Etiolated seedlings

Etiolated seedlings is characterized by an elongated hypocotyl and the

maintenance of an apical hook that protects unopened cotyledons shielding
the shoot apical meristem, while pro-plastid differentiation and root
elongation are attenuated
Signal transduction pathway
The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell
through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell
Signal transduction pathway involves the binding of extracellular
signaling molecules and ligands to receptors located on the cell surface
or inside the cell that trigger events inside the cell, to invoke a response.

Quorum sensing

Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to

fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce
and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase
in concentration as a function of cell density.
Phloem transport driving force
 positive hydrostatic pressure
This movement of water into the sieve tube cells cause Ψp to increase, increasing
both the turgor pressure in the phloem and the total water potential in the phloem at
the source. This increase in water potential drives the bulk flow of phloem from
source to sink.
Richmond Lang effect
Richmond Lang effect is the retardation of aging due to the application of the plant
regulator cytokinins. The regulator acts by retarding the rate of destruction of
chlorophyll and yellowing of leaves.
Ethylene triple response

 Short or reduced hypocotyls: Seedlings that grow in dark have

increased ethylene production and this inhibits the shoot elongation.
 Increase in thickness of stem: Ethylene inhibits the longevity of plants
and increases the width of that particular seedling.
 Apical hook generation or horizontal growth of epicotyl with respect to
gravity: Seedlings that grow in the dark show growth of epicotyls
parallel to the ground. In seedlings, the presence of ethylene
phytohormone also increases root hair production by the radical.
What is meant by two-component system?

Two-component systems typically consist of a membrane-bound

histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental stimulus and
a corresponding response regulator that mediates the cellular
response, mostly through differential expression of target genes.