Pragati’s

ECONOMIC BOTANY, ETHNOMEDICINE

AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
(Strictly according to the NEP-2020 Syllabus for all U.P. State Universities
of B.Sc. IInd Year, IVth Semester, Students)

Dr. DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH

M.Sc., B.Ed. Ph.D. (B.H.U.)
CSIR NET-JRF, SRF, GATE, ASRB-NET
Assistant Professor
Head, Department of Botany,
Acharya Narendra Deo Kisan P.G. College
Babhnan, Gonda (U.P.)

Dr. HASEEN AHMED Dr. JAINENDRA PATHAK

M.Sc., Ph.D. (B.H.U.)
CSIR NET-JRF, SRF, GATE, ASRB-NET
Assistant Professor
Head, Department of Botany,
Shaheed Mangal Pandey Rajkiye
Mahila Mahavidyalaya
Ballia, (U.P.)
M.Sc., B.Ed. Ph.D. (B.H.U.)
CSIR NET-JRF (Life Science),
SRF, GATE, UGC-NET (Environmental Science)
Assistant Professor (Stage II)
Head, Department of Botany
Pt Jawaharlal Nehru College
Banda, (U.P.)

PRAGATI
PRAGATI PRAKASHAN
ECONOMIC BOTANY, ETHNOMEDICINE AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Author : Dr. Deepak K. Singh, Dr. Haseen Ahmed and Dr. Jainendra Pathak

Author

PRAGATI PRAKASHAN
Educational Publishers
PRAGATI BHAWAN First Edition 2023
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Published by A.K. Mittal for Pragati Prakashan, Meerut – 250 001 and Printed at Honey Process, Meerut.
Preface
It gives us immense pleasure to introduce our first edition of
the text book for B.Sc. II nd year, IV th semester students
according to current syllabus as suggested by NEP-2020 and
prescribed by Department of Higher Education, Uttar
Pradesh Government. The book encompasses eight major
units and authors have tried to present the subject matter in
an easily understandable way without sacrificing the
essential details and general principles and yet avoiding
redundant matter and unnecessary complications. The
language of the book is lucid and subject-matter is presented
in simple, logical and scientific manner, easily
understandable to average students along with a fairly
comprehensive treatment of fundamental facts and
appropriately labeled, neat and self-expressive diagrams.
We have also given comparison table of different plants that
have immense economic and medicinal importance that will
certainly help the student in clearing doubts.
Although, the book has been written primarily to cater the
requirement of undergraduate students but several general
topics in different section may be of interest to postgraduate
and other students preparing for various competitive exams.
We are grateful to our family members, friends, and our
colleagues especially Dr. Rajneesh who has great
contribution as plant biologist in Banaras Hindu
University. The authors’ wishes to express their deep sense of
gratitude to their teachers and supervisor Professor R.P.
Sinha, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University,
whose inspiration and monitoring kept the authors
motivated during the course of preparation of this book.
Thanks are also due to publishers and staff for their keen
interest and technical support in the publication of the book.
Despite due care, the book may still have errors, omissions
and printing mistakes. The authors will be grateful to receive
valuable suggestions from our readers and students for to
improve the future edition of this book.

—Authors
Syllabus
UNIT–I : ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION OF CULTIVATED
PLANTS
Centers of diversity of plants, origin of crop plants. Domestication and
introduction of crop plants. Concepts of sustainable development;
cultivation, production and uses of Cereals, Legumes, Spices and
beverages.

UNIT–II : BOTANY OF OILS, FIBERS, TIMBER YIELDING

PLANTS AND DYES
Study of the plants with Botanical names, Family, part used, and
economic uses yielding Edible and essential oils, Sugar, Starch, Fibers,
Paper, Fumitories and Masticatories, Rubber, Dyes, Timber, Biofuel crops.

UNIT–III : CHIMERICAL PRODUCTION OF FLOWERS,

VEGETABLES, AND FRUITS (TO BE CHOSEN AREA WISE)
Commercials greenhouse cultivation of rose, Gerbera, Gladiolus,
Anthurium/Lilium/Lily, Tomato, bell pepper, Cucumber, Strawberry and
Exotic leafy vegetables using Hydroponies.

UNIT–IV : IPR AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

IPR and WTO (TRIPS, WIPO), patent Act 1970 and its amendments,
TIFAC, NRDC, Rights, Procedure and obtaining patents, Working of
patents, Infringement, Copyrights, Trademarks, Geographical Indications,
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, Protection of Traditional
Knowledge and Protection of Plant Varieties and Biotech inventions.

UNIT–V: ENTHNOBOTANY
Methodologies of ethnobotanical research: Field work, Literature,
Herbaria and Musea and other aspects of ethnobotany. Importance of
ethnobotany in Indian Systems of medicine (Siddha, Ayurveda and Unani),
Role of AYUSH, NMPB, CI-MAP and CARI.
Tribal knowledge towards disease diagnosis, treatment, medicinal
plants, plant conservation and cultivation.
 (v)

UNIT–VI : MEDICINAL ASPECTS

Study of common plants used by tribes (Aegle marmelos, Ficus
religiosa, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta alba, Oxalis, Ocium, sanctum and
Trichopus zeylanicus) Ethnobotanical aspect of conservation and
management of plant resources, Preservation of primeval forests in the
form of sacred groves of individual species and Botanical uses depicted in
our epics. Plants in primary health care : common medicinal plants.
Tinospora, Acorus, Ocimum, Turmeric and Aloe. Indian Pharmacopeia,
Quality Evaluation of crude drugs and adulteration.
Contents
UNIT - I
ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS 1-24
1. Centers of diversity of plants 1
2. Primary Centres of Diversity 1
3. Indian megacentre of agro-diversity 3
4. Origin of crop plants 4
5. Domestication and introduction of plants 8
6. Basis of plant domestication 8
7. Alphonse De Condolle 10
8. Regions where First Cultivated Plants Originated 11
9. Why are Plants Cultivated 11
10. Non-alcoholic beverages 19
11. Alcoholic beverages 20
Exercise 23

UNIT - II
BOTANY OF OILS, TIMBER
YIELDING PLANTS & DYES 25-55
0. General account on the oil yielding plants 25
1. Essential oils yielding plants 25
2. Fatty oils or Vegetable oils or non-volatile oils yielding plants 28
3. Fibres and Fibre Yielding Plants 32
4. Soft or bast fibres 34
5. Fumitories and masticatories 43
. 6. Dyes yielding plants 45
7. Timber 48
8. Biofuels Crops 53
Exercise 55
UNIT - III
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF FLOWERS,
VEGETABLES AND FRUITS 56-82
1. Introduction 56
2. Cultivation of roses in greenhouse 56
3. Cultivation of Gladioulus in greenhouse 60
 (vii)

4. Cultivation of Gerbera in greenhouse 65

5. Choice of cultivars/ hybrids 66
6. Planting Gerberas in Polyhouse / Greenhouse 67
7. Cultivation of Lily Ingreenhouse 67
8. Cultivation of Strawberry in greenhouse 69
9. Cultivation of Bell pepper in greenhouse 71
10. Cultivation of Tomatoes in greenhouse 72
11. Cultivation of cucumber in greenhouse 75
12. Cultivation of exotic leafy vegetables using hydroponic 77
13. Hydroponically Grown Vegetables 78
Exercise 80

UNIT - IV
IPR & TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 83-105
1. Introduction: Traditional Knowledge an Intellectual Property Rights 83
2. Intellectual Property (IP) 84
3. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 87
4. TRIPS -Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 88
5. Indian Patent Act 1970 and its Amendment 91
6. TIFAC (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council) 92
7. National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) 93
8. Procedure of Obtaining Patents 94
9. Working of Patents in India 99
10. Patent Infringement 99
11. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) 101
12. Protection of Plant Varieties and Biotech Inventions 102
Exercise 104
UNIT - V
ETHNOBOTANY 106-135
1. What is Ethnobotany? 106
2. Eethnobotanical Research Methods 110
3. Ethnopharma Cological Method 114
4. Ecological methods 115
5. Linguistic methods 115
6. CSIR-CIMAP 127
Exercise 134
 (viii)

UNIT - VI
MEDICINAL ASPECTS 136-152
0. Some common plants used by tribes 136
1. Aegle marmelos 136
2. Ficus religiosa 136
3. Cynodondactylon 137
4. Eclipta alba 137
5. Oxalissps 137
6. Ocimum sanctum 138
7. Trichopus zeylanicus 138
8. Ethnobotanical aspects of conservation and management of
natural resources 139
Exercise 151
UNIT - VII
PHARMACOGNOSDY 153-182
1. Pharmacognosy 153
2. Preparation of drugs for commercial market 154
3. Evaluation of drugs 157
4. Active and inert constituents of drugs 160
5. Classification of important drug plants 161
6. Drug adulteration 165
7. Sources of crude drugs 169
8. Classification of crude drugs 171
9. Some important drug plants 174
Exercise 182
UNIT - VIII
HERBAL PREPARATIONS & PHYTOCHEMISTRY 183-224
1. Collection of wild herbs 183
2. Quality Considerations 184
3. Conservation status of species 186
4. Fresh tea leaves in various stages of growth 203
5. Isolation and purification 207
6. Structure determination 209
7. Glycosides and Flavonoids and their therapeutic applications 210
Exercise 223