IB Math IA Final

MATHEMATICS
SL EXPLORATION
TO INVESTIGATE EMPIRICAL OPTIMIZATION OF 3-D MATHEMATICAL SHAPES
Rationale:
Every year during my summer vacations I used to visit my village where my grandparents have
been living from the last fifty years. Fundamentally, my grandfather been a farmer by
profession and has been focusing on organic farming of vegetables ever since he got into this
field. Keeping in mind the facet that he does it on a high scale to fulfil the vegetable needs of
the nearby cities, quite often he suffers the problem of water shortage to irrigate his vegetable
plants.
I suggested my grandfather to buy water weekly and store it for irrigation. He asked me how
and where to store such a huge amount of water? Here I got a chance to explore my concept of
three dimensional geometry and calculus.
Out of eagerness, he wanted to know the most economical and compact looking shape for the
storage of water. The reason behind this was to provide and make the similar tanks for other
farmers of the village at an affordable and economical price as most of them are struggling
with their financial conditions to fulfil their daily needs by growing vegetables and selling them
to nearby cities. Hence, I had the opportunity to sort out their problem by using my
mathematical concepts. Therefore, in this investigation I will be considering different three
dimensional shapes which can store 60000 litres of water i.e. a volume of 60 metre cube.
Introduction:
The volume of shape depends on its base area and height. For the regular and symmetrical
shapes it’s the product of the base area and height. In this investigation, my central aim is to
make the cost minimum considering the economical aspects of the farmer. This can be achieved
by investigating various shapes such as cubical, conical, cuboid, cylindrical, spherical,
hemispherical, shape with regular pentagonal base and shape with regular hexagonal base. I
will write the area function for all the shapes using the fixed volume of 60 m3 and use the
concept of optimization to minimize the surface area. Optimization is based on the
differentiated and the derivative is equated to zero to find the independent variable which will
give the optimized dimension of the shape. Second-derivative test will be utilised to verify the
area-function having a relative-minimum. Positive second-derivative indicates the function
having relative-minimum.
Aim:
To investigate the different three dimensional shapes of a water tank to store 60,000 litres of
water which will have the minimum surface area to make it most economical to fulfil the water
needs of farmers.
1
Estimation of area through Optimisation:
Capacity of the water tank (Volume) = 60,000 litres = 60 m3
1. Cubical Water Tank

Volume of the cube is x3, where ‘x’ is the length of the side of cube. Now I will solve for finding
the length side of cube.
x3 = 60
$
x = (60)%
x = 3.91 m
Total surface area of cube = 6x2
Substitute the value of x in 6x2
= 6(3.91)2
= 91.72 m2
LDPE plastic sheets can be used for water reservoir lining. The price of these sheets is Rs.100
per metre square.
Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: = 91.72 × 100
= Rs.9172
2. Cuboidal Water Tank

Volume of a cuboid = xyz, where x is length, y is breadth and z is the height of the cuboid. As
I have learnt the calculus of single variable, hence to restrict the area function to a single
variable, I will consider the following assumption:
Assume that x = 3p, y = p
Calculating the volume for cuboidal water tank
Volume (V) = (3p) (p) (z)
V = 3p2z
3p2z = 60
20
𝑧=
𝑝/
Total surface area of cuboid (A) = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}
2
20 20
𝐴 = 2 1(3𝑝 × 𝑝) + 5𝑝 × /
6 + ( / + 3𝑝)7
𝑝 𝑝
80
𝐴 = 2(3𝑝/ + ) (1)
𝑝
Now, I will differentiate the equation (1) in order to minimize the surface area.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 80
= 12 53𝑝/ + 67
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑑
2 ; (3𝑝/ + 80𝑝<= )>
𝑑𝑝
After differentiating, I will equate it to zero
2(6𝑝 − 80𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)
80
𝑝@ =
6
𝑝 = (13.33)1/3
p= 2.37 m
Length = 3p = 7.11 m
Breadth = p = 2.37 m
Height = 20/p2 = 3.56 m
Total surface area= 2(3p2+4ph)
= 101.19 m2
To verify the surface area/function as minimum, I will find the second-derivative from equation
(2)
𝑑/ 𝐴 𝑑
/
= {2(6𝑝 − 80𝑝</ )}
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑/𝐴
= {2(6 + 160𝑝<@ )} (3)
𝑑𝑝/
Substitute the value of 𝑝 from above in equation (3)
= 2{6 + 160(2.37)<@ }
= 36.0384 > 0
Since the derivative obtained is greater than zero (positive) hence it is proved that the surface
area or function is minimum.
3
Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 101.19 × 100
= Rs.10119
Let’s take few more assumptions:
1. Assume x = 2p, y = p
V = (2p) (p) (z)
V = 2p2z
2p2z = 60
30
𝑧=
𝑝/
Total surface area of cuboid = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}
30 30
𝐴 = 2 1(2𝑝 × 𝑝) + 5𝑝 × 6 + ( + 2𝑝)7
𝑝/ 𝑝/
90
𝐴 = 2 52𝑝/ + 6 (1)
𝑝
Now, I will differentiate equation (1) in order to minimize the surface area.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 90
= 12 52𝑝/ + 67
𝑑
2 ; (2𝑝/ + 90𝑝<= )>
𝑑𝑝
2(4𝑝 − 90𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)
90
𝑝@ =
4
$
𝑝 = (22.25)%
p = 2.812 m
Length= 2p = 5.624 m
Breadth= p =2.812 m
30
Height = = 3.796 m
𝑝/
Total surface area = 2(2p2+3ph)
4
= 91.674 m2
(2)
𝑑/ 𝐴 𝑑
= {2(4𝑝 − 90𝑝</ )}
𝑑𝑝/ 𝑑𝑝
𝑑/𝐴
= {2(4 + 180𝑝<@ } (3)
𝑑𝑝/
= 2{4 + 180(2.812)<@ }
= 24.1904 > 0
= Rs. 9167.4
2. Assume x = 4p, y = p
V = (4p) (p) (z)
V = 4p2z
4p2z = 60
15
𝑧=
𝑝/
Total surface area of cuboid = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}
15 15
𝐴 = 2 1(4𝑝 × 𝑝) + 5𝑝 × /
6 + ( / + 4𝑝)7
𝑝 𝑝
75
𝐴 = 2 54𝑝/ + 6 (1)
𝑝
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 75
= 12 54𝑝/ + 67
𝑑
2 ; (4𝑝/ + 75𝑝<= )>
𝑑𝑝
5
2(8𝑝 − 75𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)
75
𝑝@ =
8
$
𝑝 = (9.375)%
p = 2.108 m
Length= 2p = 4.217 m
Breadth= p =2.108 m
15
Height = = 3.376 m
𝑝/
Total surface area= 2(4p2+5ph)
= 106.710 m2
(2)
𝑑/ 𝐴 𝑑
/
= {2(8𝑝 − 75𝑝</ )}
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑/𝐴
= {2(8 + 150𝑝<@ } (3)
𝑑𝑝/
= 2{8 + 150(2.108)<@ }
= 48.0265 > 0
= Rs.10671
3. Assume x = p2, y = p
V = (p2) (p) (z)
V = p3z
p3z = 60
60
𝑧=
𝑝/
6
Total surface area of a cuboid = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}
60 60
𝐴 = 2 1(𝑝/ × 𝑝) + 5𝑝 × @
6 + ( @ + 𝑝/ )7
𝑝 𝑝
60 60
𝐴 = 2 5𝑝@ + + 6
𝑝/ 𝑝
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 60 60
= 12 5𝑝@ + / + 67
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑑 @
2 ; (𝑝 + 60𝑝</ + 60𝑝<= )>
𝑑𝑝
2(3𝑝/ − 120𝑝<@ − 60𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)
180
𝑝L =
3
$
𝑝 = (60)%
p = 3.91 m
Length= 2p = 7.82 m
Breadth= p = 3.91 m
60
Height = = 1.003 m
𝑝@
Total surface area= 2(p3+ ph + p2h)
= 79.024 m2
(2)
𝑑/𝐴 𝑑
/
= {2(3𝑝/ − 120𝑝<@ − 60𝑝</ )}
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑/𝐴
= {2(6𝑝 + 360𝑝<M + 120𝑝<@ )} (3)
𝑑𝑝/
= 2{6(3.91) + 360(3.91)<M + 120(3.91)<@ }
= 54.0155 > 0
7
= Rs.7902.4
X Y Area (m2) Cost (Rs.)

2p P 91.674 9167.4
3p P 101.19 10119
4p P 106.710 10671
p2 p 79.024 7902.4
Dimensions vs Cost
12000
10000
8000
Cost(Rs.)
6000
4000
2000
0
P P P p
2p 3p 4p p2
Dimensions
Here, it is observed that p2 is most economical. Hence, I will consider this dimension for
cuboid.
4. Cylindrical Water Tank

Taking cylinder water tank into consideration we know; volume of cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 / ℎ, where r
is the radius and h is the height of cylinder. Let us solve further to find the independent variables
r and h.
𝜋𝑟 / ℎ = 60
60
ℎ= 𝑚
𝜋𝑟 /
Total surface area of cylinder= 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)
60
2𝜋𝑟 5𝑟 + 6
𝜋𝑟 /
8
120
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 / + (1)
𝑟
In order to minimize the surface area, I will differentiate equation (1) with respect to r and then
equate it to zero.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 120
= 52𝜋𝑟 / + 6
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝 𝑟
120
4𝜋𝑟 − = 0 (2)
𝑟/
r = 2.121 m
h = 4.24 m
Total surface area= 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)
2𝜋(2.121)(2.121 + 4.24)
= 84.722 m2
(2)
𝑑/𝐴 𝑑 120
/
= 14𝜋𝑟 − / 7
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑/𝐴
= {4𝜋 − (−2)120𝑟 <@ }
𝑑𝑟 /
2(120)
= R4𝜋 + S (3)
𝑟@
Substitute the value of 𝑟 from above in equation (3)
2(120)
= 14𝜋 + 7
(2.121)@
= 37.7193 > 0
= Rs.8472.2
9
5. Inverted conical Water Tank
Inverted conical shaped water tank is derived from the conical shape and it is filled partially
adhering to the pressure-head. The two independent variables r and h define radius and height,
respectively.
1
Volume of cone = 𝜋𝑟 / ℎ
3
1 /
𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 60
3
180
ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 /
Total surface area of cone= 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙 ) = 𝜋𝑟\𝑟 + √ℎ/ + 𝑟 / ^, where l denotes the slant height
180 /
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 _𝑟 + `( ) + 𝑟 / a (1)
𝜋𝑟 /
Now, I will differentiate equation (1) with respect to r and then equate it to zero.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 180
= b𝜋𝑟 _𝑟 + `( / ) / + 𝑟 / ac
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝜋𝑟
𝑑 32400 𝑑
=𝜋 b𝑟`𝑟 / + / M c + 𝜋 (𝑟 / )
𝑑𝑟 𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
kl
⎧ 𝑟 h2𝑟 +
@/Mii(<M)j
o⎫
32400 mn
=> 𝜋 ` /
𝑟 + / M + + 2𝜋𝑟 = 0 (2)
⎨ 𝜋 𝑟 / @/Mii ⎬
2p𝑟 + n q
⎩ m j ⎭
𝑟 ≈1.43 m
h= 28.03 m
l = 28.06m
Total surface area= 132.512 m2
(2)
kl
⎧ 𝑟 h2𝑟 +
@/Mii(<M)j
o⎫
𝑑/𝐴 𝑑 32400 mn
= `𝑟 /+ + + 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟 / 𝑑𝑝 ⎨ 𝜋 /𝑟M @/Mii ⎬
2p𝑟 / + n q
⎩ m j ⎭
10
𝑑/𝐴 2𝜋 M 𝑟=/ + 421200 𝜋 / 𝑟 w + 2099520000
= v % y (3)
𝑑𝑟 / @/Mii n
𝜋 M 𝑟 x h𝑟 / + mn j q o
Substitute the value of 𝑟 from above in equation (3)
⎧ M ⎫
2𝜋 (1.43)=/ + 421200 𝜋 / (1.43)w + 2099520000
= %
⎨ @/Mii n ⎬
⎩ 𝜋 M (1.43)x h(1.43)/ + mn (=.M@)q o ⎭
= 39.6955 > 0
= Rs.13251.2
6. Hemispherical Water Tank

Hemisphere works as a base for sphere due to which half the volume of sphere is equal to the
volume of hemisphere. It contains only one independent-variable r, denoting radius.
2 @
Volume of cone = 𝜋𝑟
3
2 @
𝜋𝑟 = 60
3
90 $
𝑟=( )%
𝜋
r = 3.06 m
Total surface area = 2𝜋𝑟 / + 𝜋𝑟 / = 3𝜋𝑟 /
A=3𝜋(3.06)/
A= 88.21m2
= Rs.8821
11
7. Regular pentagonal base Water Tank
When the side length s is unknown, the pentagon is divided into five equal triangles, a radius
from the vertices of each triangle is joined at the centre marking 36° as the apothem. Apothem
and side-length are used to find base area. h denotes height.
Volume of pentagon = Base area × Height
5𝑠 /
Base area = where, 𝑠 is the side length of pentagon
4𝑡𝑎𝑛36
5𝑠 /
× height = 60
4𝑡𝑎𝑛36
35.08
𝑠/ =
ℎ
=
Total surface area= 5𝑠ℎ + / p5(5 + 2√5 s2
A= 5𝑠ℎ + 3.44 (𝑠 / )
120.65
𝐴 = 5(5.92)√ℎ +
ℎ
120.65
𝐴 = (5(5.92)√ℎ +
ℎ
%
29.6(ℎ)n + 120.65
𝐴 = (1)
ℎ
Now, I will differentiate equation (1) with respect to h and then will equate it to zero.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 120.65
= 55(5.92)√ℎ + 6
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ ℎ
74 2413
− = 0 (2)
5√ℎ 20ℎ/
ℎ ≈ 4.04 m
𝑠 = 2.94 𝑚
Total surface area = 89.577 m2
(2)
𝑑/ 𝐴 𝑑 74 2413
/
= 1 − 7
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 5√ℎ 20ℎ/
12
𝑑/𝐴 2413 37
= R − S = 0 (3)
𝑑ℎ/ 10ℎ@ 5ℎ%n
Substitute the value of ℎ from above in equation (3)
2413 37
=‡ @
− %ˆ
10(4.04) 5(4.04)n
= 2.74813 > 0
= Rs.8957.
8. Hexagonal base Water Tank

Hexagon consists of six equilateral triangles with a as its apothem length. Since the hexagon
is regular so the length sides are equal. Volume of any polygonal shape is the product of base
area and height h which helps in finding total surface area. To find the independent variables a
and h, let us solve further.
Volume of hexagon = Base area × Height
3√3 /
Base area = 𝑎 where, 𝑎 is the apothem length of hexagon
2
= 2.955 a2
2.955 𝑎/ × h = 60
20.304
ℎ=
𝑎/
Total surface area = 6𝑎ℎ + 3√3 a2
121.82
𝐴 = + 5.19𝑎/ (1)
𝑎
Now, I will differentiate equation (1) with respect to ‘a’ and then, will equate it to zero.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 121.82
= 5 + 5.19𝑎/ 6
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑎
−121.82
+ 10.38𝑎 = 0 (2)
𝑎/
𝑎 = 2.27𝑚
13
ℎ = 3.94 𝑚
Total area= 80.4035 m2
(2)
𝑑/𝐴 𝑑 −121.82
/
= 1 + 10.38𝑎7
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑎/
𝑑/𝐴
/
= −121.82(−2)𝑎<@ + 10.38 (3)
𝑑𝑎
Substitute the value of 𝑎 from above in equation (3)
= −121.82(−2)(2.27)<@ + 10.38
= 31.2091 > 0
= Rs.8040.35
9. Spherical Water Tank

M
Volume of sphere is @
𝜋𝑟 @ where r is the radius of the sphere. This formula will be used to
find the variable r because volume is pre-assumed. These tanks have the capability to change
pressures according to external environment.
4
𝜋𝑟 @ = 60
3
90
𝑟@ =
4𝜋
𝑟 = 1.926 m
Total surface area= 4𝜋𝑟 /
A= 46.591 m2
Rs.4659.101
14
RESULTS:
SHAPE AREA(m2) COST(Rs)
Cube 91.72 9172
Cuboid 79.024 7902.4
Cylinder 84.722 8472.2
Inverted cone 132.51 13251.2
Hemisphere 88.21 8821
Pentagonal 89.577 8957.72
Hexagonal 80.4035 8040.35
Spherical 46.591 4659.101
GRAPHS:
1. Shape vs. area
SHAPE AREA(m2)
Cube 91.72
Cuboid 79.024
Cylinder 84.722
Inverted cone 132.51
Hemisphere 88.21
Pentagonal 89.577
Hexagonal 80.4035
Spherical 46.591
Graph1. This graph shows the relationship between the shape of water tank and the
corresponding area.
SHAPE vs AREA
140
120
100
80
Area
60
40
20 AREA(m2)
0
ne
id
l
be
al
na
al
de
on
bo
he
ric
co
Cu
go
lin
ag
Cu
isp
he
d
xa
Cy
rte
nt
Sp
m
He
Pe
He
ve
In
Shapes
15
It can be seen from the graph that Sphere has the least surface area with the volume 60m3 i.e.,
60,000 litres.
2. Shape vs. Cost
SHAPE COST(Rs)
Cube 9172
Cuboid 7902.4
Cylinder 8472.2
Inverted cone 13251.2
Hemisphere 8821
Pentagonal 8957.72
Hexagonal 8040.35
Spherical 4659.101
Graph 2. This graph shows the relationship between the shape and the corresponding cost.
SHAPE vs COST
14000
12000
10000
Cost(Rs.)
8000
6000
4000
2000 COST(Rs)
0
ne
id
l
be
al
na
al
de
on
bo
he
ric
co
Cu
go
lin
ag
Cu
isp
he
d
xa
Cy
rte
nt
Sp
m
He
Pe
He
ve
In
Shape
This observation shows that, sphere has the least cost with the volume 60 m3.
Limitations:
The mathematical constraints of my research involve standard human calculation error while
assessing the volume of different shapes. Optimization is structure-based hence mathematical
shape will always be at variance to the actual shape which may generate as to the result being
invalid. The considered shapes were limited due to time-constraint so there must be better shape
to fulfil the water needs of the farmers.
16
Improvements and Future Investigation:
Tank shapes are not confined to one shape there can be multi-shape tanks with a pentagonal or
a hexagonal base and cylindrical upper base etc. variety of shapes will let us investigate the
best-possible combination for the water needs to be fulfilled. To make the research of higher-
level multiple verifications methods must be utilised to confirm minimum and maximum
relative. Human effort for measurements must be kept precise and near to perfection by using
helpful equipment.
Conclusion:
Out of all the shapes it is observed that Spherical water tank has the minimum surface area and
it is the most economical shape for the farmers whereas inverted conical shape has the
maximum surface area and hence it is the most expensive shape. This concludes that the
farmers must select the Spherical water tank with radius 1.926 metres which will cost them
Rs.4659.101 making it most economical out of all the considered shapes.
Reflection:
The main reason behind considering so many shapes was to examine the most economical
shape of the water tank so that it would be easily affordable by the farmers. Here, the use of
three dimensional geometry and differential calculus helped me a lot in developing the area
function for the various shapes and to optimise these function to find the minimum surface area
for a fixed volume. The minimum surface area of the shape will have the least manufacturing
cost and hence will become most economical. Farmers especially, in my country are known as
food-providers and are considered to be below poverty line so my grandfather’s village’s
condition gave me a thought that if not financial but methodological help can be rendered to
them. This research also made me realise the interdependence of knowledge of inquiry and
theories like that of mathematics with economics which emphasises, economic stability and
development. This furthermore also gives a boost to the business society who will focus on the
manufacturing of the specific shaped-tank in demand. Calculus has managed to contribute as a
heuristic and teaching tool.
17
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pHoAhXTb30KHd9MBmcQ9QEwBXoECAoQIg#imgrc=66dT59nbJg9GlM.
www.google.co.in/search?q=image+of+conical+water+tank&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
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IB Math IA Final

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IB Math IA Final

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MATHEMATICS

1. Cubical Water Tank

Total surface area of cube = 6x2

Substitute the value of x in 6x2

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: = 91.72 × 100

2. Cuboidal Water Tank

Assume that x = 3p, y = p

Calculating the volume for cuboidal water tank

Volume (V) = (3p) (p) (z)

Total surface area of cuboid (A) = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}

After differentiating, I will equate it to zero

2(6𝑝 − 80𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)

Height = 20/p2 = 3.56 m

Total surface area= 2(3p2+4ph)

Let’s take few more assumptions:

V = (2p) (p) (z)

Total surface area of cuboid = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}

After differentiating, I will equate it to zero

2(4𝑝 − 90𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 91.674 × 100

V = (4p) (p) (z)

Total surface area of cuboid = 2{(xy) + (yz) + (xz)}

After differentiating, I will equate it to zero

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 106.710 × 100

V = (p2) (p) (z)

After differentiating, I will equate it to zero

2(3𝑝/ − 120𝑝<@ − 60𝑝</ ) = 0 (2)

= 2{6(3.91) + 360(3.91)<M + 120(3.91)<@ }

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 79.024 × 100

X Y Area (m2) Cost (Rs.)

4. Cylindrical Water Tank

Total surface area= 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 84.722 × 100

Total surface area= 132.512 m2

Substitute the value of 𝑟 from above in equation (3)

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 132.512 × 100

6. Hemispherical Water Tank

Total surface area = 2𝜋𝑟 / + 𝜋𝑟 / = 3𝜋𝑟 /

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 88.21 × 100

Volume of pentagon = Base area × Height

Total surface area = 89.577 m2

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 89.577 × 100

8. Hexagonal base Water Tank

Volume of hexagon = Base area × Height

Total surface area = 6𝑎ℎ + 3√3 a2

Total area= 80.4035 m2

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 80.4035 × 100

9. Spherical Water Tank

Total surface area= 4𝜋𝑟 /

Cost for LDPE plastic sheets: 46.591 × 100

2. Shape vs. Cost

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