TECHNICAL ENGLISH 1

(TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING &

PRESENTATION)

---------------------------------------------
Sherill A. Gabriel-Dumaga, MAT

COURSE SYLLABUS

Subject Code: Technical English 1

Descriptive Title: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING &
PRESENTATION
Course Description:
This course studies and distinguishes types and purposes of
technical police reports in criminology and the use of appropriate terms

1
and phraseologies to meet the needs of readers. Spelling, capitalization,
mechanics, and techniques of writing reports of cases are investigated,
both forms and contents. It includes of application of principles of
appropriate report writing, brevity, clarity, completeness, and accuracy
of facts, and presentation according to prescribed format and style.

No. Of Units/ Hours: 3 units/ 3 hours a week

Pre-requisite: Purposive Communication
Objectives: At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the definition, important uses, characteristics, and types of
technical (police) report writing;
2. Explain the different rules on grammar and mechanics of writing;
3. Analyze the prescribed format and styles of police reports used by
law enforcers;
4. Write samples of police blotter and other types of police reports
following proper mechanics of writing and rules of grammar.

Course Outline:
I. Introduction of Technical Report Writing
A. Definition of Technical (Police) Report Writing
B. Purposes of Police Report
C. Important Uses of Police Report
D. Characteristics of an Effective Police Report Writing
E. Steps in Writing a Technical Report
F. Common Types of Police Report

II. Selection and Uses of Words

A. Vocabulary
B. Diction
C. Be Concise
D. Avoid Unnecessary Words
E. Avoid Technical Terms
F. Avoid Elaborate Words
G. Avoid Bookish Words
H. Avoid Trite Words
I. Use the Level Diction According to Situations
J. Use Proper Grammar

III. Review on Parts of Speech

A. Noun
B. Pronoun
C. Verbs
Subject-Verb Agreement
Tenses of the Verb
D. Adjective & Adverbs
E. Prepositions & Conjunctions

IV. Sentences
A. Parts of Sentence

2
 B. Types of Sentence
C. Changing Declarative Sentence to Interrogative Sentence

V. Mechanics of Writing
A. Spelling
B. Homonyms
C. Division of Words
D. Cases Calling for Capitalization
E. Abbreviation
F. Punctuation

VI. Writing Police Reports

A. Interview
Process
B. Police Blotter
C. Police Blotter Procedure
D. Contents of the Blotter Entry
E. The 5Ws and 1H of Police Reports
F. PNP Incident Recording System
G. Memorandum Format
H. Sample Format of Spot Report
I. Sample Format of Progress Report
J. Sample Format of Final Report
K. PNP Style Guide
L. PNP SOP 2012-001

References:

Gammage, A.Z. (1961). Basic Police Report Writing. Springfield &

Illinois, USA: Charles C. Tomas Publisher

Garcia, C. A., et al (2009). Technical Writing Report.Sta. Cruz Manila.

Booklore Publishing Corporation

Nano, Ma. Cristina B. & P. V. Pioquinto (2012). Technical Report

Writing 1 for Criminology Students and Professionals. Quezon
City. Wisemans Books Trading

Paligat, Eric P. (2016, 2nd ed.) Police Report Writing: A Handbook for
Police Officers, Trainees and Public Safety Students. Los Banos,
Laguna. FPR Publishing

Pareja, Teresita P. (2008). English For Criminology Students. Pasig

City. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Philippine National Police (www.pnp.gov.ph)

Philippine Public Safety College (www.ppsc.gov.ph)

3
PNP DIDM Criminal Investigation Manual (2011). Directorate for
Investigation & Detective Management (www.didm.pnp.gov.ph)

Vinarao, Vicente G. (2008). Investigator’s Handbook. Philippine

Copyright

New Webster Dictionary

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Course Syllabi
Table of Contents
I. Introduction of Technical Report Writing
A. Definition of Technical (Police) Report Writing
B. Purposes of Police Report
C. Important Uses of Police Report
D. Characteristics of an Effective Police Report Writing
E. Steps in Writing a Technical Report
F. Common Types of Police Report
II. Selection and Uses of Words
A. Vocabulary
B. Diction
C. Be Concise
D. Avoid Unnecessary Words
E. Avoid Technical Terms
F. Avoid Elaborate Words
G. Avoid Bookish Words
H. Avoid Trite Words
I. Use the Level Diction According to Situations
J. Use Proper Grammar

III. Review on Parts of Speech

A. Noun

4
 B. Pronoun
C. Verbs
Subject-Verb Agreement
Tenses of the Verb
D. Adjective & Adverbs
E. Prepositions & Conjunctions

IV. Sentences
A. Parts of Sentence
B. Types of Sentence
C. Changing Declarative Sentence to Interrogative Sentence

V. Mechanics of Writing
A. Spelling
B. Homonyms
C. Division of Words
D. Cases Calling for Capitalization
E. Abbreviation
F. Punctuation

VI. Writing Police Reports

A. Interview
Process
B. Police Blotter
C. Police Blotter Procedure
D. Contents of the Blotter Entry
E. The 5Ws and 1H of Police Reports
F. PNP Incident Recording System
G. Memorandum Format
H. Sample Format of Spot Report
I. Sample Format of Progress Report
J. Sample Format of Final Report
K. PNP Style Guide
L. PNP SOP 2012-001

PART 1 (Prelims)

Chapter 1
TECHNICAL (POLICE) REPORT WRITING

A. Definition:
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary as cited by Gammage (1961)
defined technical report writing as a report of some subjects specially
investigated or official statements of facts. Soriano (2005) also
mentioned that police report is a chronological or step by step account
of incidents that are transpired in a given time.

5
 Garcia (2009) also defined technical report writing as giving an
account or description of an aspect of a particular business, science,
technology, trade, industry, government and other professions learned
by experience, observation, study or investigation.

B. Purposes of Police Report Writing

1. To serve as the official pertinent documents and records of the
event/s
that happened in the community;
2. To record and compile statistical information in order to solve
problems
of the community;
3. To facilitate investigations in preparation to court cases;
4. To identify the needs of the law enforcement agencies.

C. Importance of Police Report Writing

1. Serve as records for the police administrators in planning, directing,
and organizing their duties and responsibilities;
2. Use as legal documents in the prosecution of offenders;
3. Provide reliable data to the media
4. Use as basis for research; and
5. Reflect the competence and personality of police writers.

D. Characteristics of an Effective Police Report Writing

1. Accurate and Specific
Police reports should be accurate and specific. The reports
must be free from mistakes or errors. All reports should be
thoroughly edited in spelling, mechanics of writing, grammar, etc.
2. Brief and Concise
Police reports should be brief and concise. Use necessary or
specific words since superiors are always busy and they do not
have ample time reading the document. But being brief and concise
does not mean removing some important words or details just to
make the report short. Remember that good writers impress the
readers by their ideas, not words.
3. Clear and Complete
Police report should be clear and complete. Meaning, the
reports are free from confusion and ambiguity, and is easily
understood. The document includes necessary information such as
the 5Ws and 1H (who, what, when,where, why, and how). All the
details of the crime must be included in the report including
attachments, enclosures, and results of medico-legal and other
examinations done or released by the PNP Crime Laboratory
4. Factual and Objectives
Police reports should be factual and objective. The report
should contain facts and not hearsays or ideas. There should have
some bases for investigation. Being objective is not showing your
own bias or prejudice into the report. The police writer should be
fair in conducting investigation and gathering of facts from sources.

6
5. Well-organized and Grammatically Correct
Police report should be well organized and grammatically
correct. The construction of sentences should follow correct
grammar and standard format prescribed by the law enforcement
agencies.

E. Steps in Writing a Technical Report

1. Planning
Planning involves thinking and studying. Planning is concerned
with the observance of five important guidelines: a) identify the real
subject b) set your purposes c) consider your audience or reader d)
consider the event or case e) prepare program plan
2. Collecting Information
Information should be from facts and figures recorded during
tests and investigations; notes taken from books and journals; and
responses to direct inquiries like interview, questionnaire and
correspondence.
3. Designing
This is the stage where construction of framework or structural
outline of the report, and arranging the parts to meet design
requirements determined by the audience or reader has been done.
This step includes brainstorming, basic patterns, outlines and report
formats.
4. Making Rough Draft
The police writer should now work out or develop each of the
parts or details in such a way that they are interconnected or
related with each other.
5. Revising
This is the part where the police writer should improve, review,
examine and revise the report through checking the grammar,
mechanics of writing, spelling, etc.

F. Common Types of Police Report

1. Police Blotter
It refers to a logbook that contains the daily registry of all crime
incident report, official summaries of arrest, and other significant
events reported in a police station. (PNP Police Operational
Procedures, 2013)
2. Spot Report
It refers to the initial report written by a police officer after an
important incident and submitted immediately to higher authorities
for further investigation and appropriate action.
3. Progress Report
It refers to a follow-up report submitted by police officer after
conducting further investigation of a particular incident. Progress
report can simply be an accomplishment report which may be
analytical and may be comparatively longer than a spot report.
4. Final Report
It refers to an accomplishment report written by a police officer
after the investigation is completed and the case has been filed

7
 against the suspect/s. in some cases, progress report can also be
the final report especially if the investigation has been terminated
at that level.
5. After Operational Report
It refers to a report that may be rendered after any successful
police operation that leads to the arrest of any member/s of
syndicated crime group (PNP DIDM Criminal Investigation Manual,
2011).
6. Investigation Report
It refers to a report such as in criminal investigations. It follows
a memorandum format:

Sample of Memorandum Format

Republic of the Philippines

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cabarroguis, Quirino
_________________________________________________________________

AUTHORITY:
1.
2.

MATTERS INVESTIGATED:
1.
2

FACTS OF THE CASE

1.
2.
3.

DISCUSSION:

CONCLUSION:

8
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1.
2.
3.

__________________________
(Name and Sign of the Investigator)

On top of the letterhead and on the lower fold of the paper, the word
CONFIDENTIAL is type or stamped.(Soriano, 2005)

7. Situational Report
It refers to a report which is done on a need basis. It contains the
actual situation on a particular incident/s which are on public interest.
This is addressed to the commander-in-chief for him to know the
actual situation before the media and the public is informed. This may
be done every hour, every 6 hours or depending on the situation.
8. Beat Inspection Report
It refers to a report which is submitted daily by any duty officer
after his/her routine check on foot.
9. After Patrol Report
It refers to a report that is submitted by the assigned sector
using official vehicles as means of transportation doing patrolling.

9
Name: __________________________ YEAR & SECTION: _______Score:
_______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Answer the questions briefly but meaningfully.
1. Why do we need to study Police Report Writing? (15 points)
2. State and discuss the characteristics of a Police Writing Report. (15
points)
3. How do we write a police report? (15 points)

Project:
Make a compilation of the common types of police report.

Chapter 2
SELECTION & USE OF WORDS

A. Vocabulary: This is the supply of words which you possess in

writing. You must learn to love reading and use dictionary. A dictionary
is very carefully edited, and very symbol, abbreviation, or change of
type means something. A good dictionary may contain great deal of
useful information besides definition. In your police report writing, you

10
must develop the habit of looking for the exact word that expresses
your meaning, rather than writing the word that comes to your mind.

B. Diction: : This is your choice of words.

 Define your audience: Reports should be simple enough to be read
with ease by poor readers yet be interesting enough to hold the
attention of a good reader.
 Adjust your words to an appropriate reading level: Much of your
reader’s ability to understand what you write depends upon his
education and experience. If you want your reports to be
comfortably understood by most readers, adjust the reading level
atleast two grades below the educational level of the majority who
are to be reached.
 Use words that are specific, concrete and definite: A vague
statement is not only dull and unimpressive, but almost empty of
meaning. Use concrete terms like ran, limped, or crawled instead of
a general term like proceeded or a colorless word like went.

Abstract words are difficult to understand because they do not

represent experiences which your reader can mentally see, feel, hear,
touch or smell. Concrete words are more likely to have meaning
because they are related to the five senses.Abstract words increased
difficulty; concrete words improve readability.

C. Be Concise: Conciseness is not the same as brevity. It is relatively

easy to be brief; you just leave out details and say less. Conciseness,
on the other hand, means saying the same thing in fewer words. It is
not always a virtue to be brief, for the details are often necessary. But
it is always good practice to be concise.
Very often a single word will do the work of a whole mouthful of
words-and do it better. A single little word, for example, may take the
place of a group of words , like these:

Of the order of magnitude of ……………… about

For the purpose of ………………………….. for
In the nature of ………………………………. like
Along the lines of …………………………… like
Prior to …………………………………………. before
In connection with …………………………….. by, in, etc
With respect/ regards to …………………….. about
For the reason that ……………………………. since

D. Avoid the use of unnecessary legal terms

For this Substitute this

In lieu of In place of
The other party The other person
Interrogated the witness Asked the witness
Such statement This statement
Said informant The informant

11
Hold in abeyance Wait, postpone action
The subject typewriter This typewriter
likewise and
moreover also
nevertheless but
That is to say In other words
To be sure Of course
conversely On the other hand

E. Avoid Technical Words: When you must use technical words, and
you think that your reader will not understand them, explain it to them.
e.g. reclusion perpetua……… life imprisonment
carnal knowledge ……… sexual intercourse
perpetrator ……………… criminal

F. Avoid Elaborate Words: Choose the simplest words that clearly

carries your meaning, for simplicity is the essence of dignity and
strength.

G. Avoid Bookish Words: They are words that appeal to but few
readers, plain ones reach everybody.

For this Substitute this

Accordingly, consequently And so
furthermore also
Hence, thus therefore
likewise and
moreover also
nevertheless but
That is to say In other words
To be sure Of course
conversely On the other hand

H. Avoid Trite Words: Words or phrases that have been so overworked

that they have become stale and common; fresh ones, although in
ordinary use, attract your reader because of their simplicity.

Trite Fresh
Instead of these Try these
Afford an opportunity allow
Are desirous of Want to
Experience has indicated that We learned
In a manner similar to like
It is recommended that consideration be We recommend that
given to
In a situation which when
Makes provisions for does
Takes appropriate measure Acts, does
The fullest possible extent The most

12
I. Use the Level of Diction Appropriate to the Situation: Police reports
are somewhat informal in nature. Do not use literary terminologies. On
the other hand, colloquial terms, slangs, and vulgar words should not be
used unless in direct quotation. For the most part the informal English
of the educated is appropriate; use other forms only when you must.
J. Use Proper Grammar: Some of the most common errors in diction
result from lack of understanding of grammar. Follow these rules:
Do not substitute an adjective for an adverbial construction.
Wrong: The suspect was real surprised when he saw us.
Right: The suspect was really surprised when he saw us.

Wrong: The condition of the victim was some improved.

Right: The condition of the victim was somewhat improved.

Do not split the infinitives.

Wrong: He agreed to readily go with us. (split infinitive)
Right: He readily agreed to go with us.

Do not substitute a preposition for a conjunction.

Wrong: The investigation report is not acceptable without the
officer
signs it.
Right: the investigation report is not acceptable unless the officer
signs
it.

Wrong: The victim was fond of athletics for other boys are.
Right: The victim was fond of athletics as other boys are.

Do not use a pronoun that does not agree in number with the noun
to which it refers.
Wrong: There may be many types of patrol in a single police

13
 department, but its principles of organization will be the
same.
Right: There may be many types of patrol in a single police
department, but their principles of organization will be the
same.

Avoid double negatives. Negatives are not to be used with hardly,

scarcely, only and but when these words are used in the same sense as
only.
Wrong: The victim states that she hasn’t no place to go.
Right: The victim states that she has no place to go.

Wrong: The four of us couldn’t hardly pull the victim from the river.
Right: The four of us could hardly pull the victim from the river.

Wrong: There wasn’t but one place to look.

Right: there was but one place to look.

Avoid unnecessary repetition: Repetition for emphasis is sometimes

useful, but repetition often serves no purpose. This is true of the words
in parentheses.
This will enable an officer to conduct arrests more effectively (than
if he waits until a later date).
The survey is nearly complete (at the present time).
The Chief of Police is authorized to (do and) perform the following
(designated) duties (and functions).

Name: __________________________ YEAR & SECTION: _______Score:

_______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
Answer the questions in 5-7 sentences (10 points each).

14
1. What are the basic mistakes in writing police reports? Why are they
always committed?
2. How can you improve your writing skills to avoid erroneous
communication?

PART 2 (Mid-Term)
Chapter 3
REVIEW ON PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN
Nouns are names of persons, places, things, qualities and ideas.

Classifications of Nouns:
1. Proper Nouns
They are names of specific person, place, or thing. Proper
nouns always start in capital letter.
Example: Stefanie, Philippines, Adidas
2. Common Nouns
They are nouns that name any person, or things; they are
applied to any class of person, place, or things.
Example: teachers, bags, market, church
a. Collective Nouns. They are nouns that refer to a group. It
may be singular or plural depending on its use in the sentence.
If the group is considered as a unit, the word is singular; if the

15
 individual member of the group is considered separately, the
noun is plural.
Example: jury, herd, choir, team, committee, flock

b. Abstract Nouns. Abstract nouns are names of ideas or

qualities without physical existence.
Example: beauty, sincerity, bravery, democracy

c. Mass (non-count) Nouns. They are nouns that are by

nature formless or without form and neither can be counted.
Example: corn, rice, sugar, hair, water

d. Count Nouns. They are nouns that can be counted.

Example: chairs, computer, guitar, book
e. Concrete Nouns. They are nouns with physical existence
and could be perceived by the sense organs.
Example: buildings, folders, pencils

f. Compound Nouns. They are nouns that are composed of

two or more words that are joined together to form words with
another meaning.
 Single Words
Examples: safeguard, notebook, motorcycle
 Two Words/ Double Words
Examples: electric fan, ice cream, guard house
 Hyphenated
Examples: sister-in-law, mother-in-law,
father-in-law, brother-in-law, maid of honor,
Chief of Police, sergeant-at-arms

NAME:___________________________ YEAR & SECTION:

_________SCORE:_____
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION

16
 1. List down five examples of common and proper noun.

2. List down five examples of collective noun.

3. List down five examples of mass nouns.

4. List down five examples of abstract noun.

5. List down five examples of single words, double words, and

hyphenated compound nouns.

Properties of Nouns
Three Qualities
1. Gender. Gender is a quality of noun by which sex is
distinguished.
A. Masculine gender denoted the male sex
B. Feminine gender denotes the female sex
C. Neuter gender denotes that the noun has no sex
 Note: A noun may be taken as either masculine or
feminine, but the masculine gender must be preferred in
case of doubt.

2. Number. Number is the quality of noun which tells whether it

refers to one person, place or thing. The singular number
denotes one person, place, or thing. The plural number denotes
two or more persons, places or things.

3. Case. It is the quality of nouns which show their relation to other

nouns.
A. Nominative Case

17
 B. Objective Case
C. Possessive Case

Gender of Nouns
MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE
Actor Actress Hero Heroine
rooster Hen, pullet Husband Wife
Alumnus Alumna Jaycee Jaycerette
Aviator Aviatrix Landlord Landlady
Bachelor Spinster Lad Lass
Beau Belle Lion Lioness
Billy goat Nanny goat Marquis Marchioness
Boyfriend Girlfriend Milkman Milkmaid
Cock Hen Monk Nun
Comedian Comedienne Ram Ewe
Czar Czarina Rotarian Rotary Ann
Devil She- devil Salesman Saleslady
Earl Countess Sorcerer Sorceress
Emperor Empress Stallion Mare
Fiancé Fiancée Wizard Witch

NAME:___________________________ YEAR & SECTION: ________

SCORE:_______

18
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Instructions: Complete the table below. Provide the gender of the
following nouns.

MASCULINE FEMININE
1. lad
2. jack
3. Ewe
4. rooster
5. Bull
6. beau
7. alumni
8. Lass
9. Mare
10. hero
11. cow
12. drake
13. Spinster
14. monsieur
15. Countess

B. Instructions: Learn the following pairs of distinct words. Be able to

choose five (5) pairs and be able to use them in correct sentences.

WAYS OF FORMING THE PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

1. Most nouns form their plural by adding S to the singular.

bag - bags pin – pins

2. Nouns ending S, X, Z, CH, SH, SS form their plural by adding ES to

the
singular.
tax - taxes sash – sashes
glass - glasses church - churches
waltz – waltzes

3.Nouns ending in f or fe, change f or fe into ve and add s

calf - calves knife – knives

4. Nouns ending in O preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding S

to the singular.
igloo - igloos portfolio – portfolios

19
 5. Nouns ending in O precede by consonant form their plural by adding
ES
to the singular
negro - negroes tomato - tomatoes

Note: Words that are related to music form their plural by adding ES to
the singular
piano - pianos solo - solos
soprano - sopranos alto – altos

6. Few nouns form the plural by a change within the singular.

man - men tooth - teeth
child – children

7. Few nouns retain the same form in the plural as in the singular.
series species corps
sheep
8. When a name is preceded by a title, either the name or the title may
be
pluralized.
Miss Gabriel - Miss Gabriels Misses Gabriel
Miss Valdez - Miss Valdezes Misses Valdez
Note: The title Mrs. Is an exception to this rule, as it cannot be
pluralized.
Mrs. Aggasid - Mrs. Aggasids

9. Some nouns taken from foreign languages have both English and
Anglicized plural forms.
formula formulas or formulae
appendix appendixes or appendices
radius radii
phenomenon phenomena
crisis crises

10. Some nouns are plural in forms but singular in meaning and use.
civics physics news
mathematics

11. Some nouns are used only in plural forms

scissors eyeglasses pliers
goods shoes

12. Compound nouns form their plural by adding S to the main word.
maid of honor maids of honor
manservant men servant
sister-in-law sisters-in-law

13. Words ending Y form its plural form by changing Y to i and add es.
baby babies

20
 lady ladies
lily lilies

NAME:_____________________________YEAR & SECTION:

_______SCORE: _______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Provide the plural form of the following noun.

1. valley ___________________
2. soprano ___________________
3. index ___________________
4. army ___________________
5. authority ___________________
6. daisy ___________________
7. boss ___________________
8. butterfly ___________________
9. brush ___________________
10. crutch ___________________
11. echo ___________________
12. parenthesis ___________________

21
 13. stratum ___________________
14. tomato ___________________
15. attorney at law ___________________

B. Provide the singular forms of the following nouns.

1. agenda ____________________
2. alumnae ____________________
3. attorneys-at-law ____________________
4. criteria ___________________
5. curricula ____________________
6. feet ____________________
7. formulae ____________________
8. lives ____________________
9. men-of-war ____________________
10.loaves ____________________
11.justices of peace ____________________
12.notaries public ____________________
13.stimuli ____________________
14.syllabi ____________________
15.memoranda ____________________

22
POSSESIVE CASE OF NOUNS
Rules:
1. If plural noun does not end in S, add ‘s (apostrophe and S) to
show possession
boy’s game men’s decision

2. If the plural form ends in S sound add only an ‘(apostrophe) to

show possession
girls’ affairs professors’ method

3. If a name ends in S, X or Z, make it possessive by adding an ‘

(apostrophe)
Tess’ bike Marcos’ Farm Mr
Velazquez’ house

4. Show joint possession

Lex and Djasha’s house Zionelle and Zhyrelle’ room

5. Show individual possession with and apostrophe for each person

Lex’ and Djasha’s house Zionelle’s and Zhyrelle’
room

6. Put an apostrophe (‘) at the end of a compound word

Commander-in-chief’s office commanders-in-chief’s
office
Brother-in-law’s check brothers-in-law’s checks

Exception: The possessive form of IT has no apostrophe to avoid

confusion with the contraction of IT’S

NAME:____________________________YEAR & SECTION:

__________SCORE:______
STUDENT’S ACTIVITY
A. Give the possessive form of the noun in parenthesis on the blanks
before the number.
____________________1. The (guy) disposition is bright and good.
____________________2. (Max) date for the prom is beautiful and witty.
____________________3. I took my (friend) folder by mistake.
____________________4. Did you enjoy (Rex) short story?
____________________5. He used to go with (Fred and Vergelius)
company.
____________________6. He was a leader in the (Men) Club.
____________________7. We are going to hold a reunion at (Mrs. Paz)
mansion.

23
____________________8. There are many (ladies) clubs all over the
country.
____________________9. There is a ( children) party in our place.
____________________10.Have you seen (Mariz) long gown?
____________________11.You are entitled to four (days) vacation leave.
____________________12. The doctor prescribed a (month) rest for
Stefie.
____________________13. She visited (Venus and Ares) rooms.
____________________14. Sherlock bought her dress from (Duquez
Store).
____________________15. (Adonis and Adella) rabbit is fat.

B. The following sentences contain errors in the use of apostrophes

and the possessive case. Correct words in which apostrophes have
been used incorrectly, add apostrophes where needed, or make other
necessary changes
1. Does Joash bring his student permit?

2. The culprit took my mothers wallet and my two brothers laptops.

3. We all like Maritz dance interpretation.

4. Rizals writings give an excellent views of Spanish cultures.

5. The lady’s new uniform’s were richly embroidered.

6. The nurses quarters are next to Dr. Santos clinic.

7. The authors’ style is quite amazing.

8. I can’t wait for the president speech.

9. The President and Vice President decision has been approved by

the body.

10.A ladys bag was lost at the back stage.

24
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that describes noun or pronoun. It answer
the questions WHAT KIND or WHICH ONE.
TYPES
1. Proper Adjectives are adjective that are derived from proper
nouns
Japan-Japanese China-Chinese

2. Descriptive Adjectives
beautiful, intelligent, naughty, playful

3. Limiting Adjectives
three bags nine gentlemen
this/ that school these/ those schools

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1. Positive degree is used when a quality of an object is stated and
no comparison is made. The base form of adjective is used.
Example: The lawn is wide enough for us to practice

2. Comparative degree is used when two persons, places, things, or

events are being compared. It is formed by adding ER to the
positive degree or by placing MORE or LESS before the base
form of an adjective.
Example: Their school ground is wider than theirs.

3. The Superlative degree is used when three or more person,

places, things, or events are being compared. It is formed by
adding EST to the positive degree or by placing MOST or LEAST
before the base form of an adjective.
Example: Among the three pairs of scissors, this is the sharpest.

SPECIAL TYPES OF ADJECTIVES

1. Nouns may sometimes be used as an adjective
Example: flower garden school program

2. Possessive nouns are used as adjectives

Example: Mr. Tolentino’s message is so important

3. Possessive forms of pronouns are used as adjectives

25
 Example: His answers are all correct and true.

4. Compound descriptive adjectives formed out of a number

and a noun is always hyphenated. The noun is always
singular.
Example: ten-foot flagpole ten-mile walk
Six-year old child

Determiner: The determiner tells us if the noun is singular or plural,

definite or indefinite

 a, an, the, my, your, four, those, some etc

And then we have the adjectives that refer to…

Opinion: Explains what we think about something. This is usually our
opinion, attitude or observations. These adjectives almost always come
before all other adjectives.

 beautiful, boring, stupid, delicious, useful, lovely, comfortable

Size: Tells us how big or small something is.

 big, small, tall, huge, tiny

26
Shape / Weight / Length: Tells about the shape of something or how
long or short it is. It can also refer to the weight of someone or
something.

 round, square, circular, skinny, fat, heavy, straight, long, short,

Condition: Tells us the general condition or state of something

 broken, cold, hot, wet, hungry, rich, easy, difficult, dirty

Age: Tells us how old someone or something is.

 old, young, new, ancient, antique

Colour: The colour or approximate colour of something.

 green, white, blue, reddish, purple

Pattern: The pattern or design of something.

 striped, spotted, checked, flowery

Origin: Tells us where something is from.

 American, British, Italian, eastern, Australian, Chilean

Material: What is the thing made of or constructed of?

 gold, wooden, silk, paper, synthetic, cotton, woollen

Purpose/Qualifier/Use:What is it for? These adjectives often end in ing.

 sleeping (bag), gardening (gloves), shopping (bag), wedding

(dress)

27
NAME:_____________________________YEAR & SECTION:
_________SCORE:_____
STUDENT’S ACTIVITY
A. Types of Adjectives
Instructions: Read the crime report and identify the kinds of adjectives.
The adjectives are underlined for you. Write your answers below the
paragraph.

300 Year Jail Term

A (1)military court yesterday sentenced a member of

(2)Malacanang security force to a total of (3)300 years in prison after
finding him (4)guilty of murder in a (5)drunken (6)shooting spree that
left (7)nine people (8)dead and (9)three others wounded. The (10)six-
member court sentenced Sgt. Martilino Cantada to (11)thirty years in
prison for each of the (12)nine murder counts and slapped an additional
(13)thirty-year jail for the (14)three injuries, (15)military prosecutor
Maj. Tagumpay Victorio said.
Records of the case show that Cantada was drinking with his
neighbors, mot of them soldiers, last May 21 when an argument ensued.
Cantada, armed with .45-caliber pistol, killed five of his companions
and wounded another. (THE STAR, March 22, 1989)

Answers:

28
ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or another
adverbs.

Classifications:
A. Adverbs According to MEANING
1. Adverb of Time answers the questions WHEN or HOW
OFTEN They include such adverbs as again, before ,early,
frequently, now etc.

2. Adverb of Place answers the question WHERE .These are

above, away, below, down, forward, overhead, upward, etc.

3. Adverb of Manner answers the questions HOW or IN WHAT

MANNER they include such words as easily, fervently,
quickly, thoroughly, etc. Generally they are derived from
adjectives with the addition of LY

4. Adverb of Degree answers the questions HOW MUCH or

HOW LITTLE they include the following: almost, barely,
little, merely, quite, rather, very, etc.

5. Adverb of Affirmation and Negation include such as yes, no,

indeed, doubtless, not, never, etc.

Comparison of Adverbs
A. Regular Comparison
POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE
FASTLY MORE/LESS FASTLY MOST/LEAST
FASTLY
CLEARLY MORE/LESS MOST/LESS
CLEARLY CLEARLY
HASTLY MORE/LESS HASTLY MOST/LESS HASTLY
LOVELY MORE/LESS LOVELY MOST/LESS LOVELY
ACTIVELY MORE/LESS MOST/LESS
ACTIVELY ACTIVELY

B. Irregular Comparison
POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE
MUCH MORE MOST
BADLY WORSE WORST
WELL/GOOD BETTER BEST
FAR FARTHER FARTHEST
FAR FURTHER FURTHEST
LESS LESSER LEAST

29
NAME:___________________________ YEAR & SECTION:
__________SCORE:______
STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION
A. Instructions: Study the following sentences for adverbial usages.
Underline and give the kinds of adverbs.

1. Work slowly but surely. Hurrying frequently means waste.

2. The satellite landed on the moon’s surface yesterday.

3. Leave your jackets here; the dressing room is just now

closed.

4. Go ahead; I shall follow you later.

5. The boys solemnly promised not to break the rules again.

6. They are going to leave tonight.

7. Stephen saw him recently.

8. I haven’t seen him lately.

30
 9. Alas, I have finally finished my project.

10.He still works there.

B. Instructions: Identify the underlined words if it is an adjective or

adverb. Write your answers on the blanks provided.
______________1. Jaja is usually correct. She usually writes correctly.
______________2. That work is so hard for those young men. Everyone
worked hard.
______________3. Marie told us good jokes. Marie’s jokes are good.
______________4. Purrie buys her newspaper early. She buys early
edition.
______________5. Miss Rency has good pronunciation. She pronounces
the
words well.
______________6. That’s probably right. That’s probably. That’s
probably
right.
______________7. She speaks fast. I do not understand fast speech.
______________8. The little girls felt the surface carefully.
______________9. The policemen became suspicious of the man.
______________10. The hunters couldn’t keep their cigarette dry.

VERBS
A verb is a word that denoted action or a condition or state of
being.

31
TYPES OF VERBS ACCORDING TO FORMS
A. Regular verbs are verbs which form its past tense by adding d or ed
to
the verbs.
Example: arrest - arrested surrender - surrendered
believe - believed investigate - investigated

B. Irregular verbs are verbs that do not form its past tense by adding d
or ed. They either retain their original spelling or change the entire
form.

TYPES OF IRREGULAR VERBS:

1. Those that have the same form for the past and the past
participle.
Base Form Past Tense Past Participle
buy bought bought
teach taught taught

2. Those that have the same form for the three principal parts.
cut cut cut
put put put
burst burst burst

3. Those that change the middle vowel in forming the past and the
past participle
ring rang rung
sing sang sung

4. Those that derived their past participle from the past tense by
adding N or EN to them
wear wore worn
tear tore torn

THREE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

dance danced danced
clean cleaned cleaned
bring brought brought
eat ate eaten

TENSES OF VERBS
Tense indicates the time of action

A. Simple or Primary Tenses

1. PRESENT TENSE is the form of verb that indicates action
occurring in the present time.
Example: The lady smiles
You are working well

32
 The present tense has three familiar forms.
a) The present ordinary
Example: The baby cries if she’s hungry.

b) The progressive (action is going on or continuing in the

present)
Example: We are preparing for our last quiz

c) The present emphatic

Example: They do want to join the party.

SPECIAL USES OF THE PRESENT ORDINARY FORM

1) To express habitual action
Example: We walk to school every day.
She studies her lesson every night.

2) To express general truth

Example: The earth is round.
All men die.

3) To express permanent condition

Example: Baguio City lies north of the country.
She is a fluent speaker in English.

4) To express frequent, not necessarily habitual action

Example: Dogs bark
Babies cry for help

5) To express future action. The present tense may be used to express

a future intent or action when used with an adverbial adjunct of time.
Example: Dinner is at eight.
The visitors leave next month.

2. FUTURE TENSE denotes action to be taken in the future. The

future tense of the verb may be in the progressive form which
emphasizes the continuing of an action at some specified future
time.
Example: After the contest, we shall celebrate our victory.
The babies will be clamoring for their bottles.

Uses of the Future Auxiliaries

a. To express simple futurity, SHALL is used for the first person
and WILL in the second and third persons.
Example: I shall attend the meeting.
You will come, won’t you?

b. To express volition or determination, WILL is used with the first

person and SHALL with the second and third.
Example: We will do our very best.
Her child shall get the best.

33
 c. In questions, or interrogative sentences, the auxiliary in the
sentence is generally used.
Example: Will you fix your room?
Shall we attend the meeting?

3. PAST TENSE denotes actions or state of being that took place

sometime in the past.
Example: The lawyer of the accused arrived at 5 o’clock.
The seminar started a while ago.

NAME:___________________________ YEAR & SECTION:________

SCORE: _______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
Instruction: Using the correct verb forms in the present tense, singular
or plural write a descriptive composition in the space below
on one of the following topic. Choose one topic.
1) War on Drugs
2) Extra Judicial Killing
3) COVID 2019

Answer:

34
AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND VERB
General Rules:
1. A verb must always agree with its subject and number.
2. Singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural takes a plural verb.
Example: Nick stands with them.
We work peacefully inside the library.

Exceptions to the General Rules:

A. The indefinite words EACH, EVERY, EVERYONE, SOMEONE,
NOBODY, NO ONE take singular verbs.
Example: Nobody is inside the room.

B. Collective Nouns such as class, jury, team, etc, take a singular or a

plural verb depending on whether the group is thought of as a whole or
as individuals.
Example: The class has prepared a narrative report. (Class is
thought as a whole)

The class does not agree on the report. (Class is

thought as individual)

C. Nouns ending in S but singular in meaning, such as news, politics,

physics, economics etc., take singular verb
Example: Physics is my favorite subject.

D. The expression A NUMBER takes a plural verb; the expression THE

NUMBER takes a singular verb.
Example: A number of students are absent.
The number of students is very few.

E. An amount of money, space of time, or a unit of measurement takes

a singular verb even when the form is plural.

Example: Five pesos is not enough for her snacks.

Two kilometers is too far to walk.

35
F. Fractions are singular or plural depending upon the “of phrase”
Example: One third of an apple is rotten.
One third of the apples are rotten.

G. Words intervening between subject and verb do not affect the verb.
Example: The mother, with all her children, is here.
The nurses together with the physician prepare the
necessary equipment for the operation.

H. The words some, a few, many take plural verbs.

Example: Some were absent during the program.

I. The expression THERE IS is followed by a singular noun; the

expression THERE ARE is followed by a plural noun.
Example: There is no solution on that problem
There are no solutions on that problem.

J. Compound subjects connected by AND take a plural verb unless the

subjects mean the same thing or person, or are closely associated in
meaning. If different persons are meant, a plural verb is used.
Example:: Achilles and Agamemnon are here.
Bread and butter is a wholesome food. (Associated
as
one)
My friend and cousin walks with me.
My friend and my cousin walk with me.
The teacher and class adviser helps in beautifying
the
room.
The teacher and the class adviser help in beautifying
the room.
K. Compound subjects connected by either…..or, neither….nor take a
singular verb if the subject/s are singular; they take plural verb if the
subject/s are plural; if the subjects are different with number, the verb
agrees with the nearer subject.
Example: Either the girl or the boy is present.
Neither the men nor the women bring their programs
of activity.
Either the mother or the children do their
responsibilities at home.
Neither the students nor the adviser agrees with the
plan.
L. Adjectives used as nouns are considered plural.
Example: The poor are to be helped.
The rich are becoming richer.

36
M. The pronoun IT used to introduce a sentence is always followed by
a singular verb whether the noun that follows is singular or plural.
Example: It is the schools which must assume the biggest
responsibility.
It is our duty to play as good Samaritan to others.

N. When the subject is a title, name of a book, a clause, a quotation, or

group of words expressing a single idea, the verb is singular.
Example: “Trees” is the title of the poem written by Joyce
Kilmer.
“Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs” is her favorite
fairy
tale.

NAME:_____________________________YEAR & SECTION:

________SCORE:_______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Instructions: Select and underline the correct verb in the
parentheses.
1. Everyone of the boys (is, are) expected to solve the problem.
2. A number of men (was, were) selected for the work.
3. In this room (was, were) a chair and a bed.
4. Each of these boys (has, have) done their work. The jury (has,
have)
not yet reached the decision.
5. Ten pesos (is, are) all I want.
6. Joanna, as well as her parents, (is, are) planning to see us.
7. The news from abroad (is, are) disappointing.
8. One fourth of the amount (was, were) set apart for a fund.
9. My father, with all his friends, (is, are) going to the party.
10.The committee (seem, seems) to disagree about the matter.
11.The man to whom the invitations are offered (refuse, refuses) to
accept them.
12.It is the manager alone who (have, has) the final say on the
matter.
13.One of these forms (explain, explains) the matter.
14.The man, at last understanding the matter, (agree, agrees) to the
proposition.
15.The librarian, during library hours, (attend, attends) to the
students’ needs.

B. Instructions: Construct a sentence after each item following the the

rules
on S-V.
1. a box of old clothes:
_______________________________________________________________

37
 _______________________________________________________________
______________________
2. the number
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
3. one of the students
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
4. either you or she
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
5. three fourths of the cake
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
6. you, not she
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
7. every car on the highway
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
8. the policemen as well as
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
9. two pesos and fifty centavos
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________
10.either the students or the professor
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________

PRONOUNS

38
 Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. The nouns that
refer to it is called antecedents.

Types of Pronouns:
A. Personal Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, us, her, his, him, mine, your,
yours, its, their, theirs

B. Compound Personal Pronouns

1. Reflexive compound personal pronouns are pronouns used
as objects referring to and denoting the same person or
thing as the subject.
Example: We must prepare ourselves daily for the last
judgment.

2. Intensive compound personal pronouns are pronouns used

to emphasize preceding noun or pronoun.
Examples: Christ himself did everything for us.
She herself made the final decision.

C. Demonstrative Pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns are used as

subject of the verb, object of the preposition, object of the
verb.
This - these That - those

Examples: This is our farm.

Those people helped us during the court
trial.

D. Interrogative Pronouns. Interrogative pronouns are pronouns

that are used in asking questions.
Who, whose, which, what

Example: Who came here?

E. Relative Pronouns. They are used to introduce clauses.

who, which, that, what, whoever, whosever, whichever,
whatever, whatsoever

Example: My mother who works abroad arrived last

night.

F. Indefinite Pronouns
One, another, anyone, each, everyone, either, neither,
none,
everybody, everything, nobody, nothing, anything, all, each,
few, many, several, such, some
Examples: Everybody is present in school.
Everything is under control.

39
 G. Possessive Pronouns. They show possession or ownership.
his, my, your, her, hers, yours, their, theirs, mine, ours,
its
Example: This bag is mine.
My parents are both working in the
office.

TABLE FOR CASES AND ITS USES

NOMINATIVE CASE OBJECTIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE CASE
Use: Subject and Subject Use: DO, IO, OP Use: as
modifier
complement
I-we me-us
my-our
you-you you-you
you-you
he, she, it-they him, her, it-them his, her

its-theirs

Who whom
whose
Whoever whomever
whosever
Whosoever whomsoever
whomsoever

40
NAME:__________________________ YEAR & SECTION: _________
SCORE:________
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
Instructions: Choose and underline the correct pronouns inside the
parenthesis. Explain your answer to test the accuracy.
A
1. The captain and (he, him, his) amused the children.

2. Did you know it was (she, her, hers) who called?

3. She said it was (they, them, their).

4. (Her, She) and (I, me, my) rode in my father’s car.

5. Jing and (she, her) opened the office.

6. My brother and (I, me, my) ate our snacks.

7. It might have been (they, them, their).

8. (Them, they, their) and (we, us, our) stay on the same Barangay.

9. Can it be (me, I, my)?

10.Jaja and (I, me, my) solved her problem in school.

B
1. The crowd separated Vio and (I, me, my).
2. Ally is going with (me, I, my).
3. The pitcher threw (me, I, my) the ball.
4. The librarian sent (her, she) the reference books.
5. Does he live near Albert or (he, him, his)?
6. The artist painted a picture of (she, her).
7. Edward is a man in (whom, who, whose) I have great confidence.
8. Miss Liza is a nurse (who, whom, whose) opens the door.
9. I am not certain (who, whom) opens the door.
10. Give it to (whoever, whomever) opens the door.

41
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is one of the function words that is used to
connect nouns to other parts of the sentences. Prepositions are always
followed by an object which may be noun or pronouns.
A. Place and Position. at, in, of across, about, around,
between, among, throughout, over, above, below, under,
beneath, underneath, inside, outside, by, beside, before,
near, against, far, from, after, close to, nest to, along,
beyond, ahead of, in front of, back of, etc.

B. Direction and Motion: in, into, toward, over, at, up, off, unto,
out of, from, across, by way of, about, around, throughout,
since, by, around, during, before, in, etc.

C. Time: at, for, on, until, till, from, after, throughout, since,
by, around, during, before, in

D. Compound Prepositions: according to, ahead of, along with,

as far as, in view of, on account of, due to, in front of, by
way of, by means of, back of, away from, contrary to, in
place of, in spite of, instead of, etc.

CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words used as connectors to other words,
phrases, or clauses.
Kinds of Conjunctions:
1. Coordinators
and but for so yet
nor
Example: They worked rapidly but carefully.

42
 2. Connectors
therefore hence consequently
also thus accordingly
however indeed
nevertheless
moreover in fact
furthermore
as a result on the other hand
Example: He studies harder; therefore, he makes progress.

3. Subordinates
when after whether until
as long as where although if
providedas though while as if as
whenever whatever because so that wherever
so that since than after
whereas before till
unless that on account of

4. Correlatives
either… or both... and
not only… but also whether…or
now… now as… as
rather… than
Example: Both the cups and the saucers were cracked.

INTERJECTIONS
They are utterances characteristics of situations such as
surprise, sudden pain, prolonged pain, disgust, anger, laughter, sorrow,
impatient, wonder, or other emotions. Generally, interjections are set
off from the rest of sentence by an exclamation point.

Examples: Ouch, you hurt my foot!

What! I can’t believe it.

List of the Most Common Interjections

ah good listen
alas goodness my God
bravo goodness gracious
beware ha ouch
damn it heavens pshaw
darn hey say
the devil hush what
gee look out wow
oh

43
NAME:_________________________ YEAR & SECTION:
________SCORE:______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the preposition by, before, and
after
1. Please see me in the office_________________________4 o’clock
2. I hope to mail this letter____________________________11:00
3. You ought to be here_____________________________3 o’clock
4. That class is always over__________________________5:30
5. The doctor can’t see you__________________________7o’clock in
the evening

B. Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the preposition from the list: by,
on, with, in
1. He stands___________ a soldier.
2. I thought the sketch was done_____________ ink.
3. You are eating your soup_______________ the wrong spoon.
4. Did you watch the ceremony_________________ television?
5. We prefer to hear the news__________________ the radio.
6. He looked at the stewed frog____________________ distaste.
7. I do not know many books__________ modern writers.
8. Would it be possible to reach Mama____________ phone?
9. The farmer was struck________ lightning in thunderstorm.
10.Somehow, she managed to do the boring job____________
enthusiasm.

C. Instructions: Underline and identify the conjunctions used in the

following sentences.
1. Both the vases and ashtray were broken.
2. We must decide now whether we compete or give way.

44
 3. As the twig is bent, so is the tree inclined.
4. Either Alex or Ike will go with you.
5. He is now excited, now depressed.
6. The test was not only difficult but also challenging.
7. I would rather stay home than go out.
8. Neither she nor Vince can come.
9. The room was too hot so we opened the windows.
10.Ellen’s dress is simple yet elegant looking.
11.Since the room wasn’t big enough for us, we had to leave earlier.
12.It was later so he went home.
13.She is not only intelligent but also pretty.
14.She walks as if she can’t carry her feet.
15.I forgot to call you up last night because I was too busy that time.
16.Sally was absent for she was called up at the Guidance
Counselor’s
Office.
17.Venus broke her promises when her mother scolded her.
18.Either the policeman or the victim pursued the case against the
main suspect.
19.Are you coming or you want to stay for a while?
20.The place is not only too far but also a risky one.

Chapter 4
SENTENCES
SENTENCE
A sentence is a word or group of words expressing a complete
thought and idea.

Parts of Sentences
1. Subject. It is the doer of the action.
2. Predicate. It tells something about the subject.

SUBJECT & PREDICATE

45
 The simple subject differs from the complete subject same is
through with simple predicate and complete predicate.

Example: The homeless victims of the natural calamity/ crave for

attention.
The simple subject is victims; the complete subject is the
homeless victims of the natural calamity, whereas, the simple predicate
is crave, and the complete predicate is crave for attention.

TYPES OF SENTENCES
A. Sentences According to Use
1. Declarative Sentence. A declarative sentence is a sentence that
states a fact. It ends with a period.
Example: Teaching is the noblest profession.

2. Imperative Sentence. An imperative sentence is a sentence that

expresses a command or a request.
Example: Close the door. (command)
Kindly submit your requirement on or before
the
due date. (request)

3. Interrogative Sentence. An interrogative sentence is one which

asks a question either answerable by yes or no or by a
statement.
Example: What kind of government do we have?

4. Exclamatory Sentence. An exclamatory sentence is a sentence

that expresses a strong or sudden emotion of astonishment,
elation, admiration, and the like.
Example: Move away! (anger)
Oh my God, I can’t do this! (disappointed)

46
NAME: ____________________________YEAR & SECTION:_________Score:
________
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Instructions: Underline the complete subject ONCE and TWICE the
complete predicate; then encircle the simple predicate
and
simple subject.

1. On the table lies the pertinent document of the family.

2. Ellen Ewing, who became the wife of General Sherman, was a

fervent

Catholic.

3. The man who visited us promised me a silver coin.

4. Every great advance in natural knowledge has involved the absolute

rejection of authority.

5. The typhoon victims are in great need of help.

6. Pope Francis visited Philippines particularly the Tacloban people.

7. The Advisory Council will talk about the delicate matter next week.

8. Her great grandfather gave pieces of advice after the incident that

happened to her.

9. The suffering man from the other province turned desperate in his

life.

10. If we have time tomorrow, we shall call on you.

11. The old lady finally decided to join the club after several meetings

with

the founder.

47
12. The beautiful scenic spots of the Philippines are pride of the

Filipinos.

13. That man who disserted me before accidentally met my sister on

their way to Manila.

14. The film which they watched is an informative and educative movie.

15. Tourists from Asian countries visited the beautiful beaches and

resorts of our country.

16. Our tried and tested friends are always beside us no matter what

happens.

17. The underpaid employees truly deserve our support.

18. Common sense is not always common.

19. Scientific know how must be coupled with public relations.

20. The cultural minorities must be absorbed into the mainstream of

Philippine life and culture.

21. Very often, the administrators of a school must combine wisdom

with

foresight and tact.

22. The governments of several countries face threats from their

internal

security.

23. The members of the family preserve harmonious relationship with

each

other.

24. The president of the Republic of the Philippines established

diplomatic

48
 relation between our country and Red China.

25. The civic minded citizens brought out peace to the nations.

B. Instructions: Identify the types of sentences according to uses. Write

your answers on the blanks before the number.
Provide appropriate punctuation marks.

______________________ 1. Kindly use the other door

______________________ 2. After so many years of waiting she suddenly
came
______________________ 3. Is that your idea
______________________ 4. Hurry up, idiot
______________________ 5. The rich are becoming richer while the poor
are
becoming poorer.
______________________ 6. Stop making noise
______________________ 7. Haste makes waste
______________________ 8. Come follow me
______________________ 9. May you bring those books to me
______________________ 10. Damn, I told you to go ahead
______________________ 11. Do you need somebody to help you
______________________ 12. Love me dearly
______________________ 13. Ouch, my foot
______________________ 14. Do this and I will be back after ten minutes
______________________ 15. Everything is under control
______________________ 16. Hurrah, we won
______________________ 17. Yupiee, I got it right
______________________ 18. Be on time, Joe
______________________ 19. Are you with me
______________________ 20. Join us

49
QUESTIONS PATTERNS
Changing Declarative Sentence to Interrogative Sentence
1. Reversal of the subject and verb when the verb is be, or placing
the verb before the subject.
Statement: Sherry is my former student.
Question: Is Sherry my former student.
Is she my former student?

Statement: They are near with us now.

Question: Are they near with us now?

2. Use of an auxiliary and the reversal of the subject and auxiliary

when the verb is some verb other than be.
Statement: He likes mountain climbing.
Question: Does he like mountain climbing?

Statement: We prefer to join the group.

Question: Do we prefer to join the group?

Statement: The students studied geology.

Question: Did the students study geology?

Statement: My brother came to see me.

Question: Did my brother come to see me?
3. In constructions of auxiliary + principal verb, the auxiliary is
[placed before the subject
Statement: You can take this.
Question: Can you take this?

50
 Statement: He will help the victims of flood.
Question: Will he help the victims of flood?
4. The reverses with the verb in a basic pattern containing this
structure.
Statement: There is already a final decision.
Question: Is there already a final decision?

Statement: There are 15 students who responded.

Question: Are there 15 student who responded?

5. Question words (what, who, whose, which, whom, how) indicate

that the pattern is a question and that an answer is expected.
What will you do after graduation?
Why did they work jointly?

NAME:____________________________YEAR & SECTION:

________SCORE:______
STUDENT’S PARTICIPATION
A. Instructions: Supply the missing tag questions for the following
statement.
1. This is an educational
institution,________________________________?
2. Valleys are surrounded by mountains,
_____________________________?
3. Diastrophism produces mountains,
________________________________?
4. Earthquakes occur in regions of young
mountains,___________________?
5. Microscope show things which can’t be seen by our naked
eyes,_______?
6. Trade winds are constant in
velocity,______________________________?
7. Several candidates approach the choreographer at the back
stage,_____?
8. They mingled with
elders,_______________________________________?
9. The little girl can’t hold all her things,
__________________________?

51
 10. The researchers sometimes won’t admit their fault,
________________?
11. The door in the kitchen can not be opened,
________________________?
12. Hold on, ________________________________?
13. The rainfall isn’t stopping, ____________________________________?
14. Lexa didn’t agree with the initial plan of the group,
_______________?
15. Teachers including the students made a correct move during the
council meeting, __________________?

B. Instructions: Formulate the statements that should go with the give

tag
questions.
1. ________________________________________________,is it?
2. ________________________________________________, isn’t it?
3. ________________________________________________, can you?
4. ________________________________________________, are they?
5. ________________________________________________, won’t they?
6. ________________________________________________, don’t they?
7. ________________________________________________, should he?
8. ________________________________________________, have you?
9. ________________________________________________, doesn’t she?
10. ________________________________________________, didn’t they?
11. _______________________________________________, shouldn’t
they?
12. ________________________________________________, will he?
13. ________________________________________________, do you?
14. ________________________________________________, weren’t they?
15. ________________________________________________, shouldn’t
you?
16. ________________________________________________, are we?
17. ________________________________________________, can’t he?
18. ________________________________________________, haven’t they?
19. ________________________________________________, are they?
20. ________________________________________________,will she

52
53