THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Religion- plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values
are anchored on it. It has affected their attitudes, characters and
perspectives in life

Globalization -refer to the worldwide interconnectedness of all areas of

contemporary social life.
One of these areas is religion which entails a personal or organized
system of religious beliefs and practices

Globalization affects religion in many ways

1.The rise of religious nationalism

Nationalism was closely associated with a particular religious belief.

Ex. Some of the basis of passing laws in the Philippines are based on Christianity.

2. The return of religion into the public life

Religion goes beyond administration of sacraments among Catholics.

Ex. Catholic Liberation Theology
Religion becomes the sole basis of the believers’ life.
Ex. Islam Fundamentalism
Religion goes beyond the administration of sacraments for Catholics and focuses more
onthe social concerns of the poor and the oppressed inside and outside the church.

3. The proliferation of international terrorism

Extremists believe that to fulfill God’s will it is their duty to achieve this through
violence.
 Ex. In 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a known extremist group,
triggered the locals of Mindanao to launch the Marawi Siege for five months.

4. The increasing personalized individual religiosity

Individual need to rely on his or her beliefs and relationship with the supreme being

Global migration also influences religion

Deterritorialization of religion
• Religious traditions in places where these previously had been largely unknown or
considered a minority (Roudometof, 2014)
• A cultural feature that blurs the lines between culture and place and thus transcends
territorial boundaries.

Easternization of the West

• The West, which is the starting point for the spread of world religious, is now the
recipient of a new system of beliefs from the East.
• There is also a rise in the number of believers of Asian, religions like Zoroastrianism,
Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.

Global Trends
• Respond to newfound situations.
• The use of social media as a tool for evangelization.

The interaction of Religion and culture resulted in a global-local-religion. It is a global religion

with a local mix.

Roudometof (2014) classify the four (4) distinct glocalization

1.Vernacularization
- refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages. For instance, Arabic is used
as Islam’s sacred language even outside the Arab World, while Greek and Latin remains to be
the primary languages of Christianity. This vernacularization of religion also results in the
creation of new branches of religion such as Orthidox Christianity which stems from
Christianity.

2. Indigenization
-transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic group

3. Nationalization
-constructs a link between the nation and church
4. Transnationalization
- focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national
homelands.

Religion: Peace & Conflict

Globalization of Religion: conflict

Persons responsible for global conflicts used religious doctrines, dogmas and even sacred books’
verses to
morally justify their actions.

Juergensmeyer (2014) Conflicts are about:

identity and economics
privilege and power
Extremists
–radical measures are necessary in achieving the will of God.

Fundamentalists
–men ought to return to very passages of its sacred books

Nationalists
- tie their traditions with their nation or homeland.

Globalization of Religion: Peace

The teachings of great religions on moral principles and values are NECESSARY tools for the:

O Doing away with greed

O Hatred
O Misconceptions

That are the root cause of conflict.

Religious peacemakers do their task concerning about:

• Humanitarian Assistance and Faith-centered Interventions
Humanitarian Assistance

GOAL: to help achieve peace by advancing poverty reduction and putting attention to economic
equality e.g. WORLD VISION, for example Christian humanitarian organization helping
children, families and communities overcome poverty and injustice
 Faith-centered Interventions

The efforts of religious organization to mediate understanding and peace

e.g. Pope Francis of the Roman Catholic religion had an important role in the US-Cuba deal that
ended the long conflict between the two nation-states.
 CHAPTER 5
GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

COURSE OVERVIEW:

This chapter presents the condition of the world through the development of global cities,
global population and global mobility that highlights the contribution to the globalization.
It also explores the ideas of some sociologist and political scientist that enlighten the
learners to the new condition and trends of the world in becoming more and more connected
among belief and people regardless of their races, nationality, and ethnicity.

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS OF UNLOCKING OF DIFFICULTIES

Global city –a city that plays a significant role in the global economic system.

Gentrification - driving out the poor in favor of newer, or wealthier residents

Demography - statistical study to determine world population that can be used as a tool identify
certain phenomenon.

Migration -is the movement of people from one area to another within a country (internal
migration) or from one country to another country (international migration).

Fertility - the number of children born per woman.

Morality - number of children dead.

Individualism - belief that a human being is the ultimate unit of moral concern

Cosmopolitanism - belief that all human belongs to a single community

 LESSON 1
THE GLOBAL CITY

Twenty-first century is a hub for a closer relation of States and wider perspective in
technological development. As such, the world become a spider web where people taught that
there is inter-connectivity of nations. It is in globalization that made civilizations become closer
to each other.
According to Thomas Friedman (2005), a liberalist, there are three (3) phases of the
known interconnectedness of states, Globalization
1. Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 to 1800 and “shrank the world from a size
large to a size medium”;
2. The second phase talks about the age of Pax Britannica where Great Britain was the
hegemonic power in terms of trade and economy, it is known as Globalization 2.0.
3. Globalization 3.0 occurred during the second half of the 20th century and this is also
the age of Pax Americana where the United States of America was the hegemonic
power in terms of security, trade and economy.

After the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980S, THE United States of America became
the sole superpower in theso-called Unipolar World. This system was developed by the reigning
hegemonic state by defeating other great powers, not necessarily in a military aspect, but in the
terms of economy and influence to other states in the world.
Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the present State does not use the tactics of force as a
primary strategy in maintaining its influence to another State rather it uses soft power to retain
her own dominance in the region.
According to Joseph Nye (2004) who actually coined this idea, Soft Power uses a
different type of tool to establish cooperation - an attraction to shared values and the “justness”
and “duty of contributing” to the achievement of those values.
He further posits that attraction has always been more effective than force; shared values
such as democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are highly persuasive.
Admittedly, the United State of America has been employing its soft power in various ways.

Role of Global Corporations in the Multipolar World

Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a substantial part in the global economy and do enjoy a
multitude of privileges such as unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth they draw from
their income.

MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise politically separated and clouted world under an all-
encompassing banner of commerce and economy.

Global Cities: What they are and how they are conceived
With the emergence of multinational corporations and the irrefutable continuity of nation-states
both as key actors of the global community each to their own respect, the world at least
figuratively seems to be smaller and more connected.

The result of this constant interaction between a wide array of cultures is a conglomeration of
cultures in a particular geographical setting which has been labelled as the Global City.

Global Cities thusly represent cities around the world that are exemplifying these characteristics
of a city better than other cities.

As the development of global condition, cultural diversity of markets among countries arise and
the world as we know it is currently in the state where people are diverse however connected.

The 21st century era brought the countries together into global competition and the connections
of the people are being closely sinking and sinking.

As the world becomes globally sinking, global civilizations are becoming prosperous with the
help of the multinational corporations and technological innovation.

The world in indeed becoming culturally diverse however, peaceful and competitive.
 LESSON 2
THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Through the years in teaching international relations and diplomacy, the world is indeed
changing.

By looking in the perspective of politics and sociology we can see that geography, multi-polarity
of power, and even the population growth is changing. The world is indeed flattening.

Globalization and the Global Demography

According to Thomas Friedman (2005) change is inevitable because of the flattening world. As
he travelled across the world, he talks to different nationalities, ethnicities, and different set of
classes. One thing he learned about, is that twenty-first century is becoming more globalize and
interconnected.

Technological innovation, economic cooperation, political alliance in international arena are

some of the examples of the new trends in international relations.

Defining Globalization
Globalization is defined in layman’s term as interconnectedness of the countries.

The concept of Viotti and Kauppi (2013) about this trend is a continual increase in transnational
and worldwide economic, social, and cultural interactions that surpass the boundaries of states
and the importance of political implications.

Defining Demography
Demography is a field in statistics that is concern in births, deaths, income, or the incidence of
disease through which later illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

In the context of political science, demography is a way to determine the population of the
people that can use as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration
and as such.

Role of Global Civil Society in Global Demography

The changing perspective of technology and the movement of international organizations (IOs)
has created the world a global civil society.

The idea of global civil society was seen during the ‘90s as a mosaic of new groups,
organizations and movements started to appear, which both sought to challenge or resist what
was seen as ‘corporate’ globalization and create alternative models of social, economic and
political development (Heywood, 2011).
To simplify, the role of global civil society in global demography is being the representative of
the globalized world.

Global Demography is about the trends and practices in world politics. Therefore, it is the study
of the issues and developments of the global population.

A Demographic Transition
Demography is moving and increasing however, according to Ronald Lee (2003) in the
transition, mortality rate declined and followed by the fertility, causing population growth rates
first to accelerate and then to slow again, moving toward low fertility.

The global demographic transition all began during the 19th century where Europeans are
declining in mortality rate (Lee, 2003) and some are rising societies in Asian and Latin American
regions.
Through the on-going transition of global demography, formal migration existed and there are
some historical trends occurred:

Colonialism; Inter-war reduction; and Post-world war migration.

Demographic transition is an on-going event in the history however, according to Lee (2003) it
will end in 2100.

Global demography is then a series of events in population growth, fertility and mortality rate for
the past years, decades, and/or centuries.
 LESSON 3
GLOBAL MIGRATION

Three (3) Worlds

During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world into three (3)
categories: The First World; Second World; &Third World.

As the world ended its bipolarity of hegemonic powers, American era was established. After a
decade American era ended it hegemonic supremacy.

According to Fareed Zakaria (2008), this was known as the post-American world and it is
defined as the diffusion of power from states to other actors.

The Post-American World

The rise of the “rest” includes not only states rather even the non-state actors.

In the idea of Huntington (1996), he claimed that Asian civilizations are expanding its economic,
political, and military strength.

This era was the period where states and non-state actors are rising, an era where the balancing
of power is unstable. The three (3) classifications turned into so-called Developed and
Developing states.

Developed and the Developing World

Developed countries are the westerners and those countries that are part of the northwestern
hemisphere.

Developing countries are the states which has low income rate. The latter are the countries from
the region of Africa and Asia.

These classifications emerge because of economic inequalities of states and in the societal level
of analysis people who are facing low income salary tried to move from one place to another
promising for a new life.

Huntington’s Eight (8) Global Civilizations

Connectedness of nations, ethnicities, and states are the new trends in international arena.
Civilizations became Global Civilizations

In the book of Samuel Huntington (1996) The Clash of the Civilization, global civilizations are
determined into eight (8) categories
After the Cold War, United States becoming the sole superpower declined its hegemony.
Through the rising global civilizations, the world turned into multipolar power.

The eight (8) global civilization are the:

1. The Westerns
2. The Latin Americans
3. Islamic civilization
4. The Sinic or the Chinese civilization
5. The Hindu
6. Orthodox
7. Japanese
8. The African

At present, people from these global civilizations tried to move from one place to another just to
have an economic stability, good life, and democratic freedom that his/her country don’t have.

Some globalists suggest that there is the factor of socio-morality that undermine the movement
of people from one place to another.

Cosmopolitanism and the Role of Migration

According to Heywood (2011) cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in the
‘world state’. This idea began its journey when globalization came into power in the 1950s.

Three (3) Elements of Cosmopolitanism

According to the analysis of Pogge (2008), there three (3) main elements of Cosmopolitanism,
and these are the following:
1. Individualism
2. Universality
3. Generality

Defining Migration
Migration is defined as the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by broader
social and economic structure and processes of transformation (International Migration Institute,
2011).

In the definition of Boswell (2002) however migration is not just economic gain but rather it is
more political.

Factors Why People Migrate

1. Social Inequality
2. Economic Depression
3. Freedom Deprivation
These oppressions occur at present and since Cosmopolitanism adhere to the equality and moral
integrity among men it has role on why people are moving.

The Global Migration and Conclusion

People are moving in and out of the countries. According to Henry Nau (2009), the present world
has itstransnational relations because countries trade with one another, and populations move
across state boundaries.

To better understand the concept of global migration, there are three (3) categories of this trend
1. Forced displacement
2. voluntary economic migration
3. refugees