https://kalvimaterial.com/ https://kalvimaterial.

com/

/
om
PHYSICS - VOL 1 UNIT - 5

l.c
ia
NAME :

er
STANDARD : 12 SECTION :

at
SCHOOL :

m
vi
al EXAM NO :
//k
cilah®K‹ Ïšyh®nghš V¡f‰W§ f‰wh®
filanu fšyh jt®
s:

bršt® K‹ t¿at® ã‰gJ nghš (f‰wt®K‹) V§»¤ jhœªJ ã‹W«

tp

fšé¡ f‰wtnu ca®ªjt®. fšyhjt® Ïêªjt®.

ht

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502

Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalvimaterial@gmail.com

 https://kalvimaterial.com/ https://kalvimaterial.com/
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
6. Define electromagnetic spectrum.
PART - II 2 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PART - III 3 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 The orderly distribution of electromagnetic waves
1. Define displacement current. in terms of wavelength or frequency is called 1. Discuss briefly the experiment conducted by Hertz
 The displacement current can be defined as the electromagnetic spectrum. to produce and detect electromagnetic spectrum.
current which comes into play in the region in 7. Define dispersion. Hertz experiment :
which the electric field and the electric flux are  When white light is made to pass through the  The theoritical prediction of existence of
changing with time prism, it is split in to its seven xonstituent colours. electromagnetic wave by Maxwell was
 That is when ever the change in electric field takes This phenomenon is known as dispersion of light. experimentally confirmed by Henrich Hertz.

/
place, displacement current is produced.  The patern of colours obtanined on the screen  His experimental set up consists of two metal

2. Define electro magnetic waves.
 Electromagnetic waves are non-mechanical waves
which move with speed equals to the speed of light
(in vacuum)
om
after dispersion is called spectrum.
8. Define emission spectra.
 The spectrum obtained from a self luminous
source of light is called emission spectrum.
electrodes which are made of small spherical
metals.
 These are connected to larger spheres and the
ends of them are connected to induction coil which

l.c
3. Give the modified form of Ampere’s circuital law.  Each sourch has its own characteristic emission produce very high emf.
 If 𝐼𝐶 and 𝐼𝐷 are the conduction and displacement spectrum.  Due to this high voltage, the air between the
current, then the modified Ampere’s circuital law 9. Define absorbtion spectra. electrodes gets ionized and spark is produced.

ia
is givent by,  When light is allowed to pass through an  A receiver (ring electrode) kept at a distance also
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐷 ) absorbing substance, then the spectrum obtained gets spark which implies that the energy is

er
is known as absorbtion spectrum. transmitted from electrode to the receiver as a
𝑑  It is the characteristic of absorbing substance. wave known as electromagnetic waves.
(𝑜𝑟) ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∫ ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝐶 + 𝜇𝑜 𝜀𝑜 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 10. Define Fraunhofer lines.  If the receiver is rotated by 90, then no spark is

at
 This is also known as Ampere - Maxwell’s law.  When the spectrum obtained from the Sun is observed by the receiver.
4. Write a note on Gauss’s law in magnetism. examined, it consists of large number of dark lines  This confirms that electromagnetic waves are

m
 Maxwell’s second equation is called as Gauss’ s law (line absorbtion spectrum). transverse waves as predicted by Maxwell.
for magnetism. It states that the surface integral of  These dark lines in the solar spectrum are known  Hertz detected radio waves and also computed the
magnetic field over a closed surface is zero.

vi
as Fraunhofer lines. speed of radio waves which is equal to the speed
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑩 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎 11. What are the uses of Fraunhofer lines? of light (3 𝑋 108 𝑚 𝑠 −1 ).
 The absorption spectra for various materials are 2. Explain the sources of electromagnetic waves.
al
 It implies that the magnetic lines of force form a compared with the Fraunhofer lines in the solar Sources of electromagnetic waves :
continuous closed path. It means that no isolated spectrum, which helps to identifying elements  Any stationary source charge produces only
//k
magnetic monopole exists. present in the Sun’s atmosphere. electric field. When the charge moves with
5. Write a note on Ampere -Maxwell law. 12. Why electro magnetic waves are non mechanical? uniform velocity, it produces steady current which
 It is modified Ampere’s circuital law This law  Electromagnetic waves do not require any gives rise magnetic field around the conductor in
s:

relates the magnetic field around any closed path medium for propagation. So electromagnetic wave which charge flows.
toe the conduction current and displacement is a non-mechanical wave.  If the charged particle accelerates, in addition to
tp

current through that path. electric field, it also produces magnetic field. Here
 Mathematically, both electric and magnetic fields are time varying
ht

∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐷 ) fields.
 The linked electric and magnetic fields have wave
𝑑 property which propagate in the direction
(𝑜𝑟) ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝐶 + 𝜇𝑜 𝜀𝑜 ∫ ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 perpendicular to the plane containing electric and
⃗⃗ → magnetic field
Here, 𝑩 magnetic field vectors.
 It implies that both conduction and displacement  This is known as electromagnetic waves and it is
current produces magnetic field transverse in nature.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalvimaterial@gmail.com
 https://kalvimaterial.com/ https://kalvimaterial.com/
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 Any oscillatory motion is also an accelerating 5. Write a note on infra red rays. 8. Write a note on X - rays.
motion, so when the charge oscillates about their Infra red rays : X - rays :
mean position, it produces electromagnetic waves.  It is produced from hot bodies and also when the  It is produced when there is a sudden deceleration
 Let, electric and magnetic vectors are given by, molecules undergo rotational and vibrational of high speed electrons at high atomic number
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑜 sin(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡) transitions. target.
−7 −3
𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑜 sin(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡)  Wavelength range : 8 𝑋 10 𝑚 − 5 𝑋 10 𝑚  Also by electronic transitions among the
then the direction of propagation of  Frequency range : 4 𝑋 1014 𝐻𝑧 − 6 𝑋 1010 𝐻𝑧 innermost orbits of atoms.
electromagnetic waves are along Z -axis  It provides electrical energy to satellites by means  Wavelength range : 1 𝑋 10−13 𝑚 − 1 𝑋 10−8 𝑚

/
 Here the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is of solar cells  Frequency range : 3 𝑋 1021 𝐻𝑧 − 1 𝑋 1016 𝐻𝑧

equal to the frequency of the source (oscillation
charge)
 In free space or vacuum, the ratio between 𝑬𝒐 and
𝑩𝒐 is equal to the speed of electromagnetic wave
om
 It is used in,  It has more penetrating power than UV - rays.
(i) producing dehydrated fruits  It is used in,
(ii) green housed to keep the plants warm, (i) studying structures of inner atomic electron
(iii) heat therapy for muscular pain or sprain shell and crystal structures.

l.c
which is equal to speed of light (c) (iv) TV remote as a signal carrier, to look through (ii) detecting fracture, diseased organs, formation
𝑬𝒐 haze fof or mist of bones and stones, observing the progress of
𝒄 = night vision or infrared photography
𝑩𝒐 (v) healing bones

ia
3. Write a note on Radio waves. 6. Write a note visible light. (iii) detect faults, cracks, flaws and holes in a
Radio waves : Visible light : finished metal product

er
 It is produced by oscillators in electric circuits.  It is produced by incandescent bodies and also it is 9. Write a note on gamma rays.
−4
 Wavelength range : 1 𝑋 10 𝑚 − 1 𝑋 10 𝑚 4 radiated by excited atoms in gases. Gamma rays :
−7 −7
9
 Frequency range ∶ 3 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 − 3 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 4  Wavelength range : 4 𝑋 10 𝑚 − 7 𝑋 10 𝑚  It is produced by transitionsof atomic nuclei and

at
14 14
 They obey reflection and diffraction  Frequency range : 7 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 − 4 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 decay of certain elementary particles.
 It is used in,  It obeys the laws of reflection, refraction,  Wavelength range : 1 𝑋 10−14 𝑚 − 1 𝑋 10−10 𝑚

m
(i) radio and television communication systems interference, diffraction, polarization,  Frequency range : 3 𝑋 1022 𝐻𝑧 − 3 𝑋 1018 𝐻𝑧
(ii) cellular phones to transmit voice photo -electric effect and photographic action.  They produce chemical reactions on photographic

vi
communication in the ultra high frequency  It can be used to, plates, fluorescence, ionization, diffraction.
band (i) study the structure of molecules  Its penetrating power is higher than X-rays and
4. Write a note on infra microwaves.
Microwaves :
 It is produced by electromagnetic oscillators in
al
(ii) arrangement
atoms and
of

(iii) sensation of our eyes

electrons in eternal shells of UV rays.
 It has no charge but harmful to human body.
 It is used in,
//k
electrical circuits 7. Write a note on ultra violet rays. (i) providing information about the structure of
−3
 Wavelength range: 1 𝑋 10 𝑚 − 3 𝑋 10 𝑚 −4 Ultra violet rays : atomic nuclei
11
 Frequency range : 3 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 − 1 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 9  It is produced by Sun, arc and ionized gases. radio therapy for the treatment of cancer and
s:

(ii)
−10 −7
 They obey reflection and polarization  Wavelength range : 6 𝑋 10 𝑚 − 4 𝑋 10 𝑚 tumour
17 14
 It is used in,  Frequency range : 5 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 − 7 𝑋 10 𝐻𝑧 (iii) food industry to kill pathogenic micro
tp

(i) radar system for aircraft navigation,  It has less penetrating power organism
(ii) speed of the vehicle,  It can be absorbed by atmospheric ozone and
ht

(iii) microwave oven for cooking harmful to human body.

(iv) very long distance wireless communication  It is used to,
through satellites (i) destroy bacteria
(ii) sterilizing the surgical instruments,
(iii) burglar alarm
(iv) detect the invisible writing, finger prints and
(v) study of molecular structure

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalvimaterial@gmail.com
 https://kalvimaterial.com/
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
PART - IV 5 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. Write down Maxwell equations in integral form.
Maxwel equations - Integral form :
 Electrodynamics can be summarized into four
basic equations, known as Maxwell’s equations.
 Maxwell’s equations completely explain the
behaviour of charges, currents and properties of
https://kalvimaterial.com/
2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Equation - 3 :  To understand how the changing electric field
 This is Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic produces magnetic field, let us consider the
induction. situation of charging a parallel plate capacitor.
 This law relates electric field with the changing
magnetic flux.
 This equation implies that, the line integral of the
electric field around any closed path is equal to the
rate of change of magnetic flux through the closed

/
electric and magnetic fields. path bounded by the surface.

om
 This equation ensures the existence of  Mathematically it is expressed as,  The electric current passing through the wire is
electromagnetic waves. 𝒅𝚽𝑩 the conduction current ‘𝐼𝐶 ’
∮𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −
⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 − − − − (3)
Eqution - 1 : 𝒅𝒕  This current generates magnetic field around the
 It is nothing but Gauss’s law Here, ⃗𝑬 → electric field wire connected across the capacitor.

l.c
 It relates the net electric flu to net electric charge Equation - 4 :  To calculate the magnetic field at a point ‘P’ near
enclosed in a surface.  It is modified Ampere’s circuital law and also the wire, let us consider an amperian loop which
 Mathematically, Gauss law is expressed as, called as Ampere - Maxwell’s law. encloses the surface 𝑆1 . Thus from Ampere

ia
𝑸  This law relates the magnetic field around any circuital law,
∮𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅
⃗ . 𝒅𝑨 − − − − (1)
𝜺𝒐 closed path toe the conduction current and ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝐶 − − − − (1)

er
 Here, 𝑬 ⃗ → electric field displacement current through that path.
𝑆1
𝑸𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 → charge enclosed  Mathematically,  Suppose the same loop is enclosed by balloon

at
 This equation is true for both discreate or ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐷 )
continuous distribution of charges
 It also indicates that the electric field lines start
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
shaped surface 𝑆2 , then the boundaries of two
surfaces are same but shape of the enclosing
𝑑
∫ ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . 𝑑𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ surfaces are different.

m
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝐶 + 𝜇𝑜 𝜀𝑜
from positive change and terminate at negative 𝑑𝑡  Ampere’s law does not depend on shape of the
charge. Here, ⃗𝑩⃗ → magnetic field
enclosing surface and hence the integrals will give

vi
 The electric field lines do not form a continuous  It implies that both conduction and displacement the same answer.
closed path (i.e.) isolated positive or negative current produces magnetic field  But there is no current in between the plates of
charges can exist.
Equation - 2 :
al
2. Explain the modification of Ampere’s circuital law.
Maxwell’s corrections to Ampere’s circuital law :
the capacitor, the magnetic field on the surface is
zero. So the magnetic field at ‘P’ is zero. Hence
//k
 It has no name. But this law os similar to Gauss law  According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
in electrostatics. Hence this law can be called as induction, the change in magnetic field produces ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 0 − − − − (2)
Gauss’s law in magnetism. an electric field. Mathematically 𝑆2
𝜕 𝜕
s:

 According to this law, the surface integral of ⃗⃗⃗ = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗  Here there is an inconsistency between equation
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 Φ𝐵 = − ∮𝐵 ⃗ . 𝑑𝐴
magnetic field over a closed surface is zero. 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 (1) and (2). Maxwell resolved this inconsistency
 Mathematically, this law can be expressed as,  It implies that the electric field 𝐸⃗ is induced along as follows.
tp

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝑨 a closed loop by the changing magnetic flux Φ𝐵 in  Due to external source, the capacitor gets charged
∮𝑩 − − − − (2)
the region encircled by the loop. up because of current flowing through the
ht

Here, 𝑩⃗⃗ → magnetic field  The converse of this statement, that is change in capacitor. This produces an increasing electric
 This equation implies that the magnetic field lines electric flux produces magnetic field is explained field between the capacitor plates.
form a continuous closed path. (i.e.) no isolated by Maxwell.  This time varying electric field (or flux) existing
magnetic monopole exists 𝜕 𝜕 between the plates of the capacitor also produces
∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ = −
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 Φ𝐸 = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 a current known as displacement current.
 This is known as Maxwell’s law of induction.  From Gauss ‘s law,
𝑞
Φ𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸 𝐴 =
𝜀𝑜
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalvimaterial@gmail.com
 https://kalvimaterial.com/ https://kalvimaterial.com/
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 2, 3, & 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
 The change in electric flux is, 4. Explain in detail the emission spectra. 5. Explain in detail the absorption spectra.
𝑑Φ𝐵 1 𝑑𝑞 1 Emission spectra : Absorption spectra :
= = 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝜀𝑜 𝑑𝑡 𝜀𝑜 𝑑  The lighe from self luminous source gives  When light is allowed to pass through an
𝒅𝚽𝑩 emission spectrum. absorbing substance, then the spectrum obtained
∴ 𝑰𝒅 = 𝜺𝒐  Each source has its own characteristic emission is known as absorption spectrum.
𝒅𝒕
Where,
𝑑𝑞
= 𝑰𝒅 → Displacement current spectrum.  It is characteristic of the absorbing substance.
𝑑𝑡
 The emission spectrum can be divided in to three  Absorption spectrum is classified into three types;
 The displacement current can be defined as the
types ; (i) Continuous absorption spectrum :
current which comes in to play in the region in

/
(i) Continuous emission spectra :  When the light is passed through a
which the electric field and the electric flux are

om
changing with time.  Incandescent solids, liquids gives medium, it is dispersed by the prism, we
continuous spectra. get continuous absorption spectrum.
 So Maxwell modified Ampere’s law as
 It consists of wavelengths containing all  For instance, when we pass white light
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑰𝑪 + 𝑰𝒅 ) − − − (3) the visible colours ranging from violet to through a blue glass plate, it absorbs

l.c
red. every thing except blue. This is an
 Where, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝑑 → total current (e.g.) Spectrum obtained from carbon arc, example for continuous absorption
3. Explain the properties of electromagnetic waves. incandescent filament lamp, etc spectrum.

ia
Properties of electromagnetic waves : (ii) Line emission spectra : (ii) Line absorption spectrum :
 Electromagnetic waves are produced by any  Light from excited atoms gives line  When light from incandescent lamp is

er
accelerated charge. spectrum. They are also known as passed through cold gas, the spectrum
 They do not require any medium for propagation. discontinuous spectra. obtained through the dispersion due to
So electromagnetic waves are non-mechanical  The line spectr are sharp lines of definite the prism is line absorption spectrum.

at
wave. wavelengths or frequencies.  For example, when light from carbon arc
 They are transverse in nature, (i.e) the oscillating  It is different for different elements is made to pass through sodium vapour, a

m
electric field vector, oscillation magnetic field (e.g.) spectra of atomic hydrogen, helium, continuous spectrum of carbon arc with
vector and direction of propagation are mutually etc two dark lines in the yellow rigion of
sodium vapour is obtained.

vi
perpendicular to each other. (iii) Band emission spectra :
 They travel with speed of light in vacuum or free  The light from excited molecules gives
space and it is given by, al band spectrum. (iii) Band absorption spectrum :
𝟏  It consists of several number of very  When the white light is passed through
𝒄= = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 closely spaced spectral lines which the iodine vapour, dark bands on
//k
√ 𝜺𝒐 𝝁𝟎
overlapped together forming specific continuous bright background is
 In a medium with permittivity ‘𝜀’ and permeability obtained. This is known as band
coloured bands.
‘𝜇’, the speed of electromagnetic wave is less than absorption spectra.
 This spectrum has a sharp edge at one
s:

speed in free space or vacuum. (i.e.) 𝒗 < 𝒄

end and fades out at the other end.  It is also obtained when white light is
Hence, refractive index of the medium is,
𝒄  Band spectrum is the characteristic of the passed through diluted solution of blood
tp

𝝁 = = √ 𝜺𝒓 𝝁𝒓 molecule. or chlorophyll or through certain

𝒗
 They are not deflected by electric or magnetic (e.g.) spectra of hydrogen gas, ammonia solutions of organic and inorganic
compounds.
ht

field. gas in the discharge tube, etc

 They show interference, diffraction and
polarization.
 Like other waves, electromagnetic waves also
carry energy, linear momentum and angular
momentum.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalvimaterial@gmail.com