AS/SW 3 - STRAIN

A. Material Properties

A metal specimen 36-mm in diameter has a d ≔ 36 mm L ≔ 360 mm

length of 360 mm. A force of 300 kN F ≔ 300 kN δ ≔ 1.2 mm
elongates the length by 1.20 mm. What is the
F⋅L
modulus of elasticity in GPa? δ ＝ ――
A⋅E

π
A ≔ ―⋅ d 2 = ⎛⎝1.018 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
4

F⋅L
E ≔ ―― = 88.419 GPa
A⋅δ

A steel rod having a length of 1 m has a L≔1 m A ≔ 100 mm 2 E ≔ 200 GPa

cross-sectional area of 100 mm2. Use E = 200
P⋅L
GPa. If it is subjected to an axial tensile force, δ ＝ ――
compute the stiffness of the rod in kN/mm. A⋅E
[Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting
on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. P A⋅E A⋅E kN
k ＝ ―＝ ―― k ≔ ―― = 20 ――
δ L L mm
B. Axially Loaded Members

An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of

0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the
positions shown in the figure. Assume the bar is
suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.
Compute the total change in length (inches) of the
bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.

A ≔ 0.5 in 2 E ≔ 10 ⋅ 10 6 psi L1 ≔ 3 ft L2 ≔ 5 ft L3 ≔ 4 ft
P1 ≔ 6000 lbf P2 ≔ -1000 lbf P3 ≔ 4000 lbf

P1 ⋅ L1 P2 ⋅ L2 P3 ⋅ L3
δ1 ≔ ――― = 0.043 in δ2 ≔ ――― = -0.012 in δ3 ≔ ――― = 0.038 in
A⋅E A⋅E A⋅E

δ ≔ δ1 + δ2 + δ3 = 0.0696 in

The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown

in Fig. P-213, is horizontal before the load P ≔ 50 kN
is applied.
Lal ≔ 3 m Lst ≔ 4 m
2
Aal ≔ 500 mm Ast ≔ 300 mm 2
Eal ≔ 70 GPa Est ≔ 200 GPa
P ⋅ 2.5 m P ⋅ 3.5 m
Pal ≔ ――― Pst ≔ ―――
6m 6m
Determine the deformation of aluminum in mm. Determine the deformation of steel in mm.
Pal ⋅ Lal Pst ⋅ Lst
δal ≔ ――― = 1.786 mm δst ≔ ――― = 1.944 mm
Aal ⋅ Eal Ast ⋅ Est

Determine the vertical movement of P in mm.

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 Determine the vertical movement of P in mm.

δ' ≔ δst - δal = 0.159 mm

δ'
δP ≔ δal + ―― ⋅ 3.5 m = 1.878 mm
6m

The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in the
figure are identical except for length. Before the load W
was attached, the bar was horizontal and the rods were
stress-free. Determine the load in each rod if W = 6600 lb.

W ≔ 6600 lbf LA ≔ 4 ft LB ≔ 6 ft

W ⋅ 10 ft ＝ PA ⋅ 4 ft + PB ⋅ 8 ft
δB δA PB ⋅ LB PA ⋅ LA
―― ＝ ―― ―――― ＝ ――――
8 ft 4 ft A ⋅ E ⋅ 8 ft A ⋅ E ⋅ 4 ft
PB ⋅ LB PA ⋅ LA 8 ft PA ⋅ LA 8 ft PA ⋅ LA
――― ＝ ――― PB ＝ ―― ⋅ ――― W ⋅ 10 ft ＝ PA ⋅ 4 ft + ―― ⋅ ――― ⋅ 8 ft
8 ft 4 ft 4 ft LB 4 ft LB

Determine the load for rod A in lbs. Determine the load for rod B in lbs.
W ⋅ 10 ft 8 ft PA ⋅ LA
PA ≔ ――――――― = 4500 lbf PB ≔ ―― ⋅ ――― = 6000 lbf
8 ft LA 4 ft LB
4 ft + ―― ⋅ ―― ⋅ 8 ft
4 ft LB

C. Thermal Stresses & Deformations

The rails of a railroad track are welded together at their ends (to form continuous rails and thus
eliminate the clacking sound of the wheels) when the temperature is 60° F. What compressive stress s is
produced in the rails when they are heated by the sun to 120° F if the coefficient of thermal expansion
a=6.5x 10-6/° F and the modulus of elasticity E=30x106 psi?

T1 ≔ 60 °F T2 ≔ 120 °F ΔT ≔ T2 - T1 = 60 Δ°F
10 -6
α ≔ 6.5 ⋅ ―― E ≔ 30 ⋅ 10 6 psi
1 °F

P⋅L P⋅L P
δT ＝ α ⋅ ΔT ⋅ L δ ＝ ―― δT ＝ δ α ⋅ ΔT ⋅ L ＝ ―― σ ＝ ―＝ α ⋅ ΔT ⋅ E
A⋅E A⋅E A

σ ≔ α ⋅ ΔT ⋅ E = 25.398 psi

An aluminum pipe has a length of 60 m at a temperature of 10° C. An adjacent steel pipe at the same
temperature is 5 mm longer than the aluminum pipe. At what temperature (degrees Celsius) will the
aluminum pipe be 15 mm longer than the steel pipe? (Assume that the coefficients of thermal
expansion of aluminum and steel are aAL=23x 10-6/°C and aS=12x10-6 /° C, respectively.)
10 -6 10 -6
αal ≔ 23 ⋅ ―― αst ≔ 12 ⋅ ――
1 °C 1 °C
Lal ≔ 60 m Lst ≔ 60 m + 5 mm = 60.005 m T1 ≔ 10 °C
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Lal ≔ 60 m Lst ≔ 60 m + 5 mm = 60.005 m T1 ≔ 10 °C

L'al ＝ L'st + 15 mm L'st ＝ αst ⋅ ΔT ⋅ Lst + Lst

αal ⋅ ΔT ⋅ Lal + Lal ＝ L'st + 15 mm αal ⋅ ΔT ⋅ Lal + Lal ＝ αst ⋅ ΔT ⋅ Lst + Lst + 15 mm
Lst - Lal + 15 mm
ΔT ≔ ―――――― = 8308.331 Δ°C L'st ≔ αst ⋅ ΔT ⋅ Lst + Lst = 60.027 m
αal ⋅ Lal - αst ⋅ Lst
T2 ≔ T1 + ΔT = 8318.331 °C L'al ≔ αal ⋅ ΔT ⋅ Lal + Lal = 60.042 m

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