২য় অধ্যায় - জীব ও জড়

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3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

 G Aa¨v‡q Rvb‡Z cvie


 Rxe I R‡oi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
 †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Rx‡ei cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb
 Rx‡ei †kªwYwefvM
 †giæ`Ûx I A‡giæ`Ûx cÖvYxi ˆewkó¨
 Dw™¢‡`i Ici cÖvYxi wbf©ikxjZv
 Rxe I R‡oi ZvwjKv ˆZwiKiY
 Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi ˆewkó¨ Ges G‡`i †Pbvi Dcvq
 mcy®úK I Acy®úK Dw™¢‡`i †kªwYweb¨vm
 Aa¨vqwUi g~jfve †R‡b wbB
Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k Avgiv hv †`wL †m¸‡jv Rxe I Ro GB `yB fv‡M wef³| Rxe wb‡Ri
g‡Zv bZzb Rx‡ei Rb¥ †`q, †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Lv`¨, cvwb Ges evqy MÖnY K‡i| Rxe
`yB ai‡bi, †hgb Dw™¢` I cÖvYx| Ab¨w`‡K Ro †Kv‡bv Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i bv| Giv
wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ˆZwiI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

1| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki| M. kvcjv N. avb


1) Rxe Ges  wg‡jB Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek| 3| wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
2) Rx‡ei ˆewk󨸇jv n‡jv ,  Ges 1) Rxe I R‡oi cuvPwU K‡i D`vniY `vI|
| DËi : Rx‡ei cuvPwU D`vniY n‡jvÑ
3) wPswo Ges †Ku‡Pv  cÖvYx| gvbyl, Miæ, gvQ, cÖRvcwZ I dzjMvQ|
4) gvbyl  Ges cÖvYxi Dci wbf©ikxj| R‡oi cuvPwU D`vniY n‡jvÑ Mvwo,
DËi : 1) Ro, 2) e„w×, cwieZ©b, cÖRbb †Pqvi, gvwU, eB I evqy|
3) A‡giæ`Ûx, 4) Dw™¢`| 2) †giy`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i Kx Kx †kªwY‡Z
2| mwVK DËiwU‡Z () wUK wPý fvM Kiv hvq?
`vI| DËi : †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i 5wU
†kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1) wb‡Pi †KvbwU Rxe?
gvQ  Bwjk
K. gwiP MvQ L. evwo
DfPi  e¨vO
M. wiKkv N. G‡iv‡cøb
mixm„c  mvc
2) †KvbwU e„w× cvq? cvwL  gyiwM
K. †gvUiMvwo L. KeyZi ¯Íb¨cvqx  Miæ
M. †Pqvi N. cv_i
3) AvKvi I KvÛ Abyhvqx Dw™¢`‡K
3) wb‡Pi †KvbwU Acy®úK Dw™¢`?
Kxfv‡e †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv hvq †jL|
K. Avg L. †XuwK kvK
3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  2
DËi : AvKvi I KvÛ Abyhvqx Dw™¢`‡K cÖvYx †L‡q
e„ÿ, ¸j¥ I weiær GB wZbwU †kªwY‡Z _v‡K|
wef³ Kiv hvq| 3. GK RvqMv 3. AwaKvsk
†h Dw™¢` AvKv‡i eo, KvÛ †gvUv, †_‡K Ab¨ cÖvYx wb‡Ri
`xN© I k³, KvÛ †_‡K kvLv-cÖkvLv Ges RvqMvq PjvPj B‡”Qg‡Zv
cvZv nq, G¸‡jv‡K e„ÿ ejv nq| G‡`i †kKo Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| PjvPj Ki‡Z
gvwUi †ek Mfx‡i hvq| †hgb AvgMvQ, cv‡i|
KuvVvjMvQ, †ejMvQ BZ¨vw`|
4| wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøL Kiv cÖvYx‡`i
†h mKj Dw™¢‡`i KvÛ k³ wKš‘ e„‡ÿi ˆewk󨸇jv Q‡K †jL|
g‡Zv `xN© I †gvUv bq, Kv‡Ûi †Mvovi
bvg †Kv_vq †`n Kx Kxfv‡e
KvQ †_‡K kvLv-cÖkvLv †ei nq †m¸‡jv
evm K‡i w`‡q PjvPj
¸j¥ †kªwYi| G‡`i †kKo gvwUi †ewk XvKv K‡i
Mfx‡i hvq bv| †hgb †Mvjvc, i½b, Rev| _v‡K
weiær Dw™¢` ¸j¥ Dw™¢‡`i †P‡q Miæ
AvKv‡i †QvU, KvÛ big| G‡`i †kKo †`v‡qj
gvwUi Mfx‡i hvq bv| avb, mwilv, gwiP, iæB
jvD, Kzgov, cuyB kvK G †kªwYi Dw™
wUKw
¢`| UwK
4) gvbyl Kxfv‡e Dw™¢‡`i Dci K”Qc
wbf©ikxj? DËi : Q‡K D‡jøL Kiv cÖvYx‡`i
DËi : †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvby‡li Lvevi ˆewk󨸇jv †`Iqv n‡jv :
†L‡Z nq| GB Lvev‡ii AwaKvsk Av‡m bvg †Kv_vq †`n Kx Kxfv‡e
Dw™¢` †_‡K| gvby‡li †cvkv‡Ki Kvco evm K‡i w`‡q PjvPj K‡i
ˆZwi nq Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ Ask †_‡K| XvKv
Avevi Nievwo wbg©v‡Y Ges AvmevecÎ _v‡K
ˆZwi‡Z †h KvV e¨envi Kiv nq ZvI Miæ ¯’‡j Pvgov cv‡qi
Av‡m GB Dw™¢` †_‡K| Gfv‡eB gvbyl mvnv‡h¨
Dw™¢‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj| †`v‡qj ¯’‡j cvjK cv‡qi
mvnv‡h¨
5) Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYxi wZbwU cv_©K¨ iæB R‡j AuvBk cvLbvi
†jL| mvnv‡h¨
DËi : Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi wZbwU wUK ¯’‡j AuvBk cv‡qi
cv_©K¨ n‡jvÑ wUw mvnv‡h¨
Dw™¢` cÖvYx K
1. Dw™¢` wb‡Ri 1. cÖvYxiv K”Qc R‡j, ¯’‡j k³ †Lvjm cv‡qi
Lv`¨ wb‡R wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ mvnv‡h¨
ˆZwi Ki‡Z ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i
cv‡i| bv|
2. cÖvYxi g‡Zv 2. cÖvYx Lv`¨
Dw™¢` Lvevi wn‡m‡e Dw™
Lvq bv| ¢` A_ev Ab¨
3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  3

 mZ¨ n‡j ÔmÕ Ges wg_¨v n‡j  evgcv‡ki As‡ki mv‡_ Wvbcv‡ki
ÔwgÕ †jL : As‡ki wgj Ki :
K) Rxe †Pqvi, †Uwej, †eÂ
1) we`¨vj‡qi †kªwYK‡ÿ Avgiv
L) Ro †`L‡Z cvq bv|
cov‡kvbv Kwi| M) Dw™¢` MvQcvjv, cïcvwL|
2) cvwb, gvwU n‡jv Dw™¢`| N) A‡giæ`Ûx †`n ckg I †jvg w`‡q
3) Rx‡ei kix‡ii e„w× I cwieZ©b N‡U| cÖvYx XvKv|
4) cÖvYx ïb‡Z cvq bv, MÜ wb‡Z cv‡i O) ¯Íb¨cvqx †Ku‡Pv, wPswo,
cÖvYx cÖRvcwZ|
bv| P) e¨vO dzj nq bv|
5) gvbyl Dw™¢` †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn Q) Acy®úK DfPi cÖvYx|
K‡i| Dw™¢`
6) ¸j¥ †kªwYi Dw™¢‡`i †kKo gvwUi DËi :
Mfx‡i hvq bv| K) Rxe  MvQcvjv, cïcvwL|
7) e¨vO cvwb‡Z wWg cv‡o| L) Ro  †Pqvi, †Uwej, †eÂ|
M) Dw™¢`  †`L‡Z cvq bv|
8) ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡`i †`n ﮋ I
N) Agiæ`Ûx cÖvYx  †Ku‡Pv, wPswo,
AuvBkhy³| cÖRvcwZ|
9) ev‡Ni Lv`¨ nwiY, Li‡Mvk| O) ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx  †`n ckg I †jvg
10)Nievwo wbg©v‡Y cïi Pvgov e¨eüZ w`‡q XvKv|
nq| P) e¨vO  DfPi cÖvYx|
Q) Acy®úK Dw™¢`  dzj nq bv|
DËi : 1) m, 2) wg, 3) m, 4) wg, 5) m,
6) m, 7) m, 8) wg, 9) m, 10) wg|

 mvaviY K cvwb cvb K‡i bv L kix‡ii e„w×


Rxe I Ro N‡U
M Lvevi Lvq bv N e„w× cvq bv
1. Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki e¯‘¸‡jv‡K Kqfv‡M 4. MvQcvjv Ges Nvm n‡jvÑ
fvM Kiv hvq? P R
K `yB L wZb K Ro L Lv`K
M Pvi N Qq M Dw™¢` N cÖvYx
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ro c`v_©?
P
Rxe : Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYx ]
K cyKzi L Miæ 5. Rxe Kq ai‡bi? P
M gvQ N cÖRvcwZ K `yB L wZb
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨? M Pvi N Qq
Q 6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Dw™¢‡`i ˆewkó¨? S
3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  4
K wb‡Ri B‡”Qg‡Zv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i K `yB L wZb M Pvi N Qq
L MÜ wb‡Z cv‡i 16. †h cÖvYxi †giæ`Û †bB Zv‡K Kx
M ïb‡Z cv‡i e‡j? Q
N wb‡Ri Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i K †giæ`Ûx L A‡giæ`Ûx
Dw™¢` M mwim„c N DfPi
17. †h cÖvYxi †giæ`Û Av‡Q Zv‡K Kx
7. gvbyl †Kv_v †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn cÖvYx e‡j? P
K‡i? S K †giæ`Ûx L A‡giæ`Ûx
K Ro L mwim„c M mwim„c N DfPi
M DfPi N Dw™¢` 18. wc‡Vi w`‡K †QvU †QvU GK mvwi
8. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡`i KvÛ k³? R nvo wg‡j Kx ˆZwi nq?
K gm L QÎvK R
M Avg N avb
K K‡kiæKv L wdgvi
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AvgMv‡Qi ˆewkó¨? M †giæ`Û N Avjbv
R
19. †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i Kq `‡j fvM Kiv
K AvKvi †QvU L KvÛ big
hvq? R
M dzj †dv‡U N dj a‡i bv
K 3 L 4 M 5 N 6
10. †h mKj Dw™¢‡`i dzj nq bv
20. gvQ Kxfv‡e PjvPj K‡i?
†m¸‡jv‡K Kx e‡j? P
P
K Acy®úK Dw™¢` L mcy®úK
Dw™¢` K cvLbv †b‡o L †jR †b‡o
M djR e„ÿ N e„ÿ M gv_vi mvnv‡h¨ N wc‡Vi mvnv‡h¨
11. †h mKj Dw™¢‡`i dj nq †m¸‡jv‡K 21. e¨vO †Kv_vq wWg cv‡o?
Kx e‡j? Q Q
K Acy®úK Dw™¢` L mcy®úK K ¯’‡j L R‡j
Dw™¢` M Mv‡Qi Wv‡j N N‡ii †Kv‡b
M Rxe N e„ÿ
22. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwim„c RvZxq
12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU weiær †kªwYi Dw™ cÖvYx? R
¢`?R K gvQ L e¨vO
K †Mvjvc L Avg
M wUKwUwK N wZwg
M jvD N †ej
23. cvwLi †`n wK‡m XvKv?
13. KuvVvjMv‡Qi ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU? Q S
K KvÛ big I †gvUv K †jv‡g L AuvB‡k
L †kKo gvwUi Mfx‡i hvq M ck‡g N cvj‡K
M ¸j¥ Dw™¢‡`i †P‡q AvKv‡i †QvU 24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cvwL †kªwYfy³
N KvÛ †_‡K kvLv-cÖkvLv nq bv cÖvYx? P
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU e„ÿ? K nuvm L ev`yo
S M Wjwdb N wZwg
K †Mvjvc L Rev
M Zzjmx N wbg
Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei mv‡_ Avgv‡`i m¤úK©
25. †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvby‡li Kx Ki‡Z
cÖvYx nq? P
K Lv`¨ MÖnY L Kg© m¤úv`b
15. cÖvYx‡`i Kq `‡j fvM Kiv hvq? P M M„n ˆZwi N e„ÿ †ivcY
3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  5
26. nwiY I Li‡Mv‡ki Lv`¨ †KvbwU? R M gm N kvcjv
K gvQ L gvsm wkLbdj : Rxe I R‡oi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q
M Nvm N evRcvwL Ki‡Z cvie|
 †hvM¨ZvwfwËK 30. wb‡Pi †Kvb¸‡jv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨
wkLbdj : AvmevecÎ wbg©v‡Y Kv‡Vi Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i bv?
e¨envi Rvb‡Z cvie| R
K gvbyl, MvQ, K¨vKUvm
27. ReŸvi Zvi evwoi AvmevecÎ ˆZwii
L Miæ, QvMj, nuvm
Rb¨ †KvbwU e¨envi Ki‡eb?
M eB, LvZv, Kjg
P
N KeyZi, wUKwUwK, e¨vO
K KvV L Pvgov
M BU N wm‡g›U 31. Lv`¨ ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î †Zvgvi mv‡_
†KvbwUi Awgj i‡q‡Q?
wkLbdj : gvwU AvU‡K ivL‡Z Mv‡Qi
P
Kvh©KvwiZv Rvb‡Z cvie|
K Avg MvQ L †Nvov
28. AvjZvd cyKzi cv‡oi gvwUi ÿq‡iv‡ai M cvwL N Miæ
Rb¨ AvgMvQ jvMv‡e †Kb? wkLbdj : cÖvYxi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K©
Q
Rvb‡Z cvie|
K Gi KvÛ †gvUv, `xN© I k³
32. BmivZ evev-gv‡qi mv‡_ K·evRvi
L Gi †kKo gvwUi Mfx‡i hvq
†eov‡Z wM‡q big ZzjZz‡j †`‡ni
M Gi KvÛ †_‡K kvLv-cÖkvLv nq
GKwU cÖvYx †`Lj hv k³ †Lvj‡K
N GwU weiær RvZxq Dw™¢`
Ave„Z| cÖvYxwU †Kvb cÖK…
29. wKQy Dw™¢` Av‡Q hv‡`i dzj nq wZi? S
bv| G ai‡bi Dw™¢` †KvbwU? K ¯Íb¨cvqx L giæR
R M †giæ`Ûx N A‡giæ`Ûx
K Rev L †Mvjvc

1. Ro Kv‡K e‡j? 5. dz‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i Dw™¢`‡K Kq


DËi : hv‡`i Rxeb †bB †mme e¯‘‡K Ro fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q I Kx Kx?
ejv nq| DËi : dz‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i Dw™¢`‡K
2. Rxe Kv‡K e‡j? `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
mcy®úK Dw™¢` I Acy®úK Dw™¢`|
DËi : hv‡`i Rxeb Av‡Q Zv‡`i Rxe ejv
6. Rxe Kq ai‡bi I Kx Kx?
nq|
DËi : Rxe `yB ai‡bi| h_vÑ Dw™¢` I
3. †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Rx‡ei Kx Kx cÖvYx|
cÖ‡qvRb?
7. cÖvYx Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e Kx †L‡q _v‡K?
DËi : †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Rx‡ei Lv`¨,
DËi : cÖvYx Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e Dw™¢`
cvwb, evqy I m~‡h©i Av‡jv cÖ‡qvRb|
Ges Ab¨ cÖvYx †L‡q _v‡K|
4. weiær Kv‡K e‡j?
8. gvbyl Dw™¢` †_‡K Kx msMÖn K‡i?
DËi : †h mKj Mv‡Qi KvÛ †ek big,
DËi : gvbyl Dw™¢` †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn
AvKv‡i †QvU Ges †kKo gvwUi Mfx‡i
K‡i|
hvq bv, †m¸‡jv‡K weiær ejv nq| †hgbÑ
gwiP MvQ| 9. mcy®úK Dw™¢` Kv‡K e‡j?
3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  6
DËi : †h mKj Dw™¢‡` dzj nq DËi : †h cÖvYxi †giæ`Û †bB Zv‡K
†m¸‡jv‡K mcy®úK Dw™¢` e‡j| †hgbÑ A‡giæ`Ûx cÖvYx e‡j| †hgbÑ †Ku‡Pv,
†Mvjvc, Rev, kvcjv BZ¨vw`| wPswo BZ¨vw`|
12. †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx Kv‡K e‡j?
10. Acy®úK Dw™¢` Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : †h cÖvYxi †giæ`Û Av‡Q Zv‡K
DËi : †h mKj Dw™¢‡` dzj nq bv †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx e‡j| †hgbÑ gvbyl,
†m¸‡jv‡K Acy®úK Dw™¢` e‡j| †hgbÑ Miæ, QvMj BZ¨vw`|
gm, †XuwK kvK BZ¨vw`|
13. mwim„c cÖvYxi Z¡K Kxiƒc?
11. A‡giæ`Ûx cÖvYx Kv‡K e‡j? DËi : mwim„c cÖvYxi Z¡K ﮋ I
AuvBkhy³|

Ü mvaviY Zv‡K Zv‡K


1. Rxe Kq cÖKvi? Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨mg~n †giæ`Ûx A‡giæ`Ûx
†jL| cÖvYx e‡j| cÖvYx e‡j|
DËi : Rxe `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ Dw™¢` I 2) KzKzi, cvwL 2) wPswo,
cÖvYx| †giæ`Ûx cÖRvcwZ
Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨mg~n n‡jvÑ cÖvYx| A‡giæ`Ûx
1) †`‡ni e„w× I cwieZ©b N‡U| cÖvYx|
2) wb‡Ri g‡Zv bZzb Rx‡ei Rb¥ †`q| 3) G‡`i †`n `„p 3) †`n `ye©j nq|
3) †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Lv`¨, cvwb I evqy nq|
cÖ‡qvRb|
Ü †hvM¨ZvwfwËK
2. Dw™¢` Kxfv‡e gvwU‡Z AvU‡K
_v‡K? Dw™¢‡`i ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL 4. †Zvgv‡`i evMv‡bi AvgMv‡Q GKwU
Ki| cvwL evmv †eu‡a‡Q Ges evmvq
DËi : Dw™¢` g~‡ji mvnv‡h¨ gvwU‡Z PviwU dzUdz‡U ev”Pv n‡q‡Q|
AvU‡K _v‡K| Dw™¢‡`i ˆewk󨸇jv †Zvgv‡`i evMv‡bi Rxe †Kvb¸‡jv?
n‡jvÑ G‡`i‡K Rxe ejvi KviY Kx? AvgMvQ I
1) Dw™¢‡`i g~j, KvÛ, kvLv-cÖkvLv, cvwLi g‡a¨ †Zvgvi cvIqv 3wU cv_©K¨
cvZv Av‡Q| m„wóKvix ˆewkó¨ †jL|
2) Giv GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq DËi : Avgv‡`i evMv‡bi Rxe n‡jv-
PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
3) Giv wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡R ˆZwi Ki‡Z AvgMvQ, cvwL I cvwLi ev”Pv| G‡`i‡K
cv‡i| Rxe ejvi KviYÑ
4) Giv †`L‡Z cvq bv, ïb‡Z cvq bv Ges 1. G‡`i Rxeb Av‡Q|
MÜ wb‡Z cv‡i bv| 2. G‡`i kix‡ii e„w× I cwieZ©b N‡U|
3. Giv wb‡Ri g‡Zv bZzb AvgMvQ I
3. cÖvYx‡`i KqwU `‡j fvM Kiv hvq I cvwLi ev”Pvi Rb¥ †`q|
Kx Kx? G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
DËi : cÖvYx‡`i `yBwU `‡j fvM Kiv AvgMvQ I cvwLi g‡a¨ Avgvi cvIqv
hvq| h_v- †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx I A‡giæ`Ûx wZbwU cv_©K¨ m„wóKvix ˆewkó¨
cÖvYx| n‡jvÑ
G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jvÑ 1. AvgMvQ wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡R ˆZwi
K‡i| wKš‘ cvwL wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡R
†giæ`Ûx cÖvYx A‡giæ`Ûx
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖvYx
1) †h cÖvYxi 1) †h cÖvYxi
†giæ`Û Av‡Q †giæ`Û †bB
3q †kÖwY : weÁvb  7
2. AvgMv‡Qi g~j, KvÛ I cvZv Av‡Q| 3. AvgMvQ bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
cvwLi Av‡Q Wvbv, †VvU, `ywU wKš‘ cvwL bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cv, †PvL I Ab¨vb¨ A½|

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