Why do we do sampling in digital communication?
Multiplexing is used in a wide range of industries to
To process these signals in computers, we need to
convert the signals to "digital" form. While an analog
signal is continuous in both time and amplitude, a digital
signal is discrete in both time and amplitude. To convert
a signal from continuous time to discrete time, a process
called sampling is used.
What is PCM generation?
Pulse Code Modulation techniques are used to produce
a series of numbers or digits in binary form. Hence this
process is called digital modulation. The amplitude at
that particular time of the signal sample is indicated by
the binary codes. In the PCM process, a sequence of
coded pulses indicates the message signal. PCM consists
of three steps which are sampling, quantization and
coding. As seen in the above image an input analog signal
which is in the form of a sine wave is converted into a
digital signal with discrete values. When a digital signal
goes through PCM, the information is converted from
analog form to binary form 0 , 1 . Hence, this process is a
modulation technique, specifically digital modulation.
What is an Adaptive Delta Modulation & Its Working
Delta modulation is basically analog to digital and a
digital to analog signal conversion technique which is
mainly used for data transfer. This type of modulation
technique is used by the satellite business system, and it
is also known as Differential pulse code modulation. This
modulation technique is used to achieve high signal to
noise ratio. Delta Modulation is basically of three types
that are Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), Delta-sigma
Modulation, and differential modulation. The ADM is a
type of Delta Modulation in which the step size is
variable, also known as continuously variable slope Delta
Modulation.
Adaptive Delta Modulation Transmitter
Adaptive Delta Modulation Receiver
What is multiplexing used for?
facilitate both analog and digital communications. It
was first introduced in the
1870s to support telegraphy but has since become a
mainstay in telecommunications, such as radio,
television and telephone. It is also
Time-division multiplexing (TDM). Multiple digital
signals are transmitted over the same channel in
alternating time slots. TDM operates at the temporal
level, unlike FDM and WDM, which operate at the
frequency or wavelength level. Although TDM has its
roots in telegraphy, it is now commonly used in digital
telephony to transmit multiple conversations across a
common medium.
Code-division multiplexing (CDM). A sequence of bits
called the spreading code is assigned to each signal to
distinguish one signal from another. The spreading code
is combined with the original signal to produce a new
stream of encoded data, which is then transmitted on a
shared medium.
What Does Frame Synchronization Mean?
The term frame synchronization is used in two different
contexts. In the case of video, it refers to the process of
synchronizing display pixel scanning to a
synchronization source. In the case of
telecommunication, it is the process by which incoming
framed data are extracted for decoding with the help of
frame alignment signals. This process is called as such
because framing and synchronization must be carried
out whenever a bit slip event occurs during data
transmission.
Techopedia Explains Frame Synchronization
Frame synchronization can be defined as the process of
identifying valid data from a framed data transmission.
When data frames are transmitted to a receiver from
the sender but get interrupted, the receiver must
resynchronize. The process used for the synchronization
between the sender and the receiver is known as frame
synchronization.
Some of the common frame synchronization schemes
are as follows:
Framing bit
Syncword framing
Cyclic redundancy check-based framing
The following are the four major methods of frame
synchronization:
Time based -- Uses a specific period of time between
frames for the synchronization.
Character counting -- Uses the count of the remaining
characters in the frame header.
Byte stuffing -- Uses special byte sequences like DLE
(data link escape), STX (start of text) and ETX (end of
text).
Bit stuffing -- Uses special bit patterns to denote the
start and the end of a frame.
The system that carries out the frame synchronization
process is known as the frame synchronizer. A frame
synchronizer aligns the frames of a pulse code
modulation binary stream. Cross-correlation, self-
referential synchronization or any similar methods can
be used in the frame synchronization process.
The media access control sublayer of the data link layer
usually takes care of the frame synchronization process,
which determines where one frame of data ends and
the next one starts.
In the case of video playback, frame synchronization
refers to the process of matching the timing of an
incoming video source to the timing of an existing video
system. The frame synchronizer used in television
production matches the time base of each frame in a
video to a
professional video
system. It also
makes use of a
common gunlock
signal to make sure that all the equipment works with a
common time base. This type of frame synchronizer is
used to correct the glitches that may arise in video
playbacks.
\ QPSK and BPSK modulators use many different types of
techniques to spread the spectrum:
1) Frequency hoping (FH), which makes the narrow
band signal jump in random narrow bands within a
larger bandwidth.
2) Direct sequence (DS) which introduces rapid phase
transition to the data to make it larger in bandwidth.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) introduces
rapid phase transition to the data making it larger in
bandwidth. As the period T of a signal gets shorter in
time (or rate R increases), the bandwidth B of the signal
increases: R = 1/T = 2B (Nyquist Rate)
Spreading and Despreading
The rapid phase transition (chip rate ) signal has a larger
bandwidth given that the rate is greater (without
changing the power of the original signal) and behaves
similar to noise in such a way that their spectrums are
similar for bandwidth in scope. In fact, the power
density amplitude of the spread spectrum output signal
is similar to the noise floor. The signal is “hidden” under
the noise.
To get the signal back, the exact same high bandwidth
signal is needed. This is like a key, only the demodulator
that “knows” such a key will be able to demodulate and
get the message back. This “key” is in fact a pseudo
random sequence (rapid phase transition) also known
as pseudo noise (PN). These sequences are generated
by m-sequences.
QPSK Modulators and BPSK Modulators Information
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and binary phase
shift keying (BPSK) modulators are used to change the
amplitude, frequency, and/or phase of a carrier signal in
order to transmit information. QPSK devices modulate
input signals by 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° phase shifts.
BPSK devices modulate input signals by 0° and 180°
phase shifts.
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications for QPSK modulators and
BPSK modulators include input carrier frequency,
insertion loss, amplitude unbalance, phase unbalance,
and voltage standing wave ratio.
RF Connectors
RF connectors. Bayonet Neil-Concelman (BNC)
connectors have a slotted outer conductor and are used
in applications to 2 GHz.
Mounting Styles
There are several mounting styles for QPSK modulators
and BPSK modulators. Surface mount technology (SMT)
adds components to a printed circuit board (PCB) by
soldering component leads or terminals to the top
surface of the board.. Waveguide assemblies consist of
a hollow metallic conductor with a rectangular,
elliptical, or cross-section. Some conductors contain
solid or gaseous dielectric materials.