Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

School of Engineering
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Estancia, Iloilo

LEARNING MODULE
of

ME ELECTIVE 3
(ME 428)

by
ENGR. JESHTER P. DE ASIS
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Estancia, Iloilo

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ME 428 – ME ELECTIVE 3
S.Y. 2021-2022

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Drainage System

Prepared by:

ENGR. JESHTER P. DE ASIS

Instructor
Lecture and Discussions

Introduction

Drainage is the method of removing surface or sub-surface water from a given area. Drainage systems
include all the piping within a private or public property that conveys sewage, rainwater, and other liquid
waste to a point of disposal. The main objective of a drainage system is to collect and remove waste
matter systematically to maintain healthy conditions in a building. Drainage systems are designed to
dispose of wastewater as quickly as possible and should prevent gases from sewers and septic tanks
from entering residential areas.

Drainage systems include all the piping within a private or public property that conveys sewage,
rainwater, and other liquid waste to a point of disposal. The main objective of a drainage system is to
collect and remove waste matter systematically to maintain healthy conditions in a building.

Residential Drainage Systems

Residential drainage systems remove excess water from residential areas. This system helps whisk water
away from walkways, driveways, and roofs to avoid flooding. Residential drainage systems are very
important as they prevent rotting, mold, mildew, and structural damage in buildings from a buildup of
water.

The types of residential drainage systems are:

1. Surface
2. Subsurface
3. Slope
4. Downspout/gutters

Surface Drainage Systems

Surface drainage systems contain shallow ditches dug in a parallel pattern, which act as canals for run-off
water. Theses ditches lead the water into the main drain to avoid water pooling and flooding.

Subsurface Drainage Systems

A subsurface drainage system is also known as a French drain. Subsurface drains are placed beneath the
top layer of soil to remove excess water at the root level. Subsurface drains require the digging of deep
ditches and the installation of underground pipes. A large collector drain is installed to collect water from
the pipes.

Slope Drainage Systems

Slope drains allow water to flow downward from a structure with the aid of pipes moving down a slope. A
pipe is installed and anchored into a small incline, which causes water to flow through the pipe and away
from the structure.

Downspout and Gutter systems

Downspouts collect water from gutters and divert it to the ground. A downspout is typically connected to
a gutter system on a building and carries water away from the roof down to the ground. Downspouts
empty out the water on a slope so that the water does not pool at the base of the downspout.

Combined drainage systems use a single drain to convey both water from sanitary usage and rainwater
from roofs and other surfaces to a shared sewer. This system is economical to install. Separate drainage
systems use separate foul water drains that lead to a sanitary sewer. The rainwater from roofs and other
surfaces is conveyed in a separate surface water drain into a surface water sewer. This system is
relatively expensive to install.
 Terminologies related to Drainage System

Drainage System: It is the arrangement provided in a house or building for collecting and conveying
waste though drainpipes, by gravity, to join either a public sewer or a domestic septic tank is termed as
house drainage or building drainage.

Wastewater: The polluted form of water generated from rainwater runoff and human activities. It is
also called sewage. It is typically categorized by the manner in which it is generated—specifically, as
domestic sewage, industrial sewage, or storm sewage (stormwater).

Sewage: A waste water is waste matter such as faeces or dirty water from homes and buildings, which
flows away through sewers.

Sullage: Sullage is all wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal
contamination, i.e. all streams except for the wastewater from toilets. Sources of sullage include, e.g.
sinks, showers, baths, clothes washing machines or dish washers.

Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/wastewater is called sewer.

Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe that conveys sewage or wastewater reliably, either from the toilet or sink
to a soil drain or sewer. They are relatively easy to spot as they run vertically from the underground
drainage system to the top of a property, where they reach the roof gutter.

Vent Pipe: A plumbing vent pipe works alongside your drainpipes, except it doesn't carry water. Instead,
it regulates the air in your plumbing system. Also called a vent stack or plumbing air vent, the vent pipe
regulates airflow to assure waste and water flows through pipes that drain out of your house.

Stack: A stack vent is the extension of the waste stack to provide venting. The uppermost part of the
waste stack that connects to the uppermost part of the roof is the stack vent.

Cleanout: A drain cleanout provides access to your main sewer line and is located outside of your home
in the front or back yard. Cleanouts typically go unnoticed until there is a problem. They look like capped
pipes sticking a few inches above the ground.

Waste Pipe: A waste pipe usually has a smaller diameter than a soil pipe and carries water away from
your sinks, washing machine, bath, shower or any other appliances that use water, rather than soiled
waste

Sewerage system: A sewerage system, or wastewater collection system, is a network of pipes,
pumping stations, and appurtenances that convey sewage from its points of origin to a point of treatment
and disposal.

Sanitary Sewer: The sanitary sewer is a system of underground pipes that carries sewage from
bathrooms, sinks, kitchens, and other plumbing components to a wastewater treatment plant where it is
filtered, treated and discharged.

Storm Sewer: Storm sewers are drains that carry surface water runoff from rain, melting snow, and
overflow from lawn water. These sewers convey this runoff to water bodies such as catch basins, rivers
and lakes. A storm sewer's components include the above-ground drain that is usually found at street-
level, just below the sidewalk line, and the reservoir piping/tunneling beneath it that carries the water
elsewhere.
Storm sewers are different from sanitary sewers, and the two should never be confused. Discharging
sanitary waste into a storm sewer can lead to contamination of freshwater bodies in the neighborhood,
which can then become a source of disease and environmental pollution.

Sewer main: Sewer line. main - a principal pipe in a system that distributes water or gas or electricity or
that collects sewage. sewage system, sewage works, sewer system - facility consisting of a system of
sewers for carrying off liquid and solid sewage.
Building sewer: Building sewer is the general term that refers to the piping/conduits that connect the
wastewater sources of a building to the municipal sewer system for treatment or disposal. This term can
be used to describe the sewer piping in public buildings, commercial establishments, homes and industrial
structures/plants.

Components of Drainage system

 Pipes
 Traps
 Sanitary Fittings
 Chambers

Pipes
In house/building drainage system pipes may be designated depending upon the functions as shown
below.
Drainage System Pipes used in Buildings
There are 5 types of drainage water pipes used in building construction:

1. Soil Pipe
2. Waste pipe
3. Vent pipe
4. Rainwater pipe
5. Anti-siphonage pipes

1. Soil Pipes and Waste Pipes

These pipes remove sewage and greywater from building and are connected to the common drainage
system. They are generally fitted to the exterior of the building.

The main use of soil pipe and waste pipe is the removal of waste from toilets, sinks, showers and baths.
These are fitted with vent pipes on the top for the release of odors.

Traditionally, cast-iron soil pipes and waste pipes were used, but these days uPVC pipes are more
common.

2. Vent Pipe
Vent pipes are attached to the top of soil and waste pipe for the release of bad odors.

3. Rainwater Pipes
These pipes are attached to the roof or open area above building for the removal or collection of
rainwater. The rainwater pipes are drawn to the ground level in case of removal or these are connected
to the rainwater collection network or tank for rainwater harvesting. These are generally made of PVC
material.

4. Anti-Siphonage Pipes
These are connected to the outlets of toilets which are provided to maintain water seal to prevent entry
of foul gases of the sewer lines into the toilets and bathrooms. These are made of PVC and their sizes
must conform to the respective standard specifications.

Commonly used Pipe Sizes in Buildings

Soils Pipe: 100 mm

Waste Pipe (Horizontal): 30 mm – 50 mm

Waste Pipe (Vertical): 75 mm

Rainwater Pipe: 75 mm

Vent Pipe: 50 mm
 Drainage System Traps used in Buildings

A Plumbing Trap is a simple device of shape bending pipe that allows the passing of waste material. It

also retains fluid for the prevention of the sewer gases from entering the building. Mostly, U, J, Q, or S-
shaped pipes are located just beneath or within a plumbing fixture in domestic applications.
In comparison, a P-shaped plumbing trap is most preferred. 

A work that is essentially linked to the disposal of sewage and water supply is Plumbing work.

The plumbing pipes framework will stay scentless gave; it is planned ably and introduced tolerably. A
plumbing trap has the accompanying highlights.

It very well might be made as an essential trap with the machine as in some European WC models, or it

very well might be a different fitting called a joined trap, which is associated with waste or foul
water outlet of apparatuses.

The traps ought to be of a self-cleaning design. Traps for use in homegrown waste ought to be helpful

for cleaning. A decent trap ought to keep an effective water seal under all states of a stream.
The plumbing traps are situated underneath or inside a pipe apparatus and hold a limited quantity of
water. The holding water makes a water seal that prevents foul gases from returning to the channel
pipes’ structure.
Hence all pipes’ installations, for example, sinks, washbasins, baths, latrines, and so forth, are outfitted
with traps. This article discloses to you the highlights of traps, different sorts of traps.

Types of Traps

1. Gully Trap
These plumbing traps are built external to the building to
carry wastewater release from sinks, washbasin, restroom, and so on,
and are associated with the most nearby building drain or sewer so
that foul gases from the sewer don’t go to the house. These
are profound seal traps.

The profundity of the water seal ought to be 50 mm at least. It

additionally keeps cockroaches and different bugs from sewer lines to
squander pipes carrying wastewater. Gully traps are available in the
following three shapes:

2. P Trap
This trap is utilized with the Indian water closet (ORISSA Pattern).
The traps are produced using cast iron or UPV sheet. This trap
likewise has a water seal and forestalls a section of foul gases to
the house. 

3. Q Trap
These plumbing trap types are utilized in
the latrine submerged storage room. It is practically like an S trap
and is being used in the upper story other than the ground floor. 
Q Trap
4. S Trap
This plumbing trap types are like a P-shaped trap and is utilized for
fixing water closets in latrines. The lone contrast between the
P trap and the S trap is that the P-shaped trap is being used for an
outlet through the wall while the S-shaped trap is utilized for an
outlet through the floor.

5. Floor Trap | Nahni Trap

The floor traps are additionally called Nahni Trap. Nahni Trap is given
to forestall the foul gasses going into the building by providing
the water seal.
At least 50 mm profundity of water seal ought to be given. If
squander water is streaming, floor trap forestalls the foul gases
(awful stenches) to enter the building.
To gather wastewater from the bathroom, wash zone, washbowl,
kitchen sinks, and so on, a floor trap or Nahni trap is provided into
the floor. Floor traps are accessible in PVC, UPVC, and CI; they are
without vent pipe, yet removable grinding is shown at the
Traps’ highest point.

6. Bottle Trap
A bottle pumbling trap is given to get squander from
washbasin, kitchen sinks and different machines where
the apparatuses don’t have an underlying trap.

7. Intercepting Trap
Intercepting plumbing trap types are given into the Interceptor Manhole (Interceptor Chamber).
An Interceptor sewer vent is provided at the interference of building sewer and Public sewer.
That blocking type of trap is given to keep the foul gases from public sewers entering into the building
sewer by providing a water seal.
8. Grease Trap
A grease trap is introduced in the waste line from at least one installations to isolate grease from
the fluid and hold it.
This kind of trap is a gadget to gather the grease substance of waste and can be cleaned from the
surface. This is mostly utilized in the food handling unit.

Sanitary Fittings used in Buildings

Following are the commonly used sanitary fittings for buildings:

Hand wash basins: A basin or bowl for washing the face and hands or

a bathroom fixture with taps, used for washing the face and hands.

Sinks (glazed or stainless-steel sinks): A sink, also

known by other names including sinker, washbowl, hand
basin, wash basin and simply basin, is a bowl-shaped
plumbing fixture for washing hands, dishwashing, and
other purposes. Sinks have taps (faucets) that supply hot
and cold water and may include a spray feature to be
used for faster rinsing.

Bathtubs: A circular waste hole at the bottom of bathtub is provided for drainage purpose. Bathtub is
the plumbing fixtures provided in the bathroom for taking a bath.

Water closets: A water closets is a pan like water flushed plumbing fixture designed to remove human
excreta directly and dispose the same into the soil pipe through traps.
Urinals: A Bowl or a receptacle, typically attached to a wall in a toilet, into which men may urinate.

Flushing cisterns: The cistern flush toilet is usually made of porcelain and is a mass-produced,
factory-made user interface. The flush toilet consists of a water tank that supplies the water for
flushing the excreta and a bowl into which the excreta are deposited. The excreta of one user
are flushed away before the next user arrives.

Systems of Plumbing
The principal parts of the drainage system which can be called its elements are the traps, the vents,
the drainage pipe, and the building drain and sewer the rain-water gutters and leaders, etc.
A soil pipe in a plumbing system acts as a drainage pipe that carried or is designed to carry human
excrement.
If a pipe is vertical, it is called a stack and if it is horizontal, it is called a branch. A waste pipe carried
liquid wastes that do not include human excrement.

Vent pipes, with few exceptions, are attached to the drainage piped near the traps, and between the trap
and the sewer for purpose of admitting air or taking air away from the drainage pipes.
The vent pipes should lead to the outside air at some distance from any other opening into the building.
Ventilating and drainage pipes at distance from any other opening into the building.

Ventilating and drainage pipes at a point near the trap assist in prevailing the trap seal from being broken
by air pressure in the drainage pipes preventing the trap seal from being broken by air pressure in the
drainage pipes.

The following are the main systems of plumbing for the building drainage.

 Two Pipe System.

 One Pipe System.

 Single Stack System.

 Single Stack Partially Ventilated System.

1. Two Pipe System.

This is the most common system used in India. This method provided an ideal solution, where it is not
possible to fix the fixtures closely.

One pipe collects the foul soil and water closet wastes, and the second pipe collects the water from the
kitchen, bathrooms, house washings, etc.

The soil pipes are directly connected to the manhole/drain, where is the waste pipes arc connected
through a fully ventilated gully trap.

1. The gully trap receives the bath, basin, and sink wastes. It provides aerial disconnection of
these wastes from the drain air.

2. The man soil vent pipe rises to above the level of the eves and is so placed so that gases
leaving it cannot be a nuisance or a danger to health.

3. A vent cowl of cast iron or other material unaffected by corrosion at the top of the vent
pipe to prevent nesting birds.

4. A cast-iron duck foot bend is preferably used at the bottom.

2. One Pipe System.

In this system only one main pipe is used which collects

the foul soil waste as well as waste from the building.
The main pipe is directly connected to the
manhole/drain.

The provision of waste pipes and gully traps are

eliminated. All the traps of the water closets, basins,
sinks, etc. are fully ventilated and connected to the
ventilation pipes.

3. Single Stack System.

This is like one pipe system but without the

provision of ventilation.

The single-stack system is a one-pipe system

from which, subject to the observance of
certain rules, all or most of the trap ventilating
pipes are omitted.

4. Single Stack Partially Ventilated System.

This system is a combination of one pipe and a single

stack system. It provided only one pipe to collect all
types of wastewaters foul as well as not so foul.

A relief vent pipe is provided for ventilation only the

water closet traps.