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17 Electric Fields
17 Electric Fields
com
m
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e.
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Electricity & Magnetism
ct
le
ga
Electric Fields
me
w.
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Marline Kurishingal
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Electric Fields
• Electric charges exert forces on each other
when they are a distance apart. The word
‘Electric field’ is used to explain this action at a
distance.
• An Electric field is defined as the region of
space where a stationary charge experiences
force.
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The direction of Electric Fields
• The direction of electric field is defined as the direction in
which a positive charge would move if it were free to do so.
So the lines of force can be drawn with arrows that go from
m
positive to negative.
co
• Electric field lines are also called force lines.
e.
• The field lines are originated from the positive charge and
ur
they end up at the negative charge.
ct
le
ga
me
w.
ww
m
the force per unit charge acting on a small
co
positive charge placed at that point.
e.
ur
• If a force experienced by a positive charge +Q
ct
placed in the field is F, then the field strength,
le
F ga
E is given by E Q
me
w.
ww
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m
potential difference (V) and separation (d)
co
e.
ur
ct
le
ga Positive Charge Q
me
F
w.
ww
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The field strength of the uniform field between charged parallel plates in terms
of potential difference and separation.
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m
distance.
co
e.
To move the charge from one
ur
ct
plate to other requires work W
le
and is given by W = Fd, ga
me
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Continued from mob: +92 323 509 4443,
previous slide… email: megalecture@gmail.com
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m
difference, work done W = VQ
co
e.
Thus W = Fd = VQ
ur
F V
ct
Q d
le
F
ga
But is the force per unit charge and this is
me
Q
w.
Voltage
E
distance
Volts
metre
1
Vm
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m
co
Calculate the forces on charges in uniform
e.
electric fields.
ur
ct
F V
le
Q d
ga
me
V V
E ,E
w.
d d
ww
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V
E
d
100V
0.1m
1000Vm 1
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Sample problem 2 : Calculate E and F
• Two metal plates 5.0cm apart have a potential
difference of 1000 V between them. Calculate :
m
(a) The strength of the electric field between plates.
co
e.
(b) The force on a charge of 5.0 nC between the plates.
ur
ct
le
Solution :
V 1000 ga
(a) E = , E = = 2.0 x 10⁴ Vm⁻¹
me
d 0.05
w.
ww
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Energy Changes in Electric Fields
Consider the movement of a charge in a uniform electric field ;
m
co
To lift a charge towards the top (positive) plate we
exert an external force;
e.
Therefore, Work Done by external Force is :
ur
ct
A
B W = Fext x d
= EQ. d (since F = EQ)
le
ga = V xQxd (since E =
V )
10 m
d d
me
W = QV
w.
q = +2 C q = +4 C
ww
E = 10 N C-1
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E = 10 N C-1 10 m
q = +2 C q = +4 C
w QEd w QEd
2 10 10 4 10 10
200 J 400 J
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m
co
potential or potential difference, V.
e.
W
V
ur
q
ct
le
Taking the data of W from previous sample problem,
calculate V. ga
me
w.
200 J 400 J
V V
2C 4C
100 JC 1 100 JC 1
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Electron Volt
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
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m
co
Consider a positive charge placed in a uniform electric field,
e.
as shown in the diagram below.
ur
ct
Electric Field
le
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
1000V
ga q=10μC
+
me
0.1m
FE m=0.1g
w.
0V
ww
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Electric Field
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
1000V
+
Q=10μC
V 0.1m
E m=0.1g
d
0V
1000
1 10 4 Vm 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
0 .1
1 10 4 NC 1
F
F QE a
m
10 10 6 1 10 4 10 1
4 103 ms 2
10 1 N 10
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Motion in an Electric Field
Find the velocity using Equations of Motion
(with sample problem)
(continued from previous slide)
m
Can use the equations of motion to determine the speed of
co
particle after travelling for 5cm.
e.
ur
ct
v1 0ms 1 d 0.05m a 103 ms 2 v2 ?
le
v 22 v12 2as ga
v22 2as (v1 0ms 1 )
me
w.
v2 2as
ww
v2 2 103 0.05
v2 10ms 1 towards the -' ve plate
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Motion in an Electric Field
Find the velocity using Change in K.E
(with sample problem)
1000 V
A
V
E 0.05 m
Q=10μC
d 0.1 m
m=0.1g
10000Vm 1 B
0V
- - - - - - - - - - - -
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Motion in an Electric Field
Find the velocity using Change in K.E
(with sample problem)
(Continued )
m
Electric Field
co
To find the potential difference + + + + + + + + + + + +
1000 V
e.
between A and B, rearrange the A
ur
0.05 m
equation, 0.1 m
ct
B
V
le
E
0V
- - - - - - - - - - - -
s ga Q=10μC
V Es
me
1 m=0.1g
V 10000Vm 0.05m
w.
V 500V
ww
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Motion in an Electric Field
Find the velocity using Change in K.E
(with sample problem)
(Continued )
2 10 10 6 500
10 4
10ms 1 towards the -' ve plate
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Motion in an Electric Field
Find the K.E from the work done
(with sample problem, data from previous slide)
m
co
The work done by the field on the charge can be calculated
easily because it is equal to the gain in kinetic energy by the
e.
charge.
ur
ct
EK W qV
le
Electric Field
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
1000 V
5
10 500 ga A
me
0.05 m
Q=10μC
5 10 3 0.1 m
w.
B m=0.1g
5mJ
ww
0V
- - - - - - - - - - - -
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+q Straight line
m
co
Vertical Component of the velocity (v
component)
e.
F QE
Now av
ur
As it is initially travelling horizontally, m m
vy1 = 0 m/s
ct
Where vy1 is initial vertical velocity And , v y2 at v = u + at
le
and vy2 is final vertical velocity
QE L
ga S = ut + ½ at
m vx
me
2
L
w.
So, s v 2 av
1
ww
vx
Straight parabol
line a
+ Straight
2
q line L
s v 1 2 a v 2
vx
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Electric Field
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Direction of F on +
Direction of F on -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Assumptions
(just for your info only)
Assumptions
m
co
- ignore fringe effects (ie. assume that the field is completely uniform)
e.
- ignore gravity (the acceleration due to gravity is insignificant compared with
ur
the acceleration caused by the electric field).
ct
> For a charge that enters the field :
le
-Before entering electric field, the charge follows a straight line path
(no net force) ga
me
-As soon as it enters the field, the charge begins to follow a parabolic
w.
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