CST Midterm Lessons

NATION - BUILDING The Philippines is composed of 7,641 islands.

the process of constructing or structuring a
national identity using the power of the state.
aims at the unification of the people within the
state so that it remains politically stable and
viable in the long run.
Early inhabitants of the archipelago had their
own culture and traditions.
Own belief systems and indigenous knowledge
keep them organized and sustained their lives
and communities for many years.

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

PRE – SPANISH PERIOD

SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY
Planting crops that provide them with food
Building houses
Taking care of animals & food production
Irrigation
Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
Developing tools
predict seasons and climates
Musical Instruments
Medicinal uses of plants

SPANISH PERIOD

Brought their own culture and practices

GALLEON TRADE
The technology focuses on using and developing
supplied by merchants largely from port areas of
house tools
Fujian who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniard's
Motives: God, Gold, Glory
spices, porcelain, ivory, processed silk cloth, and
333 years colonization
other valuable commodities.
Established schools and introduced the concepts of
(1565-1815) contributed to the change in culture,
subjects and disciplines
language, & environment in both the Philippines &
Learning science in school focuses on understanding
Mexico.
different concepts related to the human body, plants,
It was a government monopoly.
animals, and bodies.
Only two galleons were used:
The country became one of the centers of global
from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000
trade in Southeast Asia.
pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea
One of the most developed places in the region.
Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos
Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrines and
worth of goods spending 90 days at sea.
practices halted the growth of science in the country.

IVLISING
 AMERICAN PERIOD

HEALTH AND SANITATION

Improved engineering works
& health of the people
Mineral resources were
explored and exploited
“Americanize” the Filipinos
Reorganized the learning of
science and in basic
education, science
education focuses on nature
studies and science and
sanitation.
Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene, and healthy practices
Hospitals, clinics, & health centers were established like public hospitals for lepers.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Americans built roads, streets, and bridges
New infrastructure helped make the movement of products & services more efficient.
Boulevards, zone districts, and centers of leisure were also established.
WORLD WAR II
The country had a difficult time rebuilding itself from the ruins of the war.
The human spirit to survive and rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity
of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited.

NEW REPUBLIC (REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES)

Focused on using its limited resources in improving Science and Technology capability.
Use of Overseas Development Allocation to improve scientific productivity and technological capability.
Influences in the Development of S & T in the Philippines

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
introduced & implemented programs, projects, and
policies to boost science and technology.
GOAL: prepare the whole country and its people to meet
the demands of a technologically driven world &
capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government,
particularly the DOST, has sought the expertise of the
NRCP to consult various sectors in the society to study
how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the
ASEAN 2015 Goals.

THE NRCP CLUSTERED THESE POLICIES INTO FOUR:

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies, and Governance
2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

IVLISING
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
refers to Greek speculation about "nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
also called “pre-Socratic”, “non-theological” or “first philosophy”
showed how society was transformed by science and technology

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

GEOCENTRIC
a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.
the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets orbited Earth.
origin of this theory
naked eye observation of the movement of objects in the sky.
path of an object in the sky always seems to be in the same vicinity and repeatedly it
rises from east and sets from west approximately at the same points on the horizon.
the earth always seems to be stationary or motionless and still.
the closest conclusion is that these objects move in circles around the earth.
Greeks were strong supporters of this theory, like the great philosophers Aristotle & Ptolemy.

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
Greek philosopher and astronomer stated that the planets, the sun, and the moon moved in a circular motion
around the earth's existence of days and nights.
accepted Aristotle's idea that the Sun and the planets revolve around a spherical Earth, a GEOCENTRIC view.

HELIOCENTRIC
The center of the solar system is not the Earth but actually the sun.
started the birth of modern astronomy, the scientific revolution, and the
transformation of society’s thoughts & beliefs.
ROTATION
refers to an object's spinning motion about its own axis.
Earth rotates on its own axis, producing a 24-hour day.
REVOLUTION
refers to the object's orbital motion around another object.
Earth revolves around the Sun, producing 365.25 days a year.

ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
Greek mathematician and astronomer, the first to say that the
Sun, and not the Earth, was the center of our universe.
The theory of HELIOCENTRISM was proposed by him in the
3rd century BC.
not taken seriously because of the influence of the
Aristotelian view (geo) of the universe and the lack of proof
of the theory at that time.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
a Polish mathematician and astronomer.
developed the model of a Sun-centered
universe in 1543.
explained the daily and yearly motion of
the sun and stars in the universe.

IVLISING
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

CHARLES DARWIN
an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist.
all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the
birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers --all related.
Book: On the Origin of Species.
complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally
over time.

Populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. (survival of the fittest)
Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be
more competitive to survive – evolution.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

SIGMUND FREUD
founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness & also a theory that explains human behavior.
the core of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, & memories.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.
Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three conflicting elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.

ID EGO SUPEREGO

the source of all psychic
energy, making it the primary
component of personality.
the only component of
personality that is present
from birth.
This aspect of personality is
entirely unconscious and
includes instinctive and
primitive behaviors.
“I want to do that right now!”
develops from id & ensures begins to emerge at
that the impulses of the id can around age five.
be expressed in a manner holds the internalized
acceptable in the real world. moral standards and ideals
functions in the conscious, that we acquire from our
preconscious, & unconscious parents and society (our
mind. sense of right and wrong).
the component of personality provides guidelines for
that is responsible for dealing making judgments.
with reality “It’s not right to do that.”
“Maybe we can compromise.”

IVLISING
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
It is Aristotle's best-known work on ethics and is the science of the good
ARISTOTLE
for human life, which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim.
made up of ten books or scrolls that are thought to be based on notes A Greek philosopher whose work
from his Lyceum lectures. spans from natural philosophy to
The title is often assumed to refer to his son Nicomachus, to whom the logic and political theory attempted
work was dedicated or who may have edited it. to explain what good is.
the work may have been dedicated to Aristotle’s father, who was also
called Nicomachus.

NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 2:2

ID
All human activities aim at some good. Every art and human inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought
to aim at some good; and for this reason, the good has been rightly declared as that at which all things aim.

What is a good life?

ID eudaimonia
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 1:4
ID from the Greek words: eu meaning “good” , daimon means “spirit”
“…both the many and the
The concept of living well and doing well.
cultivated call it happiness, and
the good life marked by happiness and excellence.
suppose that living well and doing
A flourishing life is filled with meaningful endeavors that empower
well are the same as being happy.”
the human person to be the best version of himself/herself.

virtue
constant practice of the good no matter
how difficult the circumstances may be.
the excellence of character that
empowers one to do and be good.
ID
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 1:10
It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness, and
the contrary activities that control its contrary.

ID
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 2:1
golden mean
ID also called the golden middle way.
Virtue, then, being of two kinds,
the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the
intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in
other of deficiency.
the main owes its birth and growth in
Aristotle analyzed the golden mean in the Nicomachean Ethics Book II:
teaching ( for its reason it requires
That virtues of character can be described as means.
experience and time). While moral virtue
For example, in the Aristotelian view, courage is a virtue, but if taken to
comes about as a result of habit.
excess would manifest as recklessness, and, in deficiency, cowardice.

Using SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
with virtue can help an
individual to be out of danger.
allows us to thrive & flourish in
life if we desire it.
may corrupt a person.
moral virtue
intellectual virtue
Acquired through repetition and
Ability to understand, reason,
practice.
and make a sound judgments.
doing the greater good and being
learning to be the best you
a better person by learning from
can be by understanding the
mistakes and doing what feels
world and achieving goals.
right naturally.

IVLISING

a state where people experience positive
emotions, and psychological and social
functioning, most of the time, living "within an
optimal range of human functioning."
The progress of human civilizations throughout history
mirrors the development of science and technology.
The human person, as both the bearer and the beneficiary
of science and technology, flourishes and finds meaning in
the world that he builds.
Human flourishing involves the rational use of one's
individual human potentialities, including talents, abilities,
and virtues in the pursuit of freely and rationally chosen
values and goals.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER
a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition of philosophy.
widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century.

Heidegger's View
These two definitions, are indeed
“correct”, but do not go deep enough,
as he says, they are not yet “true.”
He points out, technological objects
are means for ends and are built and
operated by human beings, but the
essence of technology is something
else entirely.
TECHNOLOGY IS A MODE OF
REVEALING THE TRUTH.

HOW CAN TECHNOLOGY BE A WAY OF REVEALING?

technology is the way of revealing that characterizes our time.
technology embodies a specific way of revealing the world, a revealing in which humans take power over reality.
technology reveals the world as raw material, available for production and manipulation.

TECHNOLOGY:
Aside from being a means to an end and a human activity, it is also a mode of understanding, it develops beyond
human control, & the ultimate danger to our existence.

ANCIENT GREEK CONCEPTS

aletheia – unhiddenness or disclosure
poiesis – the activity in which a person brings something into being that did not exist before. (For
Aristotle, it means making or producing something for a purpose.)
techne – skill, art, or craft

In Heidegger’s work, technology is a poiesis that discloses or reveals the truth.

IVLISING
 MODERN TECHNOLOGY

demands resources from nature that are forcibly extracted for human consumption and storage.
Revealing never comes to an end. Revealing always happens on our own terms as everything is on demand.
We no longer need to work with the rhythms of nature since we have learned to control them.
We order, extract, process, make ready for consumption, and store what we have forced it to reveal.

ENFRAMING
a way of revealing in modern technology.
It is as if nature is put in a box or in a frame so that it can be better understood & controlled according to people’s desires.
Poiesis is concealed in enframing as nature is viewed as an orderable and calculable system of information.

CALCULATIVE THINKING MEDITATIVE THINKING

one orders and puts a system to nature so it
can be understood better and controlled.s
It is the more active aspect of human thought,
concerned more with the doing of a thing than
with considering the possible consequences.
one lets nature reveal itself to him/her without
forcing it.
It tells us why we should do or should not do a
thing, beyond the simple calculative process of
actually doing it.

HUMAN PERSON SWALLOWED BY TECHNOLOGY

If we allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern

technology, we lose the essence of who we are as
beings in this world.
If we cannot let go of the conveniences and profits
brought about by processes and industries that
pollute the environment and cause climate change,
then technology has consumed our humanity.
Heidegger expressed that the various problems
brought about by human’s dependence on
technology cannot be simply resolved by
refusing technology altogether.

If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives
generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you.
JAMES 1:5
IVLISING