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Padhle 11th - Laws of Motion Notes
Padhle 11th - Laws of Motion Notes
Padhle 11th - Laws of Motion Notes
in
Laws of
Motion
CH 5 Physics | Class 11
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
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# Laws of Motion g -
Inertia : -
property of
Inertia is an inherent
a
body by virtue of change
its which it cannot
State ( motion)
"
rest ie
uniform
.
by itself
or .
from stale
af rest
to its
state
of motion or vice -
versa or even
into
direction . This inertia can be
categorized
types namely
three ,
:
of zest the
-
can't
body
it
by change
which
of
a virtue of
sets state of test to state
of motion .
That means
which is rest continues to be in the
any body rest
at
go further
and can 't
state of only it into
state
of motion
by itself .
Eg
bus
: -
①
Passengers standing or
sitting loosely in
direction when
a
This due to
the bus
suddenly starts
moving
.
is
the
fact that when the bus
suddenly starts its
lower
parts of human
body
motion , the the shares
the but tends
motion the
upper part to remain
hole
makes a clear circular in
glass pane This
the .
due to that
Is the
fact particles of glass
around the hole tend to remain at rest due
to fo , to
inertia
of zest
they are unable
.
share the
fast motion of the bullet
.
Inertia af Motion : Inertia
of motion is the
inability
-
by of change
it
of a
body virtue which cannot
its
to
state of uniform motion
along a
straight line
state
of test .
That means
any body which is
in
uniform motion can't come to test
by itself
external
until and unless some
force acts on it .
An
Eg : athlete runs
for some distance
before taking
.
a
long jump . In this
way ,
the athlete
gains
momentum and of motion him
this inertia
helps
in
taking longer jump .
Inertia is
Inertia
of Direction : -
of direction
can't
inability of a
body by virtue
af which it
direction This
change its
by itself body
. means a
line its
along straight change
can 't
moving a
external
upon by any force .
Eg C ) when takes turn ,
running suddenly
: -
a car a
to
maintain their
original direction
ofmotion due
inertia of direction .
⑥ A stone
of tied towhirled
string is one end a
in
horizontal circle when string breaks the stone
a .
tends to
fly off tangentially along a straight line .
Note : The of
Mars the
body is the indirect measure
-
body
the
of inertia
of that .
Force
"
that
pulls body
is the
which
pushes
or
"
line
motion in a
straight .
at zest .
G) It stops ties to
stop moving body
or a .
(c) It tries to
changes or
change the direction
of
motion
of body .
# Forces
Classification of : -
There are
different types of forces in our Universe .
Force
- i t- .
system
source
Reference Nature
origin)
( ( workdone)
wise
frame
HT
Id field Contact
IF
Real I
_÷y
External Internal
Conservative Non -
conservative
⑨ Contact The
force
force : - exerted
by one
surface
over
body
they
the another when
surface inof
are
known
physically
contact with each other is
as contact
force
.
If two
surfaces
that are
coming
into contact an
perfectly smooth ,
then the entire contact
force will
to
act
only normal their
surface of contact and
"
?
it is known as Normal
force
If two
surfaces
that are
coming into contact are
force of friction
"
this known
component is as .
Tension friction
Reaction
eye of
Normal , ,
etc are the
various contact
forces .
Reaction The FT Fs
Normal
forces A and
'
acting
.
-
on
,
bodies
and
present the two
from occupying
the
:
same
space ¥s
it is Fa is
If the action , reaction ,
they are
FT FI both
perpendicular to the
and are
surfaces
that two
contact and note
they different
in act on
bodies .
G "
TjgBG0BgtgGBB
togged
-880
E-
Hang N is the
Md
normal reaction
stone
af
the
on the
my
111 Cy
¥1111111111111111114
N cos o
mg
-
Friction ? It between
- is a
force that acts bodies
A is
opposite to that of direction of frictional
and
force on
surface
B
magnitude is same for
both .
<
I A
FBA 111111111111111 B %
Tension ( t) when
string thread wise is
→ : -
a or
,
in the direction
of the
string . This
force is known
as Tension .
throughout
the same
magnitude at all
points
the
string
.
for
Egri ) Tension in a
string : . a block A
pulled
by a
string .
txt
yay
111111111 MMMM
Spring forces : -
whenever a
spring
is
compressed
or extended , the elastic
force developed in the
which to restore
spring helps the
spring its
known
original position
is
spring force
as .
magnitude of
to the extension (
proportional or
compassion)
direction
fax , in
magnitude , but
opposite in ,
for F Kx constant ,
where k es a
positive
-
.
,
known
also as the
spring constant
of the
spring
.
the
X is
companion or
elongation from the
natural
length .
of the tensions
Eg In case the
spring
: - are
'
R
roof .
66g
E④¥x
÷
,
Non Contact
-
This
physical
each other without actual contact .
Eg .
Gravitational force Electrostatic forces etc
,
For actual
the moment ,
we deal with
forces .
acting in a non -
inertial
frame of reference .
# Newton 's first law : .
to
Every body continues be the state rest
in
of
or of uniform motion in a
straight line until
and unless it is
compelled to
change the state
of the
body by an unbalanced
force .
to be
4)
Every
continues
body of
in its state rest
change
the state
of zest .
This
part of the law is
self explanatory
and
self
evident several in
as we come across
eg our
.
daily
to
life like all inanimate
objects will continue
until
they are disturbed
by some
agents .
②
Everybody
in
continues in its state
line
of uniform
motion a
straight unless
"
external
force
to
change that
it state
compels .
The second part of the statement can 't be
readily
because
surface of
understood as on the the earth
can 't
we eliminate
force of friction completely .
Momentum ( linear) : -
Momentum is
defined as the
ability of a
tends to
body
by virtue of which it
imparts or
line
impart its motion
along a
straight .
p)
momentum ( is
Mathematically ,
measured as the
As vector
is
velocity is
vector
a
quantity momentum ,
quantity
also a .
p=mv→ or
p=mv
Unit : Itb mls
unit is kg -
in SI
system and
gm ants
-
Cas
in
system .
'
Dimensions : Its dimensions
-
. are MLT
Eg : d) A block of mars
2kg is
moving with a
-
velocity of 29 -
the X -
axes .
Sofi of momentum
The
magnitude
is
2514kg m/s
.
cost Flt
and the direction es at an
angle of
with x -
axes
(2) when a
force of constant
magnitude always
to
act
perpendicular the motion
of a
particle
then : .
unchanged .
# Newton's Second Motion
law
of : .
which
gives us a
quantitative idea about
force
whenever a cricketer catches a ball he allows
a
longer
Otherwise
time
the
for
ball
his hands
will hurt
to stop
the
the
cricketer
ball .
of the
body zero .
And also we can understand
that the
magnitude of the
retarding force that
cricketer
applies on the ball in order to stop
two
depends on
factors .
and the
proportional
directly take the
applied force
change place in the direction
of the
force
so
for a
body with constant mass ,
III
are a .
dalma ) are
date art F
(dat)
or , m
;
- km ,
where k is a constant .
with
proper choice
of
units , K - I .
Thus ,
F =
m DI = man .
dt
dynein
system
Cas .
Dimensions in [ MLT 2)
-
2nd
Note in The
of motion is strictly
law
applicable to a
single point particle The force .
f- here stands
for net external force the on
particle .
Eg :
body of
Amais
2kg falls from height hihom
m -
-
a
experienced by it ? Cg lomlsec )
'
-
Putting
↳ u 't Las and S h
✓ a
; -_g
-
we obtain v -
Fi
in
The
magnitude of total
change momentum
of body
the
=
Ap - I mu -
O f- mu ,
where u
=L
=
Ap -
-
m =
Bp =
4) Taxing kgmlsec
→
Ap 20
kgmlsec
-
-
(b) The
average force experienced by body
the =
Fav =
Ape
At
where At time
of motion
of the
body tcsay) we
=
-
-
find t
using the
given
data . we know
from
kinematics that ,
'
( a- )
'
half gt
S at
ut
ya
-
- t = o
off
t i fav
Aft
-
-
= =
.
values
Putting the
general of
AP and t we
obtain
Fav
Ya¥f
Fav
my =mg→
=
= =
) of
where
mg
is the
wgt ( w the
body ang gets
directed
vertically downward
Therefore body
.
the
experiences a constant
vertically downward
force
of magnitude mg .
we should
very clearly understand which
particle
In situation
we are
considering
.
any particle ,
we
of large
a no .
be used
force may ifeven the
object under
consideration is an extended body provided each
,
has acceleration
part of this body
the same
( in magnitude direction)
and .
A
systematic algorithm
Newtons law is
for eggs from follows
:
writing
as
1st step : Decide the
system
-
: -
The 1st to
step systemThe
is decide the on which the
laws to be
applied
of motion are .
system may
be a
single particle ,
a block ,
a combination two
ofconnected
blocks one
kept over the other, two blocks
by a
string ,
a
piece ofstring etc The only restriction .
is that all
parts of the system should have
identical acceleration .
Here covered
the distance by all the blocks is
taken
same but
they all cannot be as a
system
acceleration is
because even
though magnitude of
but direction acceleration in all
same the
of the
Tf Force
in
-17371 /
Ff
.
Did
\
¥
and step : .
Identify the
forces : -
tower
pushes the
upper
block ,
the
bigger block
the
presses floor downward , the
floor pushes
the block
upward ,
the earth attracts the block .
3rd
step : .
Make a
free body diagram
: -
line
The
forces may lie
along ,
may
be
distributed
plane ( polar )
distributed
in or be
a co
may
space ( planes)
in the non Indicate the
-
.
directions
magnitude
and
of the
forces in the
diagram
This is
diagram .
in
called a
free body
TN
'
y
DO
N i v
'
U W U W
Block B Block A
(9)
If the
forces are co
planes only ,
two axes ,
say
X and y , taken in the
plane af forces are needed .
(c)
If system is
the in
equilibrium ,
any mutually
perpendicular directions in the plane of the
diagram
be chosen the axes
may
as .
components of the
forces along the
y-axis and
to
equate the sum
zero .
mathematical to
Use
techniques get the unknown
out
of these This completes
quantities equations .
the
algorithm .
tmuseo The
change
in momentum is called
impulse .
In
many
situation
's a
large force ads
for
a short time , in this case this
force is called
Impulsive force
mathematically it is described as the product of
force and time .
i.
Impulse ( D= f t -
i .
Impulse ( T¥mv mu -
and since
force is variable ,
hence F- I felt
t,
impulse .
Impulse is a vector
quantity and its direction
F
Is same as the direction
of .
Unit of Impulses .
The unit in S I - .
system is
kgmlsec
or newton -
second .
'
Dimension
'
L'
-
in M T
Egs
.
C) Automobiles are
provided with
spring Shocker
systemsroad
.
When the automobile bumps over an
uneven ,
it deceives a
jerk .
The
spring
increases the time of the
jerk ,
thereby seducing
the
impulsive force .
This minimises the
damage to
the vehicle .
(2) A man
falling from a certain
height receives
more
injuries when he
falls on a marble
floor
than when he
falls on a
heap of sand .
This
is because the marble
floor does not
yield under
the
wgt of the man The man is
stopped abruptly
-
.
.
A of takes
finite change momentum
place in a
very
interval But
short
of time .
when he
falls on a
it
force
exerted
by
reduces the sand on man .
(3) It is
difficult to catch a cricket ball as
to with the
compared a tennis ball
moving same
heavier momentum
change
The in in
of
mass .
case
ball
cricket is more Hence
.
,
more
force is
required
to cricket ball than tennis ball
stop .
understood and
How we have the
qualitative
quantitative definitions of force from Newton 's
first
and second laws But how . are the
forces
between two bodies related to each other at all ?
if
The answer is
provided by the third law
of
motion .
direction .
=
.
FAB : the
force exerted by body B on A
FBA The
force exerted by the body A B
: on .
FBA ( equal in
magnitude and
opposite in direction )
look raises
That
may fine ,
but it
apparently ,
a
horse
lot of questions
.
for
eg. if,
a
pulls .
a cart
If we observe we will
find that the
forces
the horse the and
acting on and cart
, though equal
opposite ,
they
are
acting not on the same
body ,
detection
a reaction R the
body in the upward
on
notation D= I
such that w=R or in vector ,
-
^
R
if
I 1111111/1111111%111%1
¥
E) In a lawn sprinkler ,
when water comes out
backward
of the
curved
nozzles ,
a
force is
,
the
sprinkler starts
rotating and sprinkles water in
all directions .
③ In to
order swim , a man
pushes the water
a wall .
The
force acting onthe sphere are
shown in
fig
.
which
af the
following statement is
incorrect .
I
(9) Ft Ftw = O (B) TI R't wie ¥
to
(c) F- Rt w (D) R=w tan O I
T
¥ - - -
>
R
i
v
t
w
T cos O =
w
Tsin O -
-
R
T!
'
W t R2
tano =
Rlw few tan O
SF
for Ftequilibrium
- O
ateoeo
=
Ft B O -
r
i
¥
Hence (c) is incorrect a
1
.
> R
Tsin O
*w
Eg : Two blocks
of mars
2kg and
4kg are kept
-
the
first block due to which
they more with
toooo
Let a= Common
of
R -
force between the two blocks
F R a
f R m d )
#
- -
a
R
,
-
s
;s
-
from ABD
of block 2,
A B D
R= Ca )
-
ma
-
.
f =2m/sec2
i.
'S
a =
=
¥2
.
.
.
force between blocks -- Rama - (4×2) N' 8N
He frame
of Reference : .
space .
frame
A Inertial of Reference .
to
rest or in
uniform motion with respect an
inertial
frame is itself inertial .
Non -
Inertial
frame of Reference : .
A
reference frame which accelerates or rotates
to inertial
with
respect reference frame Newton's
an .
lands can be
applied in this frame only after
applying additional
an
force ( called pseudo force)
on the
body Motion of .
two
'
and
frames of references
s Sts s .
an
'
is
inertial
frame of reference and
s a non -
inertial
frame of reference At any .
time ,
position
of the particle with respect to two
pectore
those
respectively .
At the same
of
'
R
moment position vector
of the
origin
s is with
respect to s as shown in
Y
'
n
the
figure .
Ya P
'
s
,
fr
l
y
R
w. ¥
og
K
'
From the vector
triangle 00 P , we
get
F '
- F - pi
twice
Differentiating this
egg with
respect to
time we
get ,
dI =
DIET a¥ -
Cpi )
→ I
'
= at - AT
'
of gelatine to
'
acceleration the s
Here a-
particle P
'
=
a' Acceleration
of the
particle relative to S
=
'
A =
acceleration of s gelatin to S .
eq by m mass
we
get ,
m At
→ F '
= F' coed ) -
MF
F '
=
Feral ) t C mas )
-
In non -
inertial
frame of reference an extra
force
is taken order to Newton 's
into account in
apply
laws
of motion .
Pseudo
This
force
is known as
force , becausethis
force does not exist in the inertial frame af
reference
-
Eg An iron and rests in
: -
✓
shaped through whose sides
form a
angle 60 .
exerted walls
The net
force by the on the
(a) ON (b) 20 H
(e) 10 N (d) E N
-13
Eg : A
pendulum of mass m is
hanging from
the
ceiling of a car
having an acceleration Ao with
road
respect to the in the direction shown .
find
vertical
the
angle made by the
string with the .
o•• ! go
-- - n - - - - - - - - - - - --
Sol ? Since bob
of the is
-
pendulum stationary
relative to car
Hence ,
Tsin O -
Mao ( pseudo force) -
i)
Tues O -
-
mg
-
Ca)
Dividing 4) by K) ,
we
get
tag
tan O tan
age
-
O
-
- -
= -
# Constraint Relations : -
The
eggs showing the relation of the motions
of
a
system of bodies , in which motion of one
body
is constrained motion
by of other bodies , are
laws
Applying Newtons alone is not sufficient
less
in some cases where the no .
of eggs is
than the no .
of unknowns .
acceleration
In
given diag for finding
the .
the
there three unknowns , tensions
of the masses are
and 92
T, acceleration 9 , of masses m ,
and ma .
However , we will
get only two eggs .
Clearly
Newtons laws to solve
are not sufficient the
problem
and constraint relations
provide additional
eggs .
When
in constrained
the motions
of bodies a
system is
because
of pulleys strings wedges ,
other
factors
, or ,
additional
geometry to develop eggs
we use .
I •
I Ml
-
HEE - - -
Eg eachThe The
: blocks B and C in the
figure hate mais m
-
0
(9) tan O , = I (b) tan O Ya
④ T, =V5 my (d) Ta Vs
my
=
Sol ! from f -
B D .
.
Tacos Oa
my
=
Ta finds f
mg
= =
→ Ta = J2 mg
and 02 = 450
Also T, fin O ,
=
T2 fin O2
mg
=
and IT sin Or
mg
=
T, 55 mg
Therefore
=
fo ,
option Cc ) is correct
Eg : A rod
find the ratio
is
sliding along the wall as
ends
shown
in
fig .
of velocity of
its at
the instant
given
.
rod
the length of the
should be constant , to
VA cos A. = VB Sin L
VA =
tan a
F
# Application of Newtons laws of motion : -
diagram .
method recommend
following a
systematic We
.
following
:
the
steps in the order
given below
.
4) Draw the
complete free body diag ( f BD)
.
showing all
forces acting
the on each
separate body .
of each
body
.
2nd F=
d) Apply Newton 's law
of motion : not
for
to
each
body This leads a
system of eggs
.
.
⑤ Solve these
eggs : -
unknowns .
tf ) dimensional
analysisback
check the
eggs using .
E)
final
"
check
After solving ,
the SH
using
substitution .
Concurrent
Equilibrium of forces
: -
Y
the no .
can be taken
along the sides
of any polygon
both in
it
direction as well as in
magnitude ,
will be in
equilibrium .
acting the
particle and
on A
if they are in
equilibrium then
they
will
form a
pentagon .
frictional force : -
frictional
force comes into
play between two
between two
tendency of relative motion
surfaces in
frictional
contact
force has the
tendency to stop
.
friction res a
self adjusting force It
changes
its
-
.
direction and to
magnitude ace . the
applied force
tendency then
the
or the
forces , which causes a in
body to more .
If the
force increases the
mores
beyond which it remains constant
If
.
shown
frictional force we obtain a
graph as .
The
graph shows that
first frictional force increases
fk for
suddenly decreases to a constant value .
0 to ft
the
range from frictional force is
equal
and opposite to f and hence block does not more.
Thus ,
friction can be classified : as -
⑨ Static
friction It acts between surfaces
: -
in
opposes
relative motion
of .
(b) kinetic
friction It acts between
surfaces
: -
in
Rolling friction : .
when a
body
rolls on a
rough
the
frictional force developed known
surface is as
kinetic
rolling friction It is generally less
.
than the
friction or
limiting friction .
# Laws
of static friction : -
static
friction acting between the surfaces in contact
, ,
opposes
the
tendency of relative motion between the
surfaces .
The
frictional force acts
tangentially along the
surfaces in contact ,
and the maximum value for
limiting value) of this
force is
proportional to the
between
normal reaction the two
surfaces
. The
force
between two bodies
of friction is an
adjustable
force only
,
its maximum or
limiting value to
proportional to the normal reaction .
Secondly ,
the
the
motion between
surfaces in contact
N -
normal reaction
of the block
from the
surface
.
fk and
.
fries called kinetic
friction it has
value which is
unique given by
[fk= Uk HT
Cu )
"" kinetic
: ;÷:*::c:L pinion
Angle of friction : The
angle made
by normal
the
resultant reaction
flora with the vertical (
reaction) in Fs Fe
limiting condition i. when e is
-
-
,
.
known the
as
angle of the friction .
Now , in the
triangle OAB ,
Are =
Cot O
OB
OB -
-
AB tan O
or , tan D= ft
N
Angle of Repose : .
The
angle of repose is defined as the
angle of the
inclined plane at which a
body placed on it
just
begins to slide .
Consider an inclined
plane ,
whose
inclination with
horizontal is
gradually increased ,
to
till the
body placed on its
surface just begins
slide down , the
angle
then made
by the plane
angle
is
with
horizontal called
of repose .
from the
diag ,
f- sin O d)
my
= -
N
Mg cos O Ca )
-
-
Dividing 41 by Ca)
¥ =MgsiO Mg cos 0
=
tan O
tan O
since
¥ µ y
-
-
=
,
to
n. ÷ ,
coefficient of
limiting friction is equal
the
angle of repose thus angle
to the
tangent
of repose is equal to the angle of friction .