1.

Mining

“One of the players that potentially generate the greatest impact on the
environment is mining activities. In countries where there is a lack of
environmental control, mining generates socio-environmental conflicts, due to
its interference in ecosystems and communities. It is fundamental to develop
new technologies and/or apply available methodologies that minimize these
impacts. Mining companies are currently aware of the need for additional
investments related to environmental control from the beginning of the project
to environmental mitigation. Solid waste is mainly responsible for the
environmental impact on mining activities. The treatment and storage seeking
to minimize costs and maximize safety are one of the main goals of mining
companies to meet environmental requirements, as the disposal of waste is
cataloged as an additional cost with no return within the project. There are two
types of waste produced by mining activities, sterile and tailings. In the
stripping of the deposit, materials are produced without any economic value,
called steriles; These are usually arranged in batteries and sometimes utilized in
the ore extraction system itself. The tailings are the result of the ore
processing; They contain a high level of toxicity, in addition to dissolved and
suspended particles, heavy metals and reagents. In the processing, the amount
generated of tailings is very high, and the disposition is made on the surface,
depending on the economic goals of the mining company, or linked in the
process of ore extraction underground or uncovered areas. Gomes Faria (2002)
summarizes in Table 1 some of the impacts that generate mining activities in
Brazil. It is noted that the tailings dams, which are structures built to retain the
tailings produced by the processing, represent an importat source of pollution,
therefore its construction must follow the environmental standards and
economic, geotechnical, structural, social, safety and risk criteria, from the
choice of location to closing ”

Source: https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-14122006-
123702/publico/Selecaolocaisbarragensrejeitos.pdf

2. Wind energy

“Step control is widely used in newer turbines. It is based on the step angle
setting, defined as the angle of the blade with the rotation plane, as can be
seen in Figure 3.8. Figure 3.8 - Step Angle. When the wind speed is low, to the
point of producing a power below the maximum, the step control is used to
control the angle of attack and leave it close to the optimal value, producing
the maximum support and maximizing the power. For winds that produce a lot
of torque, there are two options: the first, called pitch into feather, for
increasing the step angle to decrease the angle of attack and, consequently,
also decrease the supporting coefficient and torque; The second is the so-called
active stall control and it is based on increasing the angle of attack to cause stall
and decrease torque, as well as in the previous case. ”

Source: https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-31012019-
075149/publico/BrunoPegoraroCorr18.pdf
3. Medication

“Chemical stability and toxicity of tetrazols when Losartan was not on the
market, not even under development, any drug that presented a tetrazole
residue in its structure. Thus, there was no data on the toxicity of such a
system, especially in humans. There was a concern that tetrazole could be
decomposed, and that formed by-products could be toxic. For instance, the
books available on the system indicated that the 5-pheniltetrazole, low
molecular weight tetrazols, and some saline derivatives were explosive above
their melting points. Decomposed products observed included HN3, NH3, N2,
reactive niter, as well as nitrogen oxides. On the other hand, 5-supported
tetrazols are stable against bases, forming the respective salts, and moderately
stable against acids, as well as against oxidizing and reducing agents. Two
possible mechanisms for tetrazol decomposition are: 1. Retro-cycloaddition
[3+2] and 2. Tautomerization to the respective iminoyl azide followed by
elimination of HN3 or its salt (Scheme 1).”

Source:
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/85762/200859.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y