also be hard stamped. Traceability of the part to material and test certificates shall be guaranteed.
9.2 Name plate for the complete pressure vessel
The marking of the vessel shall be made according to EN 13445-5:2009, Clause 11.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
30
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
The cast marking described above may be replaced by a coded system agreed between the parties
concerned, and may also be hard stamped.
9.3 Documentation
The written declaration of compliance with the standard, records and other relevant documents shall be in
accordance with EN 13445-5.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
31
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Technical data for design calculations
This annex gives for the allowable standard material grades of ferritic, pearlitic and austenitic lamellar and
spheroidal graphite cast iron for pressure vessels and vessel parts the corresponding relevant technical data
which shall be used for design calculations. The material designation and corresponding requirements are in
conformity with EN 1561, EN 1563 or EN 13835. If other materials are used, then the technical data used for
calculation shall be taken from the applicable European Approval for Materials (EAM) or Particular Material
Appraisal (PMA).
Table A.1 — Tensile strength values to be used for design calculations of lamellar graphite cast irons
according to EN 1561 and EN 13835
Tensile strength Rm (MPa)

Material designation
Wall thickness emin (mm)
emin ≤ 10 10 < emin ≤ 20 20 < emin ≤ 40 40 < emin ≤ 80 emin > 80
EN-GJL-200 200 180 155 130 115

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
EN-GJL-250 250 225 195 170 155

EN-GJL-300 300 270 240 210 195
EN-GJL-350 350 315 280 250 225
EN-GJLA-XNiCuCr15-6-2 170 160 140 110 100
EN-GJLA-XNiMn13-7 140 130 110 95 80
NOTE 1 EN-GJLA-XNiCuCr15-6-2 has good resistance to corrosion, particularly in alkali’s, dilute acids, sea
water and salt solutions.
NOTE 2 EN-GJLA-XNiMn13-7 is a non-magnetisable material.
NOTE 3 Tensile strength values for separately cast or cast-on samples may be found in the material
standards. For simplicity the above values are design values.
NOTE 4 Values for emin greater than 150 mm can be found in the material standards but are for guidance only.
32
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table A.2 — Technical data to be used for design calculations of lamellar graphite cast irons
Modulus of elasticity Density

Material designation Poisson’s Ratio ν
E (1 000 MPa) kg/dm³
EN-GJL-200 100 0,26 7,15
EN-GJL-250 110 0,26 7,2
EN-GJL-300 120 0,26 7,25
EN-GJL-350 130 0,26 7,3
EN-GJLA-XNiCuCr15-6-2 95 0,26 7,3
EN-GJLA-XNiMn13-7 80 0,26 7,4
Table A.3 — Effect of design temperature on modulus of elasticity of lamellar graphite cast irons
Material designation Modulus of elasticity E (1 000 MPa)
Design temperature (°C)

20 100 150 200 250 300 350
EN-GJL-200 100 98 97 96 95 94 na-
EN-GJL-250 110 108 107 106 105 104 na-
EN-GJL-300 120 118 117 116 114 113 112
EN-GJL-350 130 128 127 125 124 123 121
EN-GJLA-XNiCuCr15-6-2 95 94 93 92 91 90 89
EN-GJLA-XNiMn13-7 80 79 78 77 76 75 74
Table A.4 — Technical data to be used for design calculations of spheroidal graphite cast irons
0,2 % proof Modulus of Poisson’s Ratio ν Density

Elongation after
Material designation strength Rp0,2 elasticity E
fracture A% kg/dm3
MPa (1 000 MPa)
En-GJS-400-15 250 15 169 7,1

EN-GJS-450-10 310 10 169 7,1
EN-GJS-500-7 320 7 169 0,275 7,1
EN-GJS-600-3 370 3 174 7,2
EN-GJS-700-2 420 2 176 7,2
EN-GJSA-XNiCr20-2 210 7 120 7,4
EN-GJSA-XNiCrNb20-2 210 7 120 7,4
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 200 10 140 7,45
0,17
EN-GJSA-XNiCr30-3 210 7 100 7,45
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr30-5-5 240 2 90 7,45
EN-GJSA-XNiCr35-3 210 7 115 7,70
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
33
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Table A.5 — Effect of design temperature on modulus of elasticity of spheroidal graphite cast irons
according to EN 1563
Modulus of elasticity E (1 000 MPa)
Material designation Design temperature (°C)

20 100 150 200 250 300
EN-GJS-400-15 169 167 165 163 161 159

EN-GJS-450-10 169 167 165 163 161 159
EN-GJS-500-7 169 166 164 161 159 157
EN-GJS-600-3 174 171 168 166 164 162
EN-GJS-700-2 176 172 170 168 166 164
Table A.6 — Effect of design temperature on modulus of elasticity of austenitic spheroidal graphite
cast irons according to EN 13835
Modulus of elasticity E (1 000 MPa)
Material designation Design temperature (°C)

20 100 200 300 400 500 540
EN-GJSA-XNiCr20-2 120 118 116 113 111 108 107

EN-GJSA-XNiCrNb20-2 120 118 116 113 111 108 107
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 140 138 135 132 129 127 125
EN-GJSA-XNiCr30-3 100 98 96 94 92 90 89
EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr30-5-5 90 89 87 85 83 81 80
EN-GJSA-XNiCr35-3 115 113 111 109 106 104 103
34 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Recommendations for in-service validation and inspection
B.1 Purpose
This annex gives recommendations for the continued acceptance of cast equipment made according to this
standard in service.
The instructions for use issued by the manufacturer may contain requirements for in-service inspections and
may contain recommendations for re-inspections depending on the design, service and required service life.
B.2 Tests during operation

Every pressure vessel or pressure vessel part should be externally and, if necessary, internally inspected (by
non-destructive methods) at a period not later than:
a) static loading: the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime according to 5.8.3 2 of this standard;
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b) dynamic loading
1) for D ≤ 0,3: the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime according to 5.8.3 3 of this standard;
2) for D > 0,3: at half of the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime according to 5.8.3 3 of this standard.
If no cracks or unacceptable imperfection has been found, further service up to the next inspection may not be
later than the allowable calculated fatigue lifetime.
If cracks or unacceptable imperfection has been found, further service is prohibited and the cause of such
defects should be investigated.
35
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
Examples of fatigue design curves
Reference is made to the methods described in 5.8.3 of this standard.
A design curve is shown below as an example. The same methodology may be used to construct other
material grades design curves, although all calculation information is retained in the respective formulas
according to 5.8.3.2 for simplified method and 5.8.3.3 for detailed method of this standard. The fatigue design
curves and descriptions below serving as examples only.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table C.1 — Fatigue design curve for grey cast iron – Simplified assessment
Material parameter Designation and property Reference
Material grade: EN-GJL-250 Table A.1
Condition: as-cast Table 10
Minimum thickness emin: 45 mm Table A.1
Tensile strength Rm: 170 MPa Table A.1
1,440 ⋅ 170 245

Fatigue design curve
3 6 ∆σ R = 1
= 1
between 10 and 10 cycles, 5.8.3.2
MPa: N 7
N 7
Fatigue design curve for ∆σ D = 0,200 ⋅ 170 = 34

constant amplitude loading 5.8.3.2
6 8
between 10 and 10 cycles,
MPa:
0,797 ⋅ 170 135
Fatigue design curve for ∆σ R = 1
= 1
cumulative damage loading N 7
N 7
5.8.3.2
6 8
between 10 and 10 cycles,
MPa:
8
∆σ cut = 0,126 ⋅ 170 = 21,4
Cut-off limit at 10 cycles, 5.8.3.2
MPa:
36
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Y
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 X
1,0E+03 1,0E+04 1,0E+05 1,0E+06 1,0E+07 1,0E+08
Key
cumulative damage loading
X N cycles
Y ∆σR (MPa)
Figure C.1 — Fatigue design curve for EN-GJL-250-Simplified assessment
Table C.2 — Fatigue design curve for spheroidal graphite cast iron – Detailed assessment
Material parameter Designation and property Reference EN 1563
Material grade: EN-GJS-500-7 Table A.4
1255
Fatigue design curve between 10
3 ∆σ R = 1
Table 5.5.6, D.7.9
6 and Table 5.5.8
and 2 × 10 cycles, MPa: N 10
Fatigue design curve for constant

amplitude loading between 2 × 10
6 ∆σ D = 294 Table 5.5.8
8
and 10 cycles, MPa:
Fatigue design curve for 1255
cumulative damage loading ∆σ R = 1 Table 5.5.6, D.7.9 and
6 8
between 2 × 10 and 10 cycles, N 10 Table 5.5.8
MPa:
8 ∆σ cut = 199 Table 5.5.8

Cut-off limit at 10 cycles, MPa:
37
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Y
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 X
1,0E+03 1,0E+04 1,0E+05 1,0E+06 1,0E+07 1,0E+08
Key
cumulative damage loading
X N cycles
Y ∆σR (MPa)
Figure C.2 — Fatigue design curve for EN-GJS-500-7-Detailed assessment
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

38
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 97/23/EC.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the clauses of this
standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of
conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between EN 15776 and Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
Clauses of this European Content Essential requirements of

Standard Directive 97/23/EC, Annex I
5.3, 5.4, 5.5 Designed for adequate strength based 2.2.2
on calculation method
5.8 Pressure containment and other 2.2.3(a)
loading aspects
5.8, Annex A Technical data for design calculations 2.2.3(b)
5.8.2.4 Experimental design method 2.2.4

6.1 Manufacturing procedures 3.1
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
9.1 Traceability 3.1.5

7 Final assessment 3.2.1 and 3.2.2
6.3 Visual testing and examination 3.2.1
7.2 Pressure test 3.2.2
9.2 Marking and labelling 3.3(a)
4.1, Annex A Materials for pressurized parts 4.2 (a)(c)
Annex A Design calculation values for materials 4.2(a)
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling
within the scope of this standard.

39
BS EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E)
Bibliography
[1] Hasse, S., Duktiles Gusseisen: Handbuch für Gusserzeuger und Gussverwender – Berlin: Schiele und
Schön, 1996 ISBN 3 7949 0604 7
[2] Deike, R. e.a., Gusseisen mit lamellengraphit-Eigenschaften und Anwendung. Mechanische

Eigenschaften bei zyklischer Beanspruchung, Konstruieren + Giessen, 25 Nr. 2, (2000) p. 26-28
[3] ISO 185:2005, Grey cast irons — Classification
[4] Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau (FKM), Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis für

Maschienenbauteile, 5e uitgave 2003, VDMA Verlag
[5] Hänel, B., Kleding, H. en Wirthgen, G., Wechselfestigkeit vo Flachproben aus Grauguss, Vorhaben
183, Abschlussbericht, Forschungshefte – FKM- Nr. 221; 1996
[6] Data Handbook for Grey Irons, The casting Development Centre, 1999
[7] Glass, W., Statische und dynamische Festigkeitswerte zeigen das mögliche Potenzial von unlegiertem
Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit, Konstuieren + Giessen, 29 Nr. 3, (2004) p. 12-15
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
[8] Hänchen, R., Dauerfestigkeitsbilder für Stahl und Gusseisen, Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1963
[9] Steller, I., Literatuuronderzoek mechanische eigenschappen lamellair gietijzer, VDG, Dusseldorf, 2004
[10] Luyendijk, T., De invloed van de vorm van de grafiet op de vermoeiingseigenschappen van gietijzer,
Gietwerk Perspectief, jrg. 5, No. 3 (1985) p. 13-16 en Gietwerk Perspectief, jrg. 5, No. 4 (1985),
p. 17-20
[11] Konstruieren und Giessen 25(2000) Nr 2
[12] Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau (FKM), Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis für

Maschienenbauteile, 5e uitgave 2003, VDMA Verlag
[13] Kikkert, J , Dynamic properties of lamellar and spheroidal graphite cast iron, Gietwerk Perspectief,
2006, Nr. 1, p. 31-39
[14] EN 1369:1996, Founding — Magnetic particle inspection
[15] EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon type pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
[16] EN 837-3, Pressure gauges — Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges — Dimensions,
metrology, requirements and testing
[17] EN 12681, Founding — Radiographic examination
[18] EN ISO 945, Cast iron — Designation of microstructure of graphite (ISO 945:1975)
[19] EN 764-2:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units
[20] EN 10204:2004, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
40
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

This page deliberately left blank
British Standards Institution (BSI)
BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards
and other standards-related publications, information and services.
It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level.
It is incorporated by Royal Charter.
Revisions Information on standards

British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Stan- BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European
dards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. and international standards through its Knowledge Centre.
It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and serv- Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7004 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7005
ices. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while Email: knowledgecentre@bsigroup.com
using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical com-
mittee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front Various BSI electronic information services are also available which
cover. give details on all its products and services.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001 Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048
Email: info@bsigroup.com
BSI offers Members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures
that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. BSI Subscribing Members are kept up to date with standards
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7669 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001 developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price
Email: plus@bsigroup.com of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Ad-
ministration.
Buying standards Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001
Email: membership@bsigroup.com
You may buy PDF and hard copy versions of standards directly using a
credit card from the BSI Shop on the website www.bsigroup.com/shop. Information regarding online access to British Standards via British
In addition all orders for BSI, international and foreign standards publications Standards Online can be found at www.bsigroup.com/BSOL
can be addressed to BSI Customer Services.
Further information about BSI is available on the BSI website at www.bsi-
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001 group.com/standards
Email: orders@bsigroup.com
In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to Copyright

supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright,
as British Standards, unless otherwise requested.
in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Ex-
cept as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no ex-
tract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise –
without prior written permission from BSI. This does not preclude the free
use, in the course of implementing the standard of necessary details such as
symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used
for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission
of BSI must be obtained. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copy-
right & Licensing Manager.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070
Email: copyright@bsigroup.com
BSI Group Headquarters

389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL UK
Tel +44 (0)20 8996 9001
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fax +44 (0)20 8996 7001

www.bsigroup.com/standards
raising standards worldwide™


BS en 15776-2011

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BS en 15776-2011

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BS EN 15776:2011

BSI Standards Publication

Unfired pressure vessels —

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

raising standards worldwide™

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy

This British Standard was published under the authority of the

Copyright British Standards Institution

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 15776

Unfired pressure vessels - Requirements for the design and

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 January 2011.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

Copyright British Standards Institution

Copyright British Standards Institution

Copyright British Standards Institution

 EN 1561, Founding — Grey cast irons;

 EN 1563, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons;

 EN 13835, Founding — Austenitic cast irons.

EN 764-5:2002, Pressure Equipment — Part 5: Compliance and Inspection Documentation of Materials

EN 1370, Founding — Surface roughness inspection by visual tactile comparators

EN 1559-1, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General

EN 1561, Founding — Grey cast irons

EN 1563, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons

EN 13445-3:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design

EN 13445-5:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing

EN 13835, Founding — Austenitic cast irons

3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

NOTE 1 It can be caused, for example, by any of the following:

— sudden change in cross section;

— stresses due to other than membrane stress;

Symbol Quantity Unit

eact actual thickness mm

maximum local thickness at the location of a possible fatigue crack

emin minimum thickness as specified on drawing mm

Symbol Quantity Unit

f nominal design stress MPa

fe thickness correction factor

fm mean stress correction factor

ftest nominal design stress for testing condition MPa

fT temperature correction factor

fs surface finish correction factor

mC exponent in equation of fatigue design curve

n shell shape factor

neq number of equivalent full pressure cycles

T,Tc calculation temperature °C

A, A5 minimum elongation after fracture %

CC coefficient in equation of fatigue design curve

Ce wall thickness reduction factor

CT temperature reduction factor

E modulus of elasticity MPa

F test factor used in experimental fatigue assessment

Keff effective stress concentration factor

Kt theoretical elastic stress concentration factor

M mean stress sensitivity factor MPa

value from appropriate Tables 10, 11, 13, 14 in the appropriate

minimum number of cycles obtained in experimental fatigue

ni number of cycles with amplitude ∆Pi

Copyright British Standards Institution

Symbol Quantity Unit

Rm minimum tensile strength MPa

Rp0,2 minimum 0,2 % - proof strength MPa