Ani

mal
hus
bandr
y
Animal hus
bandryi
st hemanagementandcareoff ar
mani malsbyhumansf orprofi
t,i
n
whichgenet i
cqual
i
tiesandbehavi
or,cons
ideredt obeadvant ageoustohumans ,
are
furt
herdeveloped.
Thet er
mcanr efert
othepr acti
ceofs elect
ivel
ybreedingandrai
sing
l
ivestocktopromotedesir
abl
etrai
tsinani
malsf oruti
li
ty,
s port
,pleas
ure,orres
earch.
[1
]

Cont
ent
s
 1Hi
s t
oryofbr eeding
 2Breedingt echni
ques
 3HistoryinEurope
 4Climatechange
 5Seeal so
 6References
 7Externall
inks

Hi
stor
yofbr
eedi
ng[
edi
t]
Seeal
so:
Sel
ect
ivebr
eedi
ng

Animalhusbandr yhasbeenpr act i

cedf orthous andsofyear ssincet hefi
rstdomes ti
cat
ion
ofanimals.Selectivebr eedingf ordes iredtr ait
swasf i
rstes t
abli
s hedasas cientif
ic
pract
icebyRober tBakewel ldur ingtheBr i
tis hAgricul
turalRevolutionint
he1 8thcent ur
y.
Oneofhi smos timpor tantbreedi ngpr ogramswaswi ths heep.Us ingnati
ves tock,hewas
abletoquicklys el
ectf orlar
ge, yetf i
ne- boneds heep,wi t
hlong, l
us tr
ouswool .TheL i
ncoln
Longwool wasi mpr ovedbyBak ewell andint urntheLincolnwasus edtodevelopt he
subsequentbr eed, namedt heNew( orDi shley)Leicester.I
twashor nl
essandhada
square,meatybodywi ths t
raightt opl i
nes.[
2]
Theses heepwer eex port
edwi delyandhave
contri
butedt onumer ousmoder nbreeds .

Underhi si nf luence, Engli

shfarmersbegantobr eedcattleforus
epr i
mar i
l
yasbeeffor
consumpt ion-( pr
evi ousl
y,catt
lewerefir
standf or
emos tbredforpull
ingploughsas
oxen[citationneeded]).
Long- hornedheifer
swer ecrossedwiththeWes tmorelandbullt
o
event ual lycr eat etheDi shl
eyLonghorn.Overt hefoll
owingdecades,farmanimals
i
ncreas eddr amat icall
yinsizeandquali
ty.I
n1 700,theaverageweightofabul l
soldf
or
sl
aught erwas370pounds( 168 
kg).By1786,thatweighthadmor ethandoubledto840
pounds( 381  k g).

Ani
malherdi
ngprofes
sionss pecial
i
zedinthe1
9thcentur
ytoincl
udethecowboysofthe
Uni
tedSt
atesandCanada, charrosandvaquer
osofMex i
co,gauchosandhuas
osofSouth
Ameri
ca,andthef
armer sands tockmenofAustr
ali
a.

I
nmor
emoder
nti
mesher
dsar
etendedonhor
ses
,al
l
-ter
rai
nvehi
cl
es,
mot
orbi
kes
,four
-
wheel drivevehi
cles
,andheli
copters,
dependi
ngontheterr
ainandli
vest
ockconcer
ned.
Today, herdmanager sof
tenoverseethous
andsofani
malsandmanys t
aff.
Farms,
stat
ionsandr anchesmayempl oybreeders
,her
dhealt
hspecial
i
sts,
feeders
,andmil
ker
s
tohelpcar efortheanimal
s.

Br
eedi
ngt
echni
ques
[edi
t]
Techniquess uchasar t
ifi
ci
al i
nsemi nati
onandembr yot r
ans f
erar efrequentlyusedt oday,
notonlyasmet hodst oguar anteethatf emalesbr eedr egularl
ybutal sot ohelpimpr ove
herdgenet i
cs .Thismaybedonebyt rans pl
anti
ngembr yosf romhi gh- qual
i
tyf emalesinto
l
ower -qual
it
ys urrogatemot hers-f reei
ngupt hehigher -quali
tymot hert obe
rei
mpr egnated. Thispracti
cevas t
lyincreasesthenumberofof fspr
ingwhi chmaybe
producedbyas mal l
selecti
onoft hebes tquali
typarentani mal s
.Ont heonehand, this
i
mpr ovestheabi l
ityoftheanimal stoconver tfeedt omeat ,milk,
orf i
bermor eef f
iciently
,
andimpr ovet hequal i
tyofthef inalproduct.Ont heot her,itdecreas esgeneticdiver s
ity,
i
ncreas i
ngthes everi
tyofcer tai
ndi seaseout breaksamongot herri
sk s.

Hi
stor
yinEur
ope[
edi
t]

Dai
rycat
tl
einMangs
kog,
Sweden,
191
1.

Thes emi-natural
,unfert
il
i
z edpas t
uresfor medbyt radit
ional agri
culturalmet hodsi n
Europe,wer emanagedandmai ntai
nedbyt hegrazi
ngandmowi ngofl ivestock . Becaus
[
3]
e
theecologicalimpactofthislandmanagements tr
ategyi ss imil
artothei mpactofa
natural
disturbance,theagr i
cult
uralsyst
emwi l
lsharemanybenef i
ci
alchar acteristi
cswit
h
anaturalhabitati
ncludi
ngt hepr omotionofbiodiversi
ty.[
3]
Thi sst
rategyi sdeclininginthe
Europeancont extduet otheintensif
icat
ionofagr i
culture,[
3]
andt hemechani zedchemi cal
basedmet hodsthatbecamepopul arduringandf ol
lowingt heindustri
al revol
ut i
on.

Cl
i
mat
echange[
edi
t]
Duet othesi
gnif
icantcont ri
buti
onofagricul
tur
et otheemi ssi
onsofnon-CO2
greenhousegasesmet haneandnitr
ousox i
de,therelati
onshipbetweenhumansand
l
ivest
ockisbeinganal yzedforit
spotent
ialtohelpmitigat
ecl i
matechange.Str
ategi
esf
or
themiti
gati
onincludeopt imizi
ngtheuseofgaspr oducedf rommanur eforenergy
producti
on(bi
ogas ).
[
4]
Seeal
so[
edi
t]

 Aquacult
ur e  Shepherd
 Animalbreeding  Stockman(Austr
ali
a)
 Animalsci
ence  Theri
ogenology
 Avicul
tur
e  Trans
humance
 Cowman( profess
ion)  Wildl
i
fefarming
 Domes ti
cati
onofani mal
s
 Human–ani mal marr
iage
 Pastor
alnomads
 Sheephus bandry

Bi
bli
ogr
aphy

Bi
bli
ographyNoun ‫ﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﮕ‬ِ
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺮﺳﺖ‬
ِ
‫ﮩ‬‫ﻓ‬
ali
stofwri
ti
ngswi t
htimeandpl
aceofpubl
icat
ion(
suchasthewri
ti
ngs
ofasingl
eauthororthework
sref
err
edtoinprepar
ingadocumentetc.
)

Ani
mal
hus
bandr
yinI
ndi
a

Cowsi
nTami
lNadu,
Indi
a.

Al
argenumberoff
armer
sinI
ndi
adependonani
mal
hus
bandr
yfort
hei
rl
ivel
i
hood.
In
addit
iont osupplyi
ngmi lk
, meat,
eggs,woolandhi des,ani
mals,mainl
ybull
ocks,arethe
majors ourceofpowerf orbot hf
armersanddr ayer s
.Thus,ani
malhusbandryplaysan
i
mpor tantrolei
nt heruraleconomy.Thegrossval ueofoutputfromthissect
orwas₹358
bil
l
ion(US$5. 4 
bil
li
on)inFY1 989,
anamountt hatcons ti
tut
edabout25per centofthetotal
agri
culturalout
putof₹1 .
4t ri
ll
i
on(US$21.
1 
bil
li
on).[
1]

Cont
ent
s
 1Pr
oducti
on
 2Operati
onFlood
 3Seeals
o
 4Refer
ences
 5Ext
ernall
ink
s

Pr
oduct
ion[
edi
t]

Capr
aaegagr
ushi
rcusgoat
her
dinAndhr
aPr
ades
h

I
nFY1 992, I
ndiahadappr oximat ely25per centoft hewor ld'
scat tle,wit
hacol l
ectiveherd
of193mi l
li
onhead. Indiaalsohad1 10mi ll
i
ongoat s,75mill
ionwat erbuffalo,44mi ll
i
on
sheep, and1 0mi l
l
ionpigs .Milkpr oduct ioninFY1 990wases timat edtohaver eached53. 5
mill
iont ons,andeggpr oductionhadr eachedal evelof23.3bi lli
oneggs .Dairyfarmi ng
provideds uppl ement aryempl oymentandanaddi ti
onalsour ceofi ncomet omanys mall
andmar ginalfarmer s.TheNat ional DairyDevel opmentBoar dwases t
ablishedin1 965
undert heaus picesofOper ati
onFl oodatAnand, inGujarat,topr omot e,plan,and
organizedai rydevel opmentt hroughcooper ati
ves;toprovidecons ult
ations;andt os etup
dairyplants,whi chwer et hent ur nedovert ot hecooperatives .Ther ewer emor et han
63,000Anand- styledai r
ycooper ati
ves ociet i
eswithsome7. 5mi lli
onmember sinthe
early1990s .Themi l
kpr oducedands oldbyt hes efarmersbr ought₹320mi l
li
on
(US$4.8 mi l
l
ion)aday, ormor et han₹1 0t ri
ll
ion( US$151.
0 bil
li
on)ayear .Thei ncreasein
milkproduct ionper mittedI ndiat oendi mpor t
sofpowder edmi lkandmi lk-
related
product s.I
naddi t
ion,30, 000t onsofpowder edmi l
kwereex por tedannual lyto
neighbor i
ngcount ri
es .Therewasabout50000cowsi nIndi a.[
2]
Bat
ter
ycagef
aci
l
it
iesi
nHar
yana

Today, Indiahast hewor l

d' slarges tdai ryher d(compos edofcowsandbuf faloes),atover
304mi l
lions tr
ong, ands
[
3]
tandsf i
rs tinmi lkpr oduct i
on, wi th1 1
2.5mi l
l
iont onnesofmi l
k
producedi n2009- 201 0.[3]
Indi
ai sal sot het hirdlarges tegg- produceri nt hewor l
d,atover
180mi ll
ioneggsbei ngpr oducedever ydayor65. 7bi ll
ioneggsf ortheyear201 1
-12,[
4]
and
thewor l
d’ss i
xthl ar gestpr oducerofpoul trymeat . Whi
[5]
l
et hemaj orit
yofI ndi a’sanimal
product sar econs umeddomes ti
cal ly,ex por tsar egr owi ng. I
ndiai sthet opgl obal ex porter
ofbuf falomeat ,andi sals ot hef our thl arges texpor terofs oybeanmeal ,ani mpor tant
i
ngredi enti ncommer cial feedf orf ar medani mals.[
5]
Inaddi ti
on, India’
sl eadi ngpoul try
producer s,includi ngSuguna, Venk y’s ,andt heAmr i
tGr oup, arei ncreas ings alesto
countriesi not herpar tsofAs i
aandt heMi ddl eEas t.Inter national i
nves tmenti salso
expandi ng.[6]
In2008, U.S. -basedTys onFoodsacqui reda51per cents tak ei nGodr ej,an
I
ndiancongl omer at ethati samaj orpr oducerofani mal feedsandpoul try, andt he
I
nternat ional FinanceCor poration( IFC)hasanequi tys tak einSuguna. [
5]
Anes timated200
mill
i
onegg- l
ayi nghensar ek epti nbat ter ycages ,andmor et hanhal foft he2- bi
ll
ion- pl
us
“meat ”chi ck enspr oducedeachyearar ef act ory-far med. Ver ti
cal i
ntegr at ionand
contractf ar mi ngf orpoul tryandeggsi sal sowi des pr ead. Whi l
et hemi l
kandchees e
sectorss til
l i
ncl udemanys mal l
-s calepr oducer sandcowsandbuf f
aloesi nex tens i
ve
systemst henumberofl ar ge,fact or y-s tyl
edai r
yoper ationsi sincreas i
ng. [7]

Oper
ati
onFl
ood[
edi
t]
Operati
onFlood, t
hewor ld'
slar ges tintegrateddai r
ydevelopmentprogram,att
empt edto
est
abli
shlinkagesbetweenr ural mil
kpr oducer sandur banconsumersbyorganiz
ing
far
mer-ownedand- manageddai r
ycooper ati
ves oci
eties.
Intheearl
y1990s,t
heprogram
wasinit
st hi
rdphas eandwasr eceivingf i
nancialassi
stancefr
omt heWor l
dBankand
commodi tyassi
stancefromt heEur opeanEconomi cCommuni t
y.Atthatt
ime,I
ndiahad
morethan64, 000dai r
ycooper ati
ves ocieti
es,withcloseto7.7mill
i
onmember s.These
cooper
ativeses t
abli
shedadai lypr oces singcapaci t
yof1 5.
5mi l
l
ionli
ter
sofwholemilk
and727tonsofmi l
kpowder .
[8]

Seeal
so[
edi
t]
 1966anti-
cows l
aught
eragi
tat
ion
 Agricul
tur
einIndi
a
 Fis
hinginIndi
a
 Agri
cul
tureinTamilNadu
 Ani
mal husbandr
yinTamilNadu
 Ani
mal husbandr
yinMaharashtr
a
 Depart
mentofAni malHusbandry,
Dai
ryi
ngandFi
sher
ies(
Tami
lNadu)