35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS

210018, ChinaT: 86-25-84555421

W: www.nfls.com.cn

Hello prospective diligent students and parents!

IGCSE 0511 English as a Second Language

The Cambridge IGCSE curriculum is among the most prestigious internationally recognized pre-university qualifications.
Success in the programme guarantees entry into the world s best universities. NFLS is a school with a long history having
run the programme for 15 years. During this time, we have seen numerous students accepted into the world s elite
universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial College, LSE, Stanford, Cornell and Columbia. IGCSE 0511 provides a
solid foundation for the students to strive in all areas of study. The course focuses on all four aspects of language
learning: speaking, reading, listening, and writing. The themes studied range from hobbies and club activities to the
natural world. There is a conscious effort made to incorporate fun and exciting activities into the learning including:
creating our own cookbook, letter writing projects and creating our own epic stories. Our department prides ourselves
in helping the students achieve some of the highest scores in the world.

Course Aims

Develop learners ability to use English effectively for the purpose of practical communication

Form a solid foundation for the skills required for further study or employment using English as the medium

Develop learners awareness of the nature of language and language-learning skills

Promote learners personal development.

Course Objectives

Reading

R1 - identify and retrieve facts and details

R2 - understand and select relevant information

R3 - recognise and understand ideas, opinions and attitudes and the connections between related ideas

R4 - understand what is implied but not actually written, e.g. gist, relationships, writer s purpose intention, writer s
feelings, situation or place

Writing

W1 - communicate clearly, accurately and appropriately

W2 - convey information and express opinions effectively

W3 - employ and control a variety of grammatical structures

W4 - demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a range of appropriate vocabulary

W5 - observe conventions of paragraphing, punctuation and spelling

W6 - employ appropriate register/style

Listening

L1 - identify and retrieve facts and details

L2 - understand and select relevant information

L3 - recognise and understand ideas, opinions and attitudes and the connections between related ideas

L4 - understand what is implied but not actually stated, e.g. gist, relationships between speakers, speaker s
purpose intention, speaker s feelings, situation or place

Speaking

S1 - communicate clearly, accurately and appropriately

S2 - convey information and express opinions effectively

S3 - employ and control a variety of grammatical structures

S4 - demonstrate knowledge of a range of appropriate vocabulary

S5 - engage in and influence the direction of conversation

S6 - employ suitable pronunciation and stress patterns

Advice and homework for prospective students:

Expose yourself to as much authentic English as possible as this will help you get used to a wide range of
expressions and vocabulary that native English speakers use in real life. This can be done in several ways:
o Read articles, the news, magazines, blogs etc. on topics that interest you.
o Listen to podcasts and watch films or tv shows.
Actively use new vocabulary, structures, and expressions as you learn them. You should aim to use them in your
writing and speaking so that you do not just put things in a list and forget them.
Make sure that all your language exposure is contemporary and not too difficult for you to understand. It is
important that you do not lose motivation by exposing yourself to language that is too hard for you at this stage.

On the first day of the new school year, you will need to bring:
o A short introduction about yourself (1/2 page).
o A notebook full of new vocabulary and phrases you learned over the summer (at least 50 new words).
o Your top 3 favourite English songs.
o Read at least 1 full English novel suitable for your age and interests.
o A short summary of your favourite English book (1/2 page).
o An A4 size poster of what you did this summer.

As a department, we work hard to help students gain the love of learning. We understand that when students love what
they study, they are guaranteed to do well.

We look forward to seeing your bright and smiling faces in the next academic year!
Reading list 2021 / 2022:

If you’re not sure what to read, here are some age appropriate and exciting books. Please
find a book that you think you will enjoy, whether on this list or NOT.

1. The Hate U Give – Angie Thomas

2. All the Lights We Cannot See – Anthony Doerr
3. Legend Trilogy – Marie Lu
4. Maus – Art Spiegelman
5. The Outsiders – S.E. Hinton
6. Kite Runner – Khaled Hosseini
7. The Book Thief – Markus Zusak
8. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time – Mark Haddon
9. The Perks of Being a Wallflower – Stephen Chbosky
10. Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children – Ransom Riggs
11. Fahrenheit 451 – Ray Bradbury
12. The Martian – Andy Weir
13. Looking for Alaska – John Green
14. Unwind Series – Neal Shusterman
15. Divergent series– Veronica Roth

Text-Types: In the English program, you will need to know how to write a variety of different
types of texts, NOT essays. To prepare yourself for ALL the different types of formal and
informal writing, it is recommended that you become familiar with a variety of different
types of writing from different websites, magazines, books, and any other reliable sources.

1. Podcasts
https://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts
https://www.thisamericanlife.org/
https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab

2. Current events and anglophone news and articles for feature articles / interviews
www.theguardian.com
www.nytimes.com
https://www.rollingstone.com/

3. Reviews for movies / books / games

https://www.metacritic.com/

3. Magazine articles – Fashion / Style / Culture / Identity

https://www.teenvogue.com/
 35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
T: 86-25-84555421
W: www.nfls.com.cn

IGCSE Economics
Dear parents and students,

Cambridge IGCSE Economics are created especially for international students. It is accepted by universities and
employers as proof of knowledge and understanding of Economics. Successful Cambridge IGCSE Economics
candidates gain lifelong skills, including:

•an understanding of economic theory, terminology and principles

•the ability to apply the tools of economic analysis
•the ability to distinguish between facts and value judgements in economic issues
•an understanding of, and an ability to use, basic economic numeracy and literacy
•the ability to take a greater part in decision-making processes in everyday life
•an ability to use examples from a variety of economies
•an excellent foundation for advanced study in economics.

Our programme balance a thorough knowledge and understanding of a subject and help to develop the skills
learners need for their next steps in education or employment.

Course aims

The aims are to enable students to:

•know and understand economic terminology, concepts and theories
•use basic economic numeracy and interpret economic data
•use the tools of economic analysis
•express economic ideas logically and clearly in a written form
•apply economic understanding to current economic issues.

Content overview 经济学大纲

1. The basic economic problem 经济问题（资源定义，机会成本，生产曲线）

The first section of the syllabus introduces the fundamental ideas and concepts that underpin the study of
economics including the basic economic problem, factors of production, opportunity cost and production
possibility curves.

2. The allocation of resources 资源分配（价格分配，需求与供给，经济弹性）

The fundamental principles of resource allocation are considered through the price mechanism in a market
economy. The market forces of demand and supply, market equilibrium and disequilibrium, and elasticity form
the core of this section.
1
 35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
T: 86-25-84555421
W: www.nfls.com.cn

3. Microeconomic decision makers 微观经济决策者 （银行，消费者，工人，工会，企业）

The microeconomy is an important area of study, and the approach to learning taken here is through the role of
the major decision makers: banks, households, workers, trade unions and firms.

4. Government and the macroeconomy 政府和宏观经济学 （政府五大目标和国家经济政策）

Governments have different macroeconomic aims, and conflicts often arise between the choice of measures
used to achieve them. Variables must be measured to consider the causes and consequences of change, and
appropriate policies applied.

5. Economic development 经济发展（人口，生活水准，贫穷和收入分配）

As an economy develops there will be changes in population, living standards, poverty and income
redistribution. Therefore, the effects of changes in the size and structure of population and of other influences
on development in a variety of countries are explored.

6. International trade and globalization 国际贸易和全球经济学 （自由贸易，绝对优势与比较优势，跨国公

司，汇率和进出口贸易）
The importance of trade between countries and the growth of globalisation is explored. Principles such as
specialisation, the role of free trade, the role of multinational companies, foreign exchange rates and balance of
payments stability are considered.

Advice for students

Ÿ Read the textbook during the summer holiday, look up the terminology that you don’t understand or not
familiar with and take a note. 建议大家暑假提前预习课本，遇到不认识的单词进行查阅和标注，并做好
笔记。课本里面出现频率高的重点单词一定要记录下来，会考经济定义。

Ÿ Keep up an Economics vocabulary book, highlight some key words and this will help you to develop your
Economics terminology very quickly. 建议大家准备一个经济词汇本，把遇到的重难点单词或者不认识的
单词记录下来，这样可以帮助大家更好的掌握经济类词汇。

Ÿ Expose yourself to as much business/finance/economics news as possible as students are encouraged to focus
learning of the subject content around real, relevant and up-to-date economic events that affect the whole world
and China. 建议大家多看经济，商务和财经相关的新闻，这样有助于大家更好的掌握经济类时事新闻，
能够更好的把经济学理论联合实际运用起来。

** 经济是一门全新的学科，需要学生不仅要掌握扎实的经济学基础知识，同时还要有优秀的英语表达能力，
能够顺畅的用英语来表达一个经济学理论和实际运用能力。所以良好的英语能力对学好经济有相当大的帮
助。希望大家在暑假多学习一些课本上遇到的经济学单词，特别是词汇表上的单词，这些单词的掌握对学
好经济有很大的帮助。经济要学好，最好的状态是在理解经济学理论的基础上进行背诵。如果英语不好的
同学建议直接背诵课本上的整段原版英文，对英语和经济学习都非常有帮助。

Looking forward to seeing you all in the next academic year!

2
Glossary
Absolute poverty is an extreme form of poverty;
it indicates the number of people who cannot
afford minimal standards of basic human
needs (food, clothing, health care and shelter).
Appreciation of a currency occurs when there
is an increase in its value relative to another
currency operating in a floating exchange rate
system.
Average costs are calculated by dividing total
costs by the number of units produced.
Backward vertical integration occurs when
a firm from the secondary sector of industry
merges with a firm from the primary sector
of industry or a firm from the tertiary sector
of industry merges with a firm from the
secondary sector of industry.
Bad debts occur when people or businesses
cannot repay a loan.
Balance of payments is a financial record of
a country’s transactions with the rest of the
world for a given time period, per time period.
Balance of trade (or simply the trade balance)
is the difference between a country’s
total export earnings and its total import
expenditure.
Barriers to entry are the obstacles that prevent
other firms from effectively entering the
market. Examples include the existence of
intellectual property rights, large advertising
budgets of existing firms and legal constraints
to prevent wasteful competition.
Barriers to trade are obstructions to
free trade, imposed by a government to
safeguard national interests by reducing the
competitiveness of foreign firms.
Bartering is the act of swapping items in
exchange for other items through a process of
bargaining and negotiation.
Base year refers to the starting year when
calculating a price index.
Basic economic problem is how to allocate
scarce resources to satisfy unlimited needs and
wants.
Birth rate measures the number of live births
per thousand of the population in a year.
Borrowing occurs when an individual, firm
or the government takes out a loan from a
financial institution, paying back the debt with
interest over a period of time.
Business is an organisation that sells goods and/
or services.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Business cycle describes the fluctuations in
the economic activity of a country over time,
thus creating a long-term trend of economic
growth in the economy.
Capital refers to manufactured resources used
to further the production process, e.g. tools,
machinery and buildings.
Capital-intensive production happens when a
firm spends proportionately more money on
capital costs than any other factor of production.
Central bank is the term used to describe the
monetary authority that oversees and manages
the supply of money and the banking system
of the nation.
Chain of production describes how businesses
from the primary, secondary and tertiary
sectors work interdependently to make a
product and sell it to the final customer.
Collateral means security for a loan, e.g.
property in the case of a mortgage, or the car
purchased in the case of a car loan.
Collective bargaining occurs when a trade
union representative negotiates on behalf of
its members with the employer to reach an
agreement which both sides find acceptable.
Commercial banks are retail banks that provide
financial services to their customers, such
as accepting savings account deposits and
approving bank loans.
Complements are products that are demanded
(for their use) together with other products.
For example, tea and milk or the cinema and
popcorn are jointly demanded.
Conglomerate integration/lateral
integration/diversification occurs when a
merger or takeover occurs between two firms
from unrelated areas of business.
Conspicuous consumption occurs when
people purchase highly expensive goods and
services due to status or a desired image.
Consumer prices index (CPI) is a weighted
index of consumer prices in the economy over
time. It is used to measure the cost of living
for an average household.
Consumer spending refers to the amount of
household expenditure per time period.
Consumption is the value of all private
household consumption within a country.
Co-operatives are business organisations set up,
owned and run by their members, who may be
employees and/or customers.
1
Glossary
Cost-push inflation is a cause of inflation,
triggered by higher costs of production, which
force up prices.
Costs are the payments made by firms during
the production process, e.g. the cost of land,
labour, capital and enterprise.
Current account is a component of the balance
of payments that records all exports and
imports of goods and services between a
country and the rest of the world.
Current account deficit occurs when a
country’s financial outflows are greater than
its financial inflows.
Current account surplus exists if a country’s
financial inflows are greater than its financial
outflows.
Death rate measures the number of deaths per
thousand of the population in a year.
Deflation is the sustained fall in the general
price level in an economy over time, i.e. the
inflation rate is negative.
Demand refers to the willingness and the ability
of customers to pay a given price to buy a
good or service. The higher the price of a
product, the lower its demand tends to be.
Demand for labour is the number of workers
firms are willing and able to employ at a given
wage rate.
Demand-pull inflation is a cause of inflation,
triggered by higher levels of aggregate demand
in the economy, which drive up the general
price level.
Demerger occurs when two previously merged
firms decide to break up and become two
separate firms.
Demerit goods are goods or services which
when consumed cause negative spillover effects
in an economy, e.g. cigarettes, alcohol and
gambling. Demerit goods are over-consumed
due to imperfect consumer information about
such goods.
Demographics is the study of population
distribution and trends.
Dependency ratio is a comparison of the
number of people who are not in the labour
force with the number of people in active paid
employment.
Depreciation of a currency occurs when there is
a fall in its value relative to another currency
operating in a floating exchange rate system.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Deregulation is a supply-side policy of making
markets more competitive by removing barriers
to entry and other market imperfections.
Derived demand means that the demand for
factors of production occurs not for their own
sake but for the goods and services that they
are used to produce.
Devaluation occurs when the price of a currency
operating in a fixed exchange rate system is
officially and deliberately lowered.
Direct taxes are government charges imposed
on income and wealth, such as income tax and
inheritance tax.
Diseconomies of scale occur when average
costs of production start to increase as the size
of a firm increases.
Disinflation occurs when the rate of inflation
falls, but is above zero, i.e. prices are generally
still rising, only at a slower rate.
Disposable income refers to the earnings of an
individual after income tax and other charges
have been deducted.
Dissaving occurs when people spend their savings.
Diversification is when a merger or takeover
occurs between firms from different sectors
of industry that operate in unrelated areas of
business.
Division of labour is the specialisation of
labour by getting workers to focus on one
aspect of the production process.
Dumping is the act of selling exports at
artificially low prices, below those charged by
domestic firms, and often less than the costs
of production.
Economic agents are households (private
individuals in society), firms that operate
in the private sector of an economy and the
government (the public sector of an economy).
Economic goods are those which are limited in
supply.
Economic growth is the increase in the level
of national output, i.e. the annual percentage
change in GDP.
Economic system describes the way in which an
economy is organised and run, including how
to best allocate society’s scarce resources.
Economies of scale occur when average costs of
production fall as the size of a firm increases.
Embargo is a type of protection by placing a
ban on the trade of a certain good or with a
particular country.
2
Glossary
Employer refers to a person or a firm that hires
other workers to an organisation.
Employment refers to the use of factors of
production in the economy, such as labour.
Equilibrium occurs when the quantity
demanded for a product is equal to the
quantity supplied of the product, i.e. there are
no shortages or surpluses.
Equilibrium wage rate is determined when the
wage rate workers are willing to work for equals
the wage rate that firms are prepared to pay.
Excess demand occurs when the demand for
a product exceeds the supply of the product
at certain price levels. This happens when
the price is set below the equilibrium price,
resulting in shortages.
Excess supply occurs when the supply of
a product exceeds the demand at certain
price levels. This results in a surplus because
the price is too high, i.e. above the market
equilibrium price.
Exchange rate refers to the price of one currency
measured in terms of other currencies.
Exports are goods and services sold to overseas
buyers.
External benefits are the positive side effects of
production or consumption incurred by third
parties for which no money is paid by the
beneficiary.
External costs are the negative side effects of
production or consumption incurred by third
parties for which no compensation is paid.
External economies of scale are economies of
scale that arise from factors outside of the firm,
for example, the location of the firm, proximity
to transport, availability of skilled workers.
Externalities (or spillover effects) occur where
the actions of firms and individuals have either
a positive or negative effect on third parties.
Fertility rate measures the average number of
births per woman. It is used as a component
to measure population growth.
Financial economies of scale occur as large
firms are able to borrow money from banks
more easily than small firms because they
are perceived to be less risky to the financial
institutions.
Fiscal policy is the use of taxes and government
spending to affect macroeconomic objectives
such as economic growth and employment.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Fixed exchange rate system exists when the
central bank (or monetary authority) buys and
sells foreign currencies to ensure the value of
its currency stays at the pegged value.
Floating exchange rate system means that the
currency is allowed to fluctuate against other
currencies according to the market forces
without any government intervention.
Foreign aid is a form of financial assistance for
economic development from other countries
or non-government organisations such as
Oxfam and Unicef.
Foreign exchange market is the marketplace
where foreign currencies can be bought and sold.
Forward vertical integration occurs when
a firm from the primary sector of industry
merges with a firm from the secondary sector
of industry or a firm from the secondary
sector of industry merges with a firm from the
tertiary sector of industry.
Free goods are goods which are unlimited in
supply, such as air or seawater.
Free riders are people who take advantage of the
goods or services provided by the government
but have not contributed to government
revenue through taxation.
Free trade refers to international trade without
any protectionist barriers between countries.
Functions of money describe the role that
money plays in the economy: money is a
medium of exchange, a store of value and a
measure of value (or unit of account).
Fundamental economic questions are the key
questions that all economic systems strive to
answer: what, how and for whom production
should take place.
GDP per head (or GDP per capita) measures the
gross domestic product of a country divided
by the population size. It is a key measure of a
country’s standards of living.
Geographical mobility occurs when a person is
prepared to relocate to another area for a job.
Go-slow occurs when workers decide to complete
their work leisurely and therefore productivity
falls.
Goods are physical items such as tables, cars,
toothpaste and pencils.
Government expenditure is the total value of
a government’s consumption and investment
spending and transfer payments, such as
unemployment benefits and state pension schemes.
3
Glossary
Gross domestic product (GDP) measures
the monetary value of goods and services
produced within a country for a given period
of time, usually one year.
Horizontal integration occurs when two
firms in the same sector of industry and same
industry merge together.
Human Development Index (HDI) is the
UN’s measure of wellbeing which uses
three criteria: life expectancy, educational
attainment and income per capita.
Hyperinflation refers to very high rates of
inflation that are out of control, causing
average prices in the economy to rise very
rapidly.
Imported inflation is a cause of inflation
triggered by higher import prices, forcing up
costs of production and thus causing domestic
inflation.
Imports are foreign goods and services bought
by domestic households and firms.
Income is the total amount of earnings an
individual receives in a period of time. It may
consist of wages, interest, dividends, profits
and rental income.
Indirect taxes are taxes imposed on expenditure,
i.e. sales taxes such as value added tax (VAT).
Industrial action is any deliberate act to disrupt
the operations of a firm in order to force the
management to negotiate better terms and
conditions of employment, e.g. strike action.
Inflation is the sustained rise in the general level
of prices of goods and services over time, as
measured by a consumer price index.
Innovation is the commercialisation of new ideas
and products. It is a vital source of productivity.
Interdependence means that the three sectors
of industry are dependent upon each other
and cannot operate independently to produce
goods and services.
Internal economies of scale are economies of
scale that arise from the internal organisation
of the business, for example, financial, bulk-
buying and technological economies of scale.
International specialisation occurs when certain
countries concentrate on the production of
certain goods or services due to cost advantages,
perhaps due to their abundant resources.
International trade refers to the exchange of
goods and services beyond national borders.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Investment expenditure is the sum of capital
spending by all businesses within a country.
Investments are goods that are purchased not to
be consumed but to create wealth.
Invisible exports refer to the earnings from
selling services to foreign customers.
Invisible imports refer to the spending
on services provided by firms in overseas
countries.
Invisible trade balance is a record of the
trade in services, such as transportation and
financial services.
Labour force participation rate is the
percentage of the working-age population that
is working.
Labour-intensive production occurs when
labour costs account for proportionately
more of a firm’s costs than any other cost of
production.
Labour supply consists of people who are of
working age and are willing and able to work
at prevailing wage rates.
Less economically developed countries
(LEDCs) are developing countries, with low
GDP per capita, so standards of living are
generally poor.
Life expectancy measures the number of years
an average person in the country is expected
to live.
Limited company is a company owned by
shareholders who have limited liability.
Limited liability means that in the event of a
company going bankrupt, the owners would
not lose more than the amount they invested
in the company.
Managerial economies of scale occur as large
firms have the resources to employ specialists
to undertake functions within the firm, e.g.
accountants, engineers, human resources
specialists.
Managers are responsible for controlling all or
part of a company.
Market economy is a type of economic system
that relies on the market forces of demand
and supply to allocate resources with minimal
government intervention.
Market failure occurs when the market forces
of demand and supply fail to allocate resources
efficiently and cause external costs or external
benefits.
4
Glossary
Market structure refers to the key
characteristics of a particular market, such as
the number and size of firms in the market,
the degree and intensity of price and non-
price competition, and the nature of barriers
to entry.
Marketing economies of scale occur as big
firms tend to have a large advertising budget
and therefore can spend large amounts of
money on promoting their products.
Merger occurs when two firms join together to
make one firm.
Merit goods are goods or services which when
consumed create positive spillover effects in
an economy, e.g. education, training and
health care. Merit goods are under-consumed
so government intervention is often needed.
Mixed economy is a type of economic
system that combines elements of both the
planned and market economic systems, with
some resources being owned and controlled
by private individuals and firms whilst
others are owned and controlled by the
government.
Monetary policy refers to the use of interest
rates, exchange rates and the money supply
to control macroeconomic objectives and to
affect the level of economic activity.
Money is anything that is widely accepted as a
means of exchange (and acts as a measure and
store of value).
Money supply refers to the amount of money in
the economy at a particular point in time.
Monopoly is a market structure where there is
only one supplier of a good or service, with
the power to affect market supply or prices.
More economically developed countries
(MEDCs) are developed countries, with high
GDP per capita, so standards of living are
generally good.
Mortgage is a secured loan for the purchase of
property.
Multinationals are businesses that operate in
two or more countries. Examples include
Apple, BMW, HSBC, Marks & Spencer, Nike
and Sony.
National minimum wage is the lowest amount
a firm can pay its workers and is set by the
government.
Nationalisation is the process of taking
assets into state ownership. A nationalised
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
organisation is also known as a public-sector
organisation.
Needs are goods that are essential for survival.
Net exports refers to the monetary value of the
difference between a nation’s export earnings
and its import expenditure.
Net income flows are a record of a country’s
net income earned from capital flows.
Net migration rate measures the difference
between immigration and emigration rates
for a country, and thus indicates the physical
movement of people in and out of a country.
Occupational mobility is when a person can
easily move from one type of job to another.
Opportunity cost is the cost of the next
best opportunity foregone when making a
decision.
Optimum population exists when the
output of goods and services per head of the
population is maximised.
Overspecialisation occurs when an individual,
firm, region or country concentrates too much
on producing a very limited number of goods
and services. This exposes the economic agent
to a far higher degree of risk.
Owners have a legal right to the possession of
something.
Partnerships are businesses owned by between
two and twenty owners, who pool funds and
take risks together, but have to share profits
between themselves.
Perfect competition describes a market where
there is immense competition due to the
absence of barriers to entry. This means there
are many small firms competing in the market,
none of which have any power to influence
market supply or price.
Planned economy is a type of economic system
that relies on the government allocating
scarce resources. It is often associated with
a communist political system that strives for
social equality. Also referred to as the socialist
or command system.
Population refers to the total number of
inhabitants of a particular country.
Population growth refers to the rate of change
in the size of a country’s population.
Population pyramids are a graphical
representation of the age and gender
distribution of a country’s population.
5
Glossary
Poverty is a condition that exists when people
lack adequate income and wealth to sustain a
basic standard of living.
Price is the amount of money expected or given
in payment for something.
Price discrimination is the practice of charging
different prices to different customers for
essentially the same product. It occurs because
of the customers’ differences in PED.
Price elastic demand describes demand for
a product that is responsive to changes
in price, usually due to substitutes being
available.
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures
the extent to which demand for a product
changes due to a change in its price.
Price elasticity of supply (PES) measures the
degree of responsiveness of quantity supplied
of a product following a change in its price.
Price inelastic demand describes demand for
a product that is unresponsive to changes in
price, mainly because of the lack of substitutes
for the product.
Price setter (or maker) describes a firm with
significant market power so it can control
enough of the market supply in order to affect
the price level.
Price stability means that inflation is under
control so that price movements are
predictable.
Price takers are firms that set their price
according to the market forces of demand and
supply, rather than determining their own
prices.
Private benefits are the benefits of production
and consumption enjoyed by a firm, individual
or government.
Private costs of production and consumption
are the actual costs of a firm, individual or
government such as wages and raw material
costs.
Private limited company has limited liability
and can sell shares to raise finance but not to
the general public.
Privatisation is a supply-side policy of selling off
state-owned assets to the private sector.
Producer refers to any firm that deals in the
production and/or provision of goods and
services.
Production refers to the total output of goods
and services in the production process.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Production possibility curve (PPC) represents
the maximum amount of goods and services
which can be produced in an economy, i.e. the
productive capacity of the economy.
Productivity is a measure of efficiency arrived at
by calculating the amount of output per unit
of a factor input (such as output per worker or
output per machine hour).
Profit is the positive numerical difference
between revenues and costs. It is the reward
for risk-taking in business.
Progressive taxation is a tax system that
deducts a greater proportion of tax as a
person’s income level increases, e.g. income tax
and capital gains tax.
Proportional taxation is a tax system that
deducts the same proportion of tax at all
income levels.
Protection is the use of trade barriers
to safeguard a country from excessive
international trade and foreign competition.
Public company is a firm that can sell its shares
on a stock exchange, e.g. Microsoft, HSBC
and Samsung.
Public corporations (public sector
organisations) are organisations that are
wholly owned and funded by a government,
such as the postal office.
Purchasing or bulk buying economies of
scale occur when the cost of raw materials
falls when bought in large quantities thus
reducing the average costs.
Quota is a type of protection that sets a numerical
limit on the number of imports allowed into a
country over a specified time period.
Real GDP refers to the value of national income
(GDP) adjusted for inflation to reflect the
true value of goods and services produced in a
given year.
Recession occurs in the business cycle when
there is a fall in GDP for two consecutive
quarters.
Regional specialisation occurs when certain
areas concentrate on the production of certain
goods or services, e.g. Hollywood, in Los
Angeles, is famous for its motion pictures
industry.
Regressive taxation is a tax system that deducts
a smaller proportion of tax as a person’s
income increases, e.g. sales taxes and stamp
duties.
6
Glossary
Regulation refers to the rules and laws that
govern business behaviour in the economy,
e.g. employment laws, consumer protection
legislation and environmental protection
laws.
Relative poverty is a comparative measure of
poverty. Those in relative poverty have a lower
standard of living in comparison with the
average member of society.
Replacement fertility rate is the number of
children that the average woman must have
to replace the existing population in order to
maintain a stable population size.
Research and development economies of
scale occur as large firms may be able to fund
research and development and therefore can
be innovative and create products that enable
them to be leaders in their area of business.
Retail prices index (RPI) is used to calculate
the rate of inflation. Unlike the CPI, the
RPI includes the cost of housing, including
mortgage interest payments and other housing
costs but excludes low-income pensioners and
high-income households.
Revaluation occurs when the price of a currency
operating in a fixed exchange rate system is
officially and deliberately increased.
Revenue refers to the money a firm earns from
its sales, before deducting costs of production.
Risk-bearing economies of scale occur
as large firms tend to produce a range of
products and operate in many locations.
Salary is a fixed monthly payment in return for
labour services.
Saving occurs when a person puts aside some of
their current income for future spending.
Savings ratio refers to the proportion of
household income which is saved instead of
consumed in an economy.
Services are non-physical items such as haircuts,
bus journeys, telephone calls and internet
access.
Shareholders are the part-owners of a limited
liability company.
Sit-in is when union members go to their place
of work, occupy the premises but do not
undertake their normal work.
Social benefits are the true (or full) benefits of
consumption or production, i.e. the sum of
private benefits and external benefits.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Social costs are the true (or full) costs of
consumption or production, i.e. the sum of
private costs and external costs.
Sole trader is a person who owns and runs a
business as single proprietor. S/he takes all the
risks but keeps any profit made by the business.
Specialisation occurs when individuals, firms,
regions or countries concentrate on the
production of a particular good or service.
Specialisation of labour occurs when a worker
becomes an expert in a particular profession or
in a part of a production process.
Stakeholders are any economic agents with a
vested interest in the operations of a business,
e.g. shareholders, employees and customers.
Standards of living refer to the social and
economic wellbeing of individuals in a country
at a point in time.
Stock exchange is the term used to describe an
institutional marketplace for trading the shares
of public limited companies.
Stocks (or inventories) are the raw materials,
components and finished goods (ready for
sale) used in the production process.
Strike occurs when union members withdraw
their labour services by refusing to work.
Subsidies are a form of financial support from
the government to lower the production
costs of domestic firms, thereby raising their
competitiveness.
Subsidy is a sum of money given by the
government to a producer to reduce the costs
of production or to a consumer to reduce the
price of consumption.
Substitutes are products that are in competitive
demand as they can be used in place of
each other. For example, tea and coffee or
McDonald’s and Burger King meals are
substitute products.
Supply is the willingness and the ability of firms
to provide a good or service at given prices.
The higher the price of a product, the higher
its supply tends to be.
Supply-side policies are the long-term strategies
aimed at increasing the productive capacity of
the economy by improving the quality and/or
quantity of factors of production.
Takeover occurs when a firm is taken over by
another firm. A takeover may be hostile or the
two firms may have agreed to the takeover.
7
Glossary
Tariffs are import taxes that are imposed on
foreign goods.
Tax avoidance is the legal act of minimising
payment of taxes, such as by avoiding spending
on items with a large sales tax.
Tax burden is the amount of tax that
households and firms have to pay.
Tax evasion is the illegal act of not paying the
correct amount of tax, perhaps due to a firm
under-declaring its profits.
Taxes are government levies on income and
expenditure, used to fund government
expenditure to affect economic activity.
Technical economies of scale occur as large
firms can afford to purchase expensive pieces
of machinery and automated equipment for
the manufacturing process.
Trade protection is the use of trade barriers
to safeguard a country against excessive
international trade and foreign competition.
Trade union is an organisation which aims
to protect the interests of its members,
namely the terms of pay and conditions of
employment.
Transfers are money flows from one country to
another, e.g. income sent by a foreign worker
to their home country, or a gift of money from
one government to another.
Unemployment occurs when people of working
age who are both willing and able to work
cannot find employment.
Unemployment rate is a measure of the
percentage of a country’s workforce that is out
of employment.
Unitary price elasticity occurs when the
percentage change in the quantity demanded
(or supplied) is proportional to the change in
the price, so there is no change in the sales
revenue.
Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
Unlimited liability means that if a business
goes bankrupt, the owner(s) is/are personally
liable for the debts, even if it means personal
belongings have to be sold.
Vertical integration occurs when a takeover or
merger takes place between two firms from a
different sector of industry.
Visible exports are goods which are sold to
foreign customers.
Visible imports are goods bought by domestic
customers from foreign sellers.
Visible trade balance is a record of the export
and import of physical goods.
Wage-price spiral occurs when trade unions
negotiate higher wages to keep income in line
with inflation but this simply causes more
inflation as firms raise prices to maintain their
profit margins.
Wage is the return for labour services, paid hourly
or weekly. Payment depends on the amount of
time worked.
Wants are goods and services that are not
necessary for survival but are demanded by
economic agents.
Wealth is measured by the value of assets a
person owns minus their liabilities (the
amount they owe to others).
Work-to-rule means that workers literally work
to fulfil the minimum requirements of their
job and do nothing outside what is written in
their contract of employment.
Working population (or labour force) is the
number of people in an economy who are of
working age and are willing and able to work.
8
 Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
Learning Material for Additional Math and Some Assignments
Dear incoming G10 students,
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
Learning Material for Additional Math and Some Assignments
35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
T: 86-25-84555421
Dear incoming
Welcome G10
to join NFLS students,
ICC and the booklet will introduce Additional Math to you and
W: www.nfls.com.cn
Learning Material for Additional Math
assign some homework for you to finish during the summer holiday!
and Some Assignments
Dear incoming G10 students,
Welcome to join NFLS ICC and the booklet will introduce Additional Math to you and
IGCSE Additional Maths
assign
Dear 1some
Part incoming homework to for
G10 students,
Introduction you to finish
additional mathduring the summer holiday!
Welcome to join NFLS ICC and the booklet will introduce Additional Math to you and
assign some homework
Dear1incoming for you to finish during the summer holiday!
Part
Welcome
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Introduction
tomath NFLS students,
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Part 1 Introduction
Welcome to join NFLS additional
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booklet will introduce Additional Math to you and assign some
Additional
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G12. Infor is the
additional hardest math
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you would in UK
learn the junior
following topics: and it will prepare
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and G12.
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math, you would learn the following topics:

1
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
T: 86-25-84555421
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
W: www.nfls.com.cn

2
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
35-4 North
T: 86-25-84555421
Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu
W: www.nfls.com.cn

3
 Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu

Part 2 Homework

During the summer holiday, you can do the following two things to prepare for
additional math course in G10.

Task 1

Review the following topics which you have learned in junior school:
o Functions (函数)

o Simultaneous equations (方程组)

o Quadratic functions and quadratic equations (二次函数和二次方程)

o Indices and surds (指数式和根式)

o Trigonometric functions (三角函数)

In additional math, you will still focus on these topics. Some of the points are the same
as you have learned in junior school while some of the points you will learn more about
them. So be familiar with these topics would deepen your understanding of the math
you will learn next academic year.

Task 2

Check the meaning of the following terminologies in mathematics and try to remember
the meaning of them.

English Chinese English Chinese

o function o parallel
o domain o perpendicular
o range o bisector
o image o arc
o quadratic o radian
o maximum o sector
o minimum o trigonometry
o intersect o amplitude
o tangent o period
o inequalities o identity
o absolute value o permutation
o cubic o combination
polynomials
o substitution o binomial
o moduli o progression
 Learning material for incoming G10 students ---- By Dora Liu

o index o series
o surd o vector
o remainder o magnitude
o factor o direction
o simultaneous o subtract
equations
o exponent o product
o logarithm o quotient
o integer o plane
 VOCABULARY LIST
Section 1: Arithmetic Ratios
1 Ratio ⽐ 例例
2 Proportion ⽐ 例例
3 Fraction 分 ， 分

4 Cross-multiplying 交叉 乘

5 Circular 圆
6 Right circular cone 圆 体
7 Radius 半

8 Volume 体

9 Distance

10 Rate

Least common
11 ⼩ 公倍
multiple

12 Three times 三倍

13 Percentage 分⽐
14 Denominator 分⺟
15 Length

16 Sphere 体

17 Diameter
18 Area ⾯
19 Height ⾼

20 Average speed 均

21 Time

Greatest common
22 ⼤ 公
divisor

Section 2: Polynomials and their zeros

23 Polynomial

24 The constant term

25 The quadratic term ⼆ 二

Four degree
26 四
polynomial

27 Expand
28 y-intercept Y

29 Perfect cube 全⽴ ⽅
30 Real root

31 Minimum ⼩ 值

32 Point of intersection 交

33 Zero

34 The linear term

35 Cubic polynomial 三

⾸ 为1
36 Monic polynomial

The leading
37 主
coefficient

1
38 Perfect square 全 ⽅

39 Linear function ⽅
40 Double root ⼆ 二

41 Maximum ⼤ 值

42 Graph 图像

43 Negative integer

44 Divide

45 Equal

46 Prime factor 因⼦

47 Remainder 余

48 Equation

Section 3: Exponentials and radicals

49 Exponential

50 Power ,

51 Real value 值
52 Perfect square 全 ⽅

53 Coefficient

54 Term

55 Numerator 分⼦
56 Common base 共同基

57 Triple 三倍
58 Radical

59 Identity

60 Negative integer

61 Multiplication 乘
62 Polynomial expansion

63 Binomial theorem ⼆二 理
64 Denominator 分⺟

65 Double 双倍
66 Function 函

Section 4: Defined functions and operations

67 Defined function 义函
68 Binary operation ⼆ 二元
69 Domain 义域
70 Commutative 代

71 Identity

72 Even digit 偶 位
73 Sum and product 和
74 Infinitely many

75 Algebra 代
76 Real value function 值函
77 Equation

78 Range 值域

2
79 Associative 关

80 Inverse 反
81 Tens and unit digits ⼗ 十位和个位

82 Notation 号

83 Mean 均

Section 5: Triangle geometry

84 Right triangle ⻆ 三⻆

85 Isosceles triangle 三⻆

86 Polygon

87 Perimeter 周

88 Segment

89 Height ⾼

90 Perpendicular 垂 ,垂
91 Centroid ⼼ ， ⼼
92 Vertical angle ⻆
93 Inscribed circle 内切圆

94 Bisect ⼆ 二 分
95 Equilateral triangle 三⻆
96 Rectangle

97 Area ⾯

98 Midpoint 中
99 Intersect 交叉
100 Altitude 垂 ，⾼
101 Vertex ⾼ ，

102 Radii 半 (复 )

103 Congruent 全

104 Circumscribed circle 圆

105 Trisect 三 分

Section 6: Circle geometry

106 Internally tangent 内切
107 Adjacent circle 圆
108 Congruent 全

109 Quadrilateral 四

110 Equidistant

111 Externally tangent 切

112 Circumference 圆周，周

113 Diagonal ⻆

114 Perpendicular 垂

Section 7: Polygons
115 Polygon

116 Polygon 凸五

3
117 Line segment

118 Tangent 切
119 Major arc 优

120 Rectangle

121 Rhombus

122 Circle 圆

123 Degree ⻆

124 Minor arc 劣

125 Interior angle 内⻆

126 Congruent 全

127 Plane ⾯

128 Parallelogram ⾏ 行四

129 Octagon ⼋ 八
130 Mid point 中
131 Trapezoid

132 Edges

133 Vertex

134 Polyhedron ⾯ 体

135 Square ⽅

136 Diagonal ⻆

137 Equilateral triangle 三⻆

138 Quadrilateral 四

Section 8: Counting
139 Count

140 Arrangement 列列
141 Binomial coefficient ⼆ 二

142 Positive integer

143 Multiple

144 Bijection 双

145 Quotient 商

146 Ten decimal digit ⼗ 十位

147 Vertex

148 Permutation 列列

149 Combination 合

150 Floor function 向下取

Even three-digit
151 三位偶
integer

152 Fraction 分
153 Average 均

154 Remainder 余

155 Convex pentagon 凸五

156 Diagonal ⻆

Section 9: Probability
4
157 Equal probability

158 Adjacent

159 Equilateral triangle 三⻆

160 Circumcenter ⼼

161 Geometric probability 几何

162 Right triangle ⻆ 三⻆

163 Incenter 内⼼

164 Permutation

165 Combination 合

166 Ratio ⽐ 例例

（ 同
167 Modular arithmetic
余）

168 Positive factor 因⼦

Section 10: Prime decomposition

169 Prime

170 Prime factors 因⼦

171 Horizontal plane 因⼦

172 Decimal form ⼩

173 Quadratic equation ⼆二 ⽅

174 Pa cal ia gle 卡三⻆

Greatest common
175 ⼤ 公
divisor(gcd)

176 Composite 合

177 Perfect cube 全⽴ ⽅

178 K digits K位

179 Roots

180 Prime number

181 Denominators 分⺟

Section 11: Number theory

182 Palindrome 回⽂
183 Surface area ⾯
184 Rectangular

Consecutive positive
185
integers

186 Subset ⼦
187 Remainder 余
188 Volume 体
189 Modulo 块

Section 12: Sequences and series

Consecutive positive
190
integers

191 Term

5
 35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
T: 86-25-84555421
W: www.nfls.com.cn

IGCSE Physics
Cambridge IGCSE Physics (0625)
Cambridge IGCSE Physics helps learners to understand the technological world in which they live, and take
an informed interest in science and scientific developments. The syllabus includes the basic principles and
concepts that are fundamental to the subject, some current applications of physics, and a strong emphasis on
practical skills.

To be more precise, it enables learners to:

l increase their understanding of the technological world
l take an informed interest in scientific matters
l recognise the usefulness (and limitations) of scientific method, and how to apply this to other disciplines and
in everyday life
l develop relevant attitudes, such as a concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, integrity, enquiry,
initiative and inventiveness
l develop an interest in, and care for, the environment
l better understand the influence and limitations placed on scientific study by society, economy, technology,
ethics, the community and the environment
l develop an understanding of the scientific skills essential for both further study and everyday life.

You will be studying the following topics:

1. General physics
2. Thermal physics
3. Properties of waves, including light and sound
4. Electricity and magnetism
5. Atomic physics

All candidates will be assessed in three papers. As is the case for NFLS, we normally take Paper 2 (Multiple
Choice Extended, 45 minutes, 40 marks), Paper 4 (Theory Extended, 75 minutes, 80marks) and Paper 6
(Alternative to Practical, 60 minutes, 40 marks).

Before you start doing this curriculum with us in September, it would be helpful for you check on the CAIE
official website and find out as much information about the subject as possible:
Cambridge Assessment International Education Official Website (cambridgeinternational.org)

At the same time, you can find all sorts of learning materials through the links below. You are strongly
encouraged to use these for previewing your lessons and preparing for the exams:
ZNotes | For Students, By Students
XtremePapers
Physics & Maths Tutor (physicsandmathstutor.com)

** 高一物理学习建议：
1. 预习课本，注意课本上的重点突出部分。
2. 熟悉词汇。

1
1 The diagram shows an enlarged drawing of the end of a metre rule. It is being used to measure
the length of a small feather.

10 20 30
mm
cm 1 2 3

What is the length of the feather?

A 19 mm B 29 mm C 19 cm D 29 cm

A student wishes to find the volume of a small, irregularly-shaped stone.

stone

A ruler and a measuring cylinder containing some water are available.

Which apparatus is needed?

A neither the ruler nor the measuring cylinder

B the measuring cylinder only
C the ruler and the measuring cylinder
D the ruler only
 The diagram shows a ball hanging on a string. The ball swings from point W to point Z and back
to point W.

ball

W Z
X Y

Which statement about the ball is correct?

A The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at point W.

B The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at point X.
C The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at point Y.
D The kinetic energy of the ball is the same at all points of the swing.

A measuring cylinder is used to measure the volume of a quantity of water.

Which measuring technique would not improve the accuracy of the measurement?

A making sure that the measuring cylinder is vertical

B making sure that the water surface is at eye level
C reading the top of the water meniscus
D using the smallest measuring cylinder available that will contain all the water

The diagram shows four identical spheres placed between two wooden blocks on a ruler.

sphere
wooden block

0 5 10 15 cm

What is the diameter of one sphere?

A 1.0 cm B 2.0 cm C 3.0 cm D 4.0 cm

A cook wants to prepare some food to be cooked by 1.15 p.m. He uses an oven with an
automatic timer that can be set to switch on and off at certain times. The oven needs to be
switched on for 2 hours 10 minutes.

At which time does the oven need to switch on?

A 11.05 a.m. B 11.25 a.m. C 3.05 p.m. D 3.25 p.m.

The diagram shows a measuring instrument.

Which quantity is this instrument used to measure?

A area
B density
C mass
D volume

Which option contains only apparatus that could be used to determine the volume of a small
block of unknown material?

A measuring cylinder, metre rule

B measuring cylinder, stopwatch
C metre rule, balance
D metre rule, stopwatch
 The diagram shows a measuring cylinder used to measure the volume of a small stone.

cm 3 cm 3

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 stone

What is the volume of the stone?

A 8 cm3 B 9 cm3 C 14 cm3 D 26 cm3

A student uses a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a quantity of water.

Which action would make her result less accurate?

A making sure her eye is level with the water surface

B making sure the cylinder is vertical
C reading the bottom of the meniscus
D using the largest measuring cylinder possible

A student uses a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of some water. The diagram shows
part of the measuring cylinder. The top and bottom of the meniscus are labelled.

cm 3
50
top of
meniscus
45
bottom
of meniscus

40

What is the volume of the water?

A 47.0 cm3 B 47.5 cm3 C 49.0 cm3 D 49.5 cm3

A student wishes to measure accurately the volume of approximately 40 cm3 of water. She has
two measuring cylinders, a larger one that can hold 100 cm3, and a smaller one that can hold
50 cm3. The water forms a meniscus where it touches the glass.

top of
meniscus

bottom of
meniscus

Which cylinder should the student use and which water level should she use to ensure an
accurate result?

cylinder water level

A larger one bottom of meniscus

B larger one top of meniscus
C smaller one bottom of meniscus
D smaller one top of meniscus

The diagram shows part of a ruler. The ruler is used to find the length of a nail.

0 1 2
cm

What is the length of the nail?

A 2.2 cm B 2.7 cm C 3.2 cm D 3.7 cm

 Which instrument is used to compare the masses of objects?

A a balance
B a barometer
C a manometer
D a measuring cylinder

Diagram 1 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.

Five identical steel balls are now lowered into the measuring cylinder. Diagram 2 shows the new
water level in the cylinder.

cm 3 cm 3
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30 ste el ball
20 20
10 10

diagram 1 diagram 2

What is the volume of each steel ball?

A 6 cm3 B 14 cm3 C 30 cm3 D 70 cm3

A stopwatch is used to time a runner in a race. The diagrams show the stopwatch at the start and
at the end of a lap of the race.

0 : 50 : 10 1 : 40 : 10

start of lap end of lap

How long did the runner take to finish the lap of the race?

A 50.00 seconds
B 50.10 seconds
C 90.00 seconds
D 100.10 seconds

The diagrams show the readings on a measuring cylinder before and after a small metal cube is
added.

cm 3 cm 3
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
water 3 3 metal cube
2 2
1 1

before after

How many more identical cubes can be added to the cylinder, without causing the water to
overflow? Do not include the cube already in the cylinder.

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
A student measures the length of a rod XY by holding it next to a metre rule.

X Y

99 98 97 96 95 94
cm

The student writes down the length as 94.8 cm.

Which statement is correct?

A The value is correct.

B The value is incorrect because it should be 95.2 cm.
C The value is incorrect because it should be in millimetres.
D The value is incorrect because the student should subtract the reading for end Y from the
reading for end X.

A student uses a ruler to measure the length and the width of a small rectangular metal plate.

metal plate

length width

0 1 0 1
cm cm

What is the area of the plate?

A 14.0 cm2 B 14.7 cm2 C 16.0 cm2 D 16.8 cm2

A cyclist rides round a track three times.

Her friend uses a stopwatch to record the time at the start of the ride, after one circuit, and at the
end of the three circuits. The readings from the stopwatch are shown.

at the after at the end of

start one circuit thre e circuits

What is the average time for one circuit of the track?

A 174 s B 180 s C 198 s D 200 s

A cylindrical can is rolled along the ruler shown in the diagram.

starting position final position

can rolled
mark on
can

0 cm 5 10 15 20 25 30 cm

The can rolls over twice.

What is the circumference (distance all round) of the can?

A 13 cm B 14 cm C 26 cm D 28 cm
Drops of water are dripping steadily from a tap (faucet). The diagram shows a measuring cylinder
which has collected 120 drops of water.

cm 3
10

4 water

How many drops in total will have been collected when the measuring cylinder reads 10 cm3?

A 48 B 60 C 180 D 300

A ruler is used to measure the length of an object.

object

1 2 10
cm

What is the length of the object?

A 3.0 cm B 4.0 cm C 5.0 cm D 6.5 cm

The diameter of a copper wire is thought to be approximately 0.3 mm.

Which instrument should be used to obtain a more accurate measurement of the diameter of the
wire?

A measuring tape
B metre rule
C micrometer
D ruler

Which measurement can be made using a micrometer screw gauge?

A the air pressure of a tyre

B the diameter of a wire
C the turning effect of a spanner
D the wavelength of microwaves
A car takes 15 minutes to travel along a road that is 20 km long.

What is the average speed of the car?

A 0.75 km / h B 5.0 km / h C 80 km / h D 300 km / h

The graph shows how the speed of a car changes with time.

spe ed

0
U V X Y time

Between which two times is the car stationary?

A U and V B V and W C W and X D X and Y

A man stands by a railway track.

A train travelling at 40 m / s takes 2.0 s to pass the man.

What is the length of the train?

A 20 m B 38 m C 40 m D 80 m

An aeroplane flies from town X to town Z, stopping for 1 hour at town Y to pick up more
passengers. The distances between the towns are shown in the diagram.

300 km 200 km Z

The total time taken between leaving X and arriving at Z is 3 hours.

What is the average speed of the aeroplane in the air?

A 500 km / h B 500 km / h C 500 km / h D 500 km / h

4 3 2 1

Which person is experiencing an acceleration?

A a driver of a car that is braking to stop at traffic lights

B a passenger in a train that is stationary in a railway station
C a shopper in a large store ascending an escalator (moving stairs) at a uniform rate
D a skydiver falling at constant speed towards the Earth
A car travels at various speeds during a short journey.

The table shows the distances travelled and the times taken during each of four stages
P, Q, R and S.

During which two stages is the car travelling at the same average speed?

A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D R and S

A heavy metal ball falls vertically downwards through air past four equally spaced levels J, K, L
and M.

metal ball

level J

level K

level L

level M

The times taken to fall from one level to the next are measured.

Where is the speed of the ball greatest and which time is shortest?

speed is time is
greatest between shortest between

A J and K J and K
B J and K L and M
C L and M J and K
D L and M L and M
The diagram shows the speed / time graph for a train as it travels along a track.

R
spe ed

P
Q
S T

0
0 time

For which part of the graph is the train’s speed changing at the greatest rate?

A PQ B QR C RS D ST

A small steel ball is dropped from a low balcony.

Ignoring air resistance, which statement describes its motion?

A It falls with constant acceleration.

B It falls with constant speed.
C It falls with decreasing speed.
D It falls with increasing acceleration.
The graph shows how the distance travelled by a vehicle changes with time.

distance
Q R

P S
0
0 time

Which row describes the speed of the vehicle in each section of the graph?
A car is moving downhill along a road at a constant speed.

Which graph is the speed / time graph for the car?

A B

spe ed spe ed

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

spe ed spe ed

0 0
0 time 0 time

In a race, a car travels 60 times around a 3.6 km track. This takes 2.4 hours.

What is the average speed of the car?

A 1.5 km / h B 90 km / h C 144 km / h D 216 km / h

An object moves initially with constant speed and then with constant acceleration.

Which graph shows this motion?

A B

spe ed spe ed

0 0
0 time 0 time

spe ed spe ed

0 0
0 time 0 time
A tennis player hits a ball hard and 0.40 s later hears the echo from a wall.

The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.

How far away is the player from the wall?

A 66 m B 132 m C 264 m D 825 m

The graph shows how the speed of a car changes with time.

spe ed

0
U V W X Y time

Between which two times is the car stationary?

A U and V B V and W C W and X D X and Y

A child is standing on the platform of a station.

A train travelling at 30 m / s takes 3.0 s to pass the child.

What is the length of the train?

A 10 m B 27 m C 30 m D 90 m

The speed-time graph shown is for a car moving in a straight line.

15
spe ed
m/s

10

0
0 20 40 60 80
time / s

What is the acceleration of the car when the time is 40 s?

A 0 m / s2 B 15 3 m / s2 C 15 m / s2 D (15 – 3) m / s2
40 40
Two runners take part in a race.

The graph shows how the speed of each runner changes with time.

runner 1
spe ed
runner 2

0
0 t time

What does the graph show about the runners at time t ?

A Both runners are moving at the same speed.

B Runner 1 has zero acceleration.
C Runner 1 is overtaking runner 2.

A car travels along a straight road.

The speed-time graph for this journey is shown.

During which labelled part of the journey is the resultant force on the car zero?

spe ed

C
B
D

0
0 time
A large stone is dropped from a bridge into a river. Air resistance can be ignored.

Which row describes the acceleration and the speed of the stone as it falls?

Below are four statements about acceleration.

Which statement is not correct?

A Acceleration always involves changing speed.

B Changing direction always involves acceleration.
C Changing speed always involves acceleration.
D Circular motion always involves acceleration.
 An object moves at a constant speed for some time, then begins to accelerate.

Which distance-time graph shows this motion?

A B

distance distance

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

distance distance

0 0
0 time 0 time

A heavy object is released near the surface of the Earth and falls freely. Air resistance can be
ignored.

Which statement about the acceleration of the object due to gravity is correct?

A The acceleration depends on the mass of the object.

B The acceleration depends on the volume of the object.
C The acceleration is constant.
D The acceleration is initially zero and increases as the object falls.
An object is released from rest and falls to Earth. During its fall, the object is affected by air
resistance. The air resistance eventually reaches a constant value.

Which description about successive stages of the motion of the object is correct?

A constant acceleration, then constant deceleration

B constant deceleration, then zero acceleration
C decreasing acceleration, then constant deceleration
D decreasing acceleration, then zero acceleration
1 A

2 B

3 C

4 C

5 B

6 A

7 D

8 A

9 A

10 D

11 A

12 C

13 B

14 C

15 A

16 A

17 B

18 D

19 B

20 C
21 A

22 D

23 B

24 C

25 B
26 C

27 D

28 D

29 C

30 A

31 B

32 D

33 C

34 A

35 A

36 C

37 B

38 B

39 A

40 D
41 D

42 A

43 A

44 B

45 B

46 A

47 C

48 C

49 D
 35-4 North Taiping Road, Nanjing, JS 210018, China
T: 86-25-84555421
W: www.nfls.com.cn

IGCSE Chemistry
Welcome to our new friends!

IGCSE Chemistry is a very friendly subject, it shares 70% same content with the junior 3, only the last three
chapters are quite challenging. Due to the reason that the core of this course is understanding, the questions
are simpler and more straight. As long as you do well in the preparation, follow teacher’s instruction, and do
self-reflection on the homework, it should be very easy for you to achieve a good result.

Now, I will share with you some resources to prepare for the coming semester - simple worksheets from the
first several chapters and a chemistry guide to have a quick look into this new course!

Hope you enjoy your holiday, see you! Nunu Lu

即将加入我们 NFLSIC 大家庭的新朋友们，你们好!

IGCSE 化学是一门非常友好的学科，70%的内容都是与初三重叠的，仅后面的两三章-“电解，平衡，有机” 的内
容会对大家有适当的挑战。由于学科最终的考核核心是理解，所以题目偏简单，变形题很少。只要做 到对每一
章生词的提前预习，课上跟紧老师的思路，课后自主及时的复习并进行作业反思，即可获得理想 的成绩。

现在分享给大家的是 IGCSE 阶段的课程讲义，里面有每一章的知识概览，重点内容和生词皆列数其中，大 家

可以据此进行适当的预习和准备。课程需要的大纲和往卷也附加在后面。

最后祝大家有个愉快的暑假，新学期再见!

Nunu Lu

1
 WORKSHEET Name:

1 States of matter
Core curriculum
1 Which change of state involves particles losing energy, and moving closer together?
Circle letter A, B, C or D.
A gas to liquid B liquid to solid C solid to liquid D liquid to gas

2 The table shows melting and boiling points for four substances. In which are the particles
in an ordered arrangement at room temperature? Circle letter A, B, C or D.

melting point / ºC boiling point / ºC

A – 115 79
B – 91 – 88
C 80 218
D – 23 77

3 A pure sample of ethanoic acid was heated from 10 ºC. The temperature was recorded at
intervals of one minute. These are the results:

Time / min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Temperature / ºC 10 17 17 17 17 17 20 40 60 80

Time / min 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Temperature / ºC 100 118 118 118 118 118 118 135 160 185

a Plot a graph to show how the temperature changes with time, on this squared paper.

b Add these two labels in the correct places on your graph:

melting point boiling point

© OUP: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute
 WORKSHEET

c Which change is taking place between the first and fifth minutes? .

d Choose a time when the ethanoic acid is evaporating, but not boiling:

e Choose a temperature at which all the particles of ethanoic acid are:

i moving around slowly, in a random way

ii vibrating about a fixed position

iii able to fill the available volume

f Ethanoic acid is cooled

from 150 ºC to 0 ºC.
Sketch a graph in this
box to show how its
temperature will change
over time.
Add these labels in
the correct places:
liquifying
solidifying

4 Liquid bromine forms a red-brown vapour when placed

in the bottom of a gas jar. Bromine is heavier than air.
air
a Draw particles in the empty gas jar, to show how particles
their distribution will have changed after 24 hours.
b Fill in the missing words.
i Diffusion is caused by the
movement of particles.
ii Cross out the incorrect one in each pair in italics.
The bromine particles in the gas jar moved from
where their concentration was high / low to where
bromine
it was high / low. Over time, the concentration of particles
the bromine particles became zero / the same
all through the gas jar.
c Diffusion takes place in liquids too. Suggest a way to demonstrate this in the lab.

© OUP: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute
 WORKSHEET Name:

2 Separating substances
Core curriculum
1 You can obtain clean water from seawater, by distillation. Which does the process involve?
A dissolving, then evaporation B condensation, then evaporation
C condensation, then dissolving D evaporation, then condensation
Circle letter A, B, C or D.

2 Substance X is a gas at room temperature.

Which set of data on the right could be for X? melting point / °C boiling point / °C
Circle letter A, B, C or D. A –112 –108
B –7 58
C 0 100
D 30 2400

3 Pure hexane condenses at 69 °C and freezes

melting point / °C boiling point / °C
at – 95 °C.
Which set of data on the right could be for A 70 –93
a sample of impure hexane? B 68 –96
Circle letter A, B, C or D.
C –94 67
D –97 71

4 A mixture of barium sulfate and sodium chloride can be separated by adding

water, stirring, and filtering.
a Suggest a reason why this method can be used to separate the two chemicals.

b Draw a diagram in this box, to show how

the mixture is filtered.
Mark on your diagram where the two
chemicals are, after the separation.
c One chemical could pass through the filter
paper. The other could not. Explain why.

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 WORKSHEET

5 A green compound is more soluble in hot water than cold water.

A saturated solution of the compound is left to cool from 70 °C.
a Complete the diagram to show what will be seen, when the solution has cooled to 20 °C.

dark green
cool
solution

70 C 20 C

b How could you show that the solution at 70 °C was saturated?

c What colour would you expect the liquid to be, at 20 °C? Give a reason.

d Name the process that occurs in the beaker, as the solution cools.

6 A mixture of two water-soluble dyes can be separated by paper chromatography.

a You have a piece of chromatography paper, a glass dropper, a beaker, a ruler, and a pencil.
Complete these diagrams to show:

i the correct place to put a ii the correct level of water iii the appearance of the
spot of the mixture on the in the beaker paper at the end of the
chromatography paper experiment

chromatography chromatography
beaker
chromatography chromatogrambeaker
beaker chromatogram chromatogram
paper paper paper

b The two dyes are different compounds, so they have different solubilities in solvents.
Use the idea of solubility to explain why they can be separated, using chromatography.

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 WORKSHEET Name:

3 Atoms and elements

Core curriculum
1 Complete the statements a 2 f below by writing the letter s, d, m, or f in each box.

Key
s 5 the same number of m 5 more
d 5 a different number of f 5 fewer

a Two atoms of the same element have protons, and electrons.

b Compared to its atom, a positive ion has protons, and electrons.

c Compared to its atom, a negative ion has protons, and electrons.

d Two isotopes of the same element have protons, and neutrons.

e All atoms of uranium-235 have neutrons, and electrons.

f Compared to atoms of elements in Period 3, atoms of elements in Period 2 have

protons and electrons.

2 This table is about isotopes of some common elements. Complete it.

isotope name of element proton number nucleon number number of

p e n
16
8O oxygen 8 16 8 8 8

18
8O

12
6 C

13
6 C

24
12 Mg

25
12 Mg

17 17 18

17 17 20

© OUP: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 1
 WORKSHEET Name:

3 The table describes the structures of four ions. Give the formula for each ion, using the Periodic
Table to help you. (See page 324 of Complete Chemistry for IGCSE.)

number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons formula of ion

9 10 10

16 16 18
3 4 2
20 20 18

4 a This table is about five atoms P, Q, R, S and T. (These letters are not their
chemical symbols.) Complete the table to show their electron distributions.

atom proton number electron distribution

1st shell 2nd shell 3rd shell 4th shell
P 2
Q 4
R 13
S 15
T 19

b How many valency electrons does atom R have?

c How many of the atoms are from Period 2 of the Periodic Table?

d Which two atoms belong to the same group of elements?

e Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in atom T.

2 © OUP: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute
 WORKSHEET Name:

4 Atoms combining
Core curriculum
1 This is about the bonding in molecules of water, methane, and hydrogen chloride.
a First, draw hydrogen atoms in the boxes, to complete the structures of the molecules.
b to show their bonding. (Use for an electron from hydrogen.)

O C Cl

water methane hydrogen chloride

2 This diagram shows the structure Na+ Cl–

of a common substance.
a Extend the structure to the right,
Cl– Na+
by adding four more ions.

b i Name the substance that

has this structure. Cl– Na+

Na+ Cl–

ii Which type of bonding does it have?

iii Which word describes the structure, giant or molecular?

c From the structure, it is possible to predict many properties of the substance.

Underline the most likely property for the solid, in each pair below.

i solubility in water soluble / insoluble

ii melting point / ˚C 59 / 801
iii electrical conductivity good / poor

d Complete the diagrams for the ions in the structure, to show their electron arrangement.
Show the missing electron shells. (The dark circles show the nucleii.)

Na Cl

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 WORKSHEET

e Explain how electrons are transferred, when the ions in d are formed from their atoms.

C C
C
3 These diagrams show
C C
part of the structures of C C C C
diamond and graphite. C C C C

C C C C

a Which do these structures represent, elements or compounds?

b Fill in the three missing labels, for the atom and two structures.
c Describe the differences in the bonding and structure of graphite and diamond.

bonding

structure

d i One of the two substances is very hard, and the other is soft. Explain this difference.

ii Which substance is therefore used in cutting tools, and which is used as a lubricant?

cutting tools: lubricant:

e One substance is an insulator, and the other is a good conductor of electricity. Explain this difference.

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 WORKSHEET Name:

5 Reacting masses and chemical equations

Core curriculum
1 Write a word equation and a chemical equation for each of these chemical reactions:

Example H H H H OO H
OH H
OH

word equation: hydrogen oxygen water

chemical equation: 2H2 O2 2H2O

a H H Cl Cl H Cl H Cl

word equation:

chemical equation:

H H H H
b N N H H H H H H N N
H H

word equation:

chemical equation:

c P P Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl P Cl Cl P Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl

word equation:

chemical equation:

O O
S S OO S S
d O O O O O O O O

word equation:

chemical equation:

H H
C OO OO O C O H
OH H
OH
e H H

word equation:

chemical equation:

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 WORKSHEET

2 Complete and balance these equations. ( __ is for a number, and …….. for a formula.)
a the neutralisation of phosphoric acid using potassium hydroxide
__KOH H3PO4 K3PO4 __H2O

b the precipitation of lead(II) iodide from solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide
Pb(NO3)2 __ PbI2 __KNO3

c the cracking of hexane, giving butene and ethane

C6H14 C4H8

d the complete combustion of pentane, giving carbon dioxide and water

C5H12 __ O2 __ CO2 __

e the thermal decomposition of sodium nitrate to sodium nitrite and oxygen

__NaNO3 __NaNO2

f the displacement of silver from a solution of silver nitrate, by copper

Cu __AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 __

g the combination of aluminium and bromine to give aluminium bromide

2Al 3Br2 __

h the reduction of lead(II) oxide, using hydrogen

PbO

i the displacement of iodine from a solution of potassium iodide, by chlorine

Cl2 __ I2 __

3 80 g of a mixture is found to contain 35 g of citric acid and 42 g of malic acid.

The rest is impurities. Complete rows c – g in this table, for the mixture.

a Name of acid citric acid malic acid

b Structural formula of the acid CH2 CO2H H OH

HO C CO2H HO2C C C CO2H

CH2 CO2H H H

c How many atoms are there in one

molecule of the acid?
d What is the molecular formula of the C H O C H O
acid? (Give it in the form CxHyOz.)

e What is its relative molecular mass?

(Ar: H 1, C 12, O 16)
f What is the % of carbon in the acid?
g What % of the mixture is impurities?

© OUP: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute