f@ COMPASS SURVEYING COMPASS SURVEYING A survey method in which the directions of survey lines are de' compass. termined by meang ofa i SURVEYOR’S COMPASS ; is wahrel An instrument for determining the horizontal direction of a line with reference to the direction of a magnetic needle. MAGNETIC DECLINATION a The angle that a magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian. MAGNETIC DIP . s The vertical angle which the magnetic needle makes with the horizontal due to uneven magnetic attraction from the magnetic poles. ISOGONIC LINES ass Imaginary lines passing through places having the same magnetic declinations. ISOCLINIC LINES Imaginary lines passing through points having the same magnetic dip. AGONIC LINES Imaginary line passing through places having zero declination. PROBLEM 1-38. A magnetic bearing of N 34°30’ W was recorded on an old survey dated.November {| 1950. It is desired to re-establish this direction on the site in 1977. The 1970 chart shows that the declination was 10° W for the area and with an annual change of 3’ eastward. Determine the magnetic declination on the year 1950. Determine the true bearing of the line. Determine the magnetic azimuth of the line in 1977, Determine the magnetic bearing of the line on the year 1980, PesSOLUTION Given, Magnetic Declination in 1970 = 10° W Annual Variation = 0°03" Eastward So, the magnetic declination for the year 1977 must be | Magnetic Declination in 1977 = 10° — (0°03’)(1977 — 1970) = 9°39’ W | Consequently, the Magnetic declination for the year 1950 is Magnetic Declination in 1950 = 10° + (0°03’)(1970 — 1950) = 11°00’ W MN MN 4950) 0977) 3 7 MS: Me Ms 950) (1977) ‘True bearing of the line, True bearing of the line = 34°30’ + 11°00’ = N 45°30’ W Magnetic bearing of the line in 1977, | Magnetic bearing of the line in 1977 = 34°30’ + (11°00’ — 9°39’) Magnetic bearing of the line in 1977 = N 35°S1/W lagnetic azimuth of the line in 1977, Magnetic Azimuth of the line in 1977 = 180° — 35°51’ Magnetic Azimuth of the line in 1977 = 144°09' lagnetic Declination in 1980, MD in 1980 = 10° — (0°03')(1980 — 1970) = 9°30’ W lagnetic bearing of the line in 1980, Magnetic bearing of the line in 1980 = True bearing — MD in 1980 Magnetic bearing of the line in 1980 = 45°30’ — 9°30’ Magnetic bearing of the line in 1980 = N 36°00’ W{ PROBLEM 1-39. a Need The magnetic bearing of a line was N46 “ i the locality was 1°10' W In 1989, the magnet! 910 when the magnetic deciination Jination in the sarhe locality is 2°45 compute the magnetic azimuth of the same line in 1989. SOLUTION 5 MN MN (1910) TN, (1989) Ne TWw< > TE ¥ MSS is) MS (1989) “” (4910) From the figure, x = 46°18! — 1°10’ — 2°45' x = 42°23! Hence, the magnetic azimuth of the line in 1989, Magnetic Azimuth = 180° + 42°23’ Magnetic Azimuth = 222°23' |_ lf THE THEODOLITE Theodolite is a versatile instrument basically designed to measure horizontal and vertical angles and even distances. It has three lines or axes, namely * the horizontal axis (trunnion axis) the vertical axis the line of collimation (line of sight) ithas one horizontal circle perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument for measuring horizontal angles and one vertical circle perpendicular to the trunnion axis for measuring vertical angles. | The three axes of a perfectly constructed and adjusted theodolite have certain geometrical | requirements of relationship between them as shown, VERTICAL AXIS VERTICAL CIRCLE - TRUNNION AXIS LINE OF COLLIMATION Zo ANS OF PLATE LEVEL HORIZONTAL CIRCLE iS “~~ PLUMB BOB The line of collimation has to be perpendicular to the trunnion axis and their point of intersection has to lie on the vertical axis. The intersection of the horizontal axis, the vertical axis, and the line of collimation, is known as the instrumental center. The line of sight coinciding with the line of sight describes a vertical plane when the telescope of rotated about the trunnion axis. The vertical axis defined by plumb bob or optical plummet, has to be centered as accurately as possible over the station at which angles are to be measured. ERRORS DUE TO MALADJUSTMENTS OF THE THEODOLITE Errors in horizontal circle and vertical circle readings arise due to certain maladjustments Of the theodolite. ERROR IN THE HORIZONTAL CIRCLE READING Error in the horizontal circle readings are due to the following maladjustments of the instrument: 1. The line of collimation not perpendicular to the trunnion axis / horizontal axis by an amount, e. E=esec® Eq. (a) 2. The trunnion axis / horizontal axis not perpendicular to the vertical axis by an amount, e E =e tan@ Eq. (b)PROBLEM 1-40. ctively. A che Vertical angles of 60° and 45° are observed ~ A ae B, respectively CK ON the adjustment of an instrument reveals the follow! : hei 3 oe “The line of sight with the telescope on the normal position is deflected 30” tog, left of its correct position r izontal . i is 15” with the true horizontal. The horizontal axis makes an angle o! x perpendiculat to the horizontal ays 4. Compute the correction due to line of sight not P i a 2. Cainptts the correction due to the horizontal axis not perpendicular to the verticay axis. SOLUTION Correction due to line of sight not perpendicular to the horizontal axis / trunnion axis, $ E, = esec0; = 0°00'30" sec 60 E; = 0°01'00" Ez = esec 2 = 0°00'30" sec 45° E2 = 0°00'43" 1 — Ez = 0°01'00" — 0°00'43" E = 0°00'17.57" Correction due to the horizontal axis / trunnion axis not perpendicular to the vertical axis, E, = etan@, = 0°00'15" tan 60° E, = 0°00'25.98" E, = etan@, = 0°00'15" tan 45° E, = 0°00/15" E = E; — E2 = 0°00'25.98" — 0°00'15" E = 0°00'10.98" PROBLEM 1-41, Find the error in the horizontal circle reading of 41°59'13.96” and vertical circle reading ¢ +36°52'11.63” for any pointing due to the trunnion axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis by (90° - e) where ¢ is 20”. Also find the corrected horizontal circle reading. SOLUTION Eq. (a) and Eq. (b) are corrections for vertical angles. Hi i the trunnion axis not being perpendicular to the vidas, enceufrerorecton S25) E = etan@ = 20” tan 36°52” Es Bee ono cst 11.63 Corrected horizontal angle reading, T=M+E = 41°59'13.96" +. gogo) T=41°59'28, 96" 1 * 70015"Ty BUBBLE SENSITIVITY BUBBLE SENSITIVITY The sensitivity of a level tube is expressed in terms of angle in seconds subtended at the center by the arc of one division length of the level tube. The radius of curvature of the inner surface of the upper portion of the level tube is also a measure of the sensitivity. where, D = distance of the staff from the instrument h = change in the staff reading for movement of the bubble by n divisions R = radius of curvature of the level tube 1 = length of one division of the level tube n= number of spaces or divisions in the level tube PROBLEM 1-42. With the use of an engineer's level, the reading on a rod held 100 m away was found to be 1.56 m. The bubble was leveled through 4 spaces on the level tube and the rod reading decreased to 1.54 m. 1, Determine the angle that the bubble on the tube was deviated in seconds of arc. 2. What is the angular value of one space of the tube in seconds of arc? 3. Determine the radius of the level tube if one space on the tube is 1 mm.SOLUTION ‘Angle that the bubble on the tube was deviates, re stant ——— Pen 100 6 = 0.01145916° @=0°0'41.25" @ = 41.25" Angular value of one space of the tube, na=6 41.25" a= a= 10.31" Since one space on the tube is 1 mm, $=4x1mm S=0.004m Radius of the level tube, S=RO 0.004 =R(0°0'41.25"x R=20m /1e0°) FROM THE SOOK THE ART OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BY: JG Savo6co