ENGLISH Q2 REVIEWER
Research is a systematic investigation and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions (Oxford Dictionary).
BASICS IN THE LANGUAGE OF CAMPAIGNS
AND ADVOCACIES
 A campaign is any series of actions or events
that are meant to achieve a particular result
Types of Campaign:
 Civil Society Campaign – a project intended to
mobilize public support in order to investigate
social change.
 Political Campaign – an organized effort which
seeks to influence the decision making process
within a specific group
 Advertising Campaign – a series of
advertisement messages that share a single idea
and theme
Advocacy – comes from the latin “advocare” that
means to call out for support.
Types of Advocacy to enact change:
 Mass Advocacy – organized and orchestrated
through large groups (i.e. polls, protests)
 Media Advocacy – using media as the primary
means to promote a specific cause
 Health Advocacy – supporting the rights of
patients and improving the community of people
who care about patients
 Self- Advocacy – motions taken by individuals
to support their own rights in the workplace,
schools, etc.
STRUCTURES AND LANGUAGE FEATURES OF
AN EXPOSITION
Exposition – persuades a reader or listener by presenting
one side of an argument. By taking a point of view and
justifying it, we aim to convince others to see only that
side of an issue
STRUCTURES OF AN EXPOSITION
1. Introduction – statement of position. Introduce the
topic and make it clear what your position is.
2. Body (Series of Arguments) – can make a number of
points. Begin each paragraph with a key statement or
general statement. Give supporting reasons in the rest of
the paragraph. Then, make a new point in the opening
sentence of the next paragraph, and give supporting
reason, and so on.
3. Conclusion – sum up your argument. You could
make a statement about what you see as a solution to the
problem or what might happen if the situation is not
resolved.
LANGUAGE FEATURES OF AN EXPOSITION
 The use of transitional signals to show
contrast (e.g. although, however, but, etc.)
 The use of mental process. State what you
think or feel about the issue.
 The use of connecting words (e.g. firstly, for
that reason, for example, as a consequence,
because of this, in particular, therefore, finally)
 The use of emotive words. These are words that
causes emotional reaction from readers
 The use of modal verbs. Modal verbs express
the writer’s attitude to the topic (e.g. can, could,
should, must, might)
 The use of evaluative language. Evaluative
language suggests the degree if approval or
helps compare ideas (e.g. important, best, most,
truth, largest)
 The use of thinking verbs. Verbs used to
express what the writer thinks about the issue
(e.g. believe, consider, decide, dream, forget,
forgive, guess, imagine, know, notice, realize)
 The use of conjunctions. Conjunctions (or
joining words) join one part of a sentence to
another. They link the flow of the argument (e.g.
and, so, because, therefore, if, and, but)
ARGUMENT – presents a logical reasons and
evidence to support a viewpoint. To persuade others
to share one’s opinions and beliefs by supporting
these beliefs with evidence and examples.
CLAIM – the conclusion or idea you want your
audience to accept
 A claim is a statement not a question
 A claim is against the status quo
 A claim is the focus of the argument
ARGUMENTATIVE CLAIM – an assertion of the
truth of something, typically one that is disputed or in
doubt.
CLAIMS OF FACT, POLICY, AND VALUE
Claim of Fact
o It can be proven or verified by
observation or research
o Make statement about something real
(they can be proven correct or incorrect)
o Can relate to past, present, or future
Past – refers to events occurring in near
or distant past
Present – refers to facts describing the
current state
Future – refers to predictions
Claim of Value
o Make relative judgements about what is good or
bad, right or wrong, just or unjust, moral or
immoral. They cannot be verified.
o Four types of values:
Artistic
Moral
Political
Pragmatic
o To sway the reader by convincing them to
consider a “better” option
Claim of Policy
o Is something that should or should not be done
o The key word is the verb “should” which
implies that some action ought to be taken, but
not that it must or will be taken
o Used to persuade audience
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
CLAIMS
1. A claim should be argumentative and
debatable
2. A claim should be specific and focused
3. A claim should be interesting and engaging
4. A claim should be logical
PARTS OF AN ARGUMENT
o Issue – problem or controversy about which
people disagree
 ENGLISH Q2 REVIEWER
o Claim – the position on the issue (ASSERTION)
o Support – reasons and evidence that the claim is
reasonable and should be accepted
o Counter argument – opposing viewpoints
ARGUMENTATIVE IN VIDEO ESSAYS
- uses video to present an argument and can be very
powerful
MULTIMODAL TEXT
- these are instructional resources that incorporate
several modes of communication
Mode – a communication method. Written language,
spoken language, and visual, auditory, gestural, tactile,
and spatial patterns of meaning
Medium – the route, or system through which
communication is transmitted. Usually it refers to
objects involved in transmitting the message such as
telephone, TV, newspaper, etc.

Text – defined as multimodal when it combines two or

more semiotic systems.
 Linguistic: comprising aspects such as
vocabulary, structure, grammar of oral/ written
language
 Visual: Colors, vectors, and viewpoint in still
and moving images
 Audio or Aural: Volume, pitch and rhythm of
music and sound effects
 Gestural movement: movement, facial
expression, and body language, dance, acting,
action sequences
Spatial Proximity – direction, position of layout,
organization of objects in space, architecture,
landscapes, designs, graphic novels

Multimodal texts are often live, digital or paper-based

 Paper- based: conveyed through the reader’s
combinations of language and still image/s
(includes picture, books, text books, graphic
novels, comics, and posters)
 Live Multimodal Text: shown through
combinations of different modes such as
gestural, aural/audio
(dance, performance, oral, storytelling, convey
meaning through combinations of various
modes such as gestural, spatial, audio, and oral
language)
 Digital Multimodal Text: presented through
dynamic combinations of various modes across
written & spoken, still and moving image, audio,
gesture, and spatial communicative resources
(films, animations, slide shows, e-posters,
digital stories, podcasts, web pages that
includes hyperlink)