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2017 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering
Fire
Fire Safety
Safety(on Analysis
Analysis of
of Building
Building
the Development
Partition
Partition Wall
of Performance-based Wall Engineering
Engineering
Fire Code)
Fire Safety Analysis
Fire Safety Analysis of
of Building
Building Partition
Partition Wall
Wall Engineering
Engineering
Fire Safety Analysis of Building
Qian WANG a
a , Partition
Cong ZHANG
Qian b,* Wall Engineering
b,*
WANG aa, Cong ZHANGb,*
Qian
Qian WANG
WANG a,, Cong
Cong ZHANG
ZHANGb,*
b,*
a
a Qian
Qian WANGaa,, Cong
WANG Cong ZHANG
ZHANGb,*
Fire Engineering Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
Fire
b Engineering Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
aFire
a
aFire Graduate Department
Department
Qian WANG , Cong ZHANGb,*
Graduate Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
b Engineering Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
Engineering of Chinese
of Chinese People's
People's Armed
Armed Police
Police Force
Force Academy,
Academy, Langfang,
Langfang, 065000,
065000, China
China
aFireb Engineering Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
bGraduate Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
Fire Engineering Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000,
bGraduate Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
China
a bGraduate
Fire Department
Engineering of Chinese
DepartmentChinese People's
of Chinese Armed
People's Police
Armed Force
Police Academy,
Force Langfang,
Academy, 065000,
Langfang, China
065000, China
Graduate Department of People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
Abstract Graduate Department of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, 065000, China
b

Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
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©
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Keywords:
of ICFSFPEbuilding partition
2017. wall, decoration, renovation, fire performance, fire safety design
Keywords:
of ICFSFPEbuilding partition wall, decoration, renovation, fire performance, fire safety design
2017.
Keywords: building partition wall, decoration, renovation, fire performance, fire safety design
Keywords: building partition wall, decoration, renovation, fire performance, fire safety design
Keywords:
Keywords: building
building partition
partition wall,
wall, decoration,
decoration, renovation,
renovation, fire
fire performance,
performance, fire
fire safety
safety design
design
Keywords: building partition wall, decoration, renovation, fire performance, fire safety design
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.
1. Introduction
Introduction
1. Introduction
1. With the development of commercialization of the city, many large and medium-sized shopping malls, office buildings,
Introduction
1.KTVWith the development
Introduction
rooms, hotels and many of commercialization
other buildings of the been
have city, many largerapidly.
emerging and medium-sized
Taking into shopping
account the malls, office
sound buildings,
proof effect,
With
With the development
the development of commercialization
of commercialization of
of the city,
the city, many
many large and
large and medium-sized
medium-sized shopping
shopping malls,
malls, office
office buildings,
buildings,
KTV Withrooms,
the
installation of hotels
development and
convenience, many
of price other
and buildings
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of
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use Taking
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Taking into shopping
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installation
KTV With
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E-mail address:
Peer-review 1540552557@qq.com
under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICFSFPE 2017
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.071
748 Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 747–754
Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

requested.
Japanese Architectural Standards (JIS 6[S], 2009 Edition), in which specific requirements of the structural material of the
partitions have been made by Japan, especially, specific requirements for the partition walls of residential structures. French
construction technology standards (NFP72-203-1/A1-2003), in which the interior wall packing materials are instructed to
improve its quality and weight. At present, the use of refractory materials are not in line with the requirements of the
partition wall in construction and decoration of engineering. The present research is not thorough and meticulous in the
aspects of the fire risk caused by behavior of the building and partition wall removal at random. The predecessors only
studied the combustion performance and fire resistance of the partition wall isolately, and could not combine with the
specific application of actual engineering. In this paper, problems mentioned above are furtherly studied.

2. Classification, construction and fire resistance analysis of building partition wall

According to its structure, building partition wall can be divided into three types: masonry partition, skeleton partition
and plate partition. According to fire resistance, building partition can be divided into two types: non-fire partition wall and
fire partition wall. And the fire partition wall can divided into two types: fireproof partition wall and non-load bearing
firewall. The fire-resistant limit of non-load bearing firewall can be up to 3 hours or more, and fireproof partition should be
conformed to specifications for different fire resistance requirements[7-9], and can play a refractory function, and should be
set in accordance with the specifications strictly.

2.1. The masonry partition wall

The masonry partition wall is partitions without load bearing built with various blocks. Masonry partitions mainly consist
of clay brick partition walls, block partition walls, hollow brick partition walls, etc.. When the thickness of partition wall is
the same, the fire resistance depends on the type of blocks. Fire resistance of different kind of partition walls is different.
Another factor that affect the fire resistance of partition walls is the masonry method. And the fire resistance ratio of the
empty partition walls is inferior to stuffed partition. The masonry partition wall has high fire resistance and good heat
insulation, but its unit density is larger than other kinds of partition walls.

2.2. The skeleton partition wall

The skeleton partition wall is a light partition composed of stud and panel. The stud partition structure is flexible and can
be erected to any height and thickness, and its interior can be filled with fireproof and heat insulating materials[10-13].
According to the type of stud, stud partition can be divided into steel stud partition wall, wooden stud partition wall and
gypsum stud partition wall.
The flammability of the stud material affects the fire resistance[14-16]. Fire resistance performance of the steel stud
partition wall is the best, the gypsum stud partition wall is the next, and wooden stud partition is the worst. The type and
thickness of wall panel materials also affect the fire resistance of partition walls. As for non-combustible material panels,
the greater the thickness, the better the fire resistance. The fire endurance of 15mm double layer refractory plasterboard is
2.00h, 12mm refractory plasterboard is 1.00h; if it is steel stud partition, the fire endurance is 1.50h and 0.90h respectively.
Consequently, under the same conditions, the wooden stud has better fire endurance than the steel stud, so it is necessary to
carry out fire-resistant protection for the steel stud when necessary. The structure of the skeleton partition, such as the
thickness of the packing, fireproof protection and the wall decoration will also affect fire resistance of the skeleton partition
wall. The skeleton partition wall material can meet the requirements of light weight, sound insulation, heat insulation, fire
resistance, water-proof, and is easy to assemble and dismantle.

2.3. The slat partition wall

The slat partition wall is assembled with partition plate whose height equals to the room. Slat partition wall can be
divided into combustible plate partition and non-combustible plate partition[17-18]. Combustible plate partitions include
plywood partitions, plasterboard partitions, particleboard partitions, and Tabor partitions. Non-combustible plate partition
walls mainly include calcium silicate board partition wall and metal plate partition wall. Their thickness is mostly 60-
120mm, and the quality is light and convenient in construction. For slat partition walls, main factors affecting the fire
resistance is the panel type[19-20], with which fire endurance vary. As the skeleton partition wall, thickness of the plate and
wall decoration will affect the fire resistance of the slat partition wall. The slat partition walls are of light quality, high
strength, energy saving, earthquake resistance. It increases the use area, reduce the project cost and has some other
advantages.
 Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 747–754 749
Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

2.4. International and national standards of fire partition wall

According to fire statistics in China Annual Fire book, more than 90% of the fires in China lasted for less than 2 hours. In
the code for fire protection design (GB50016-2014), considering certain safety factor, the fire resistance limit of firewall
and fire partition wall is 4 hours or 3 hours, and other components are slightly more than or less than 2 hours, According to
the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, China and other relevant provisions of the country, the limitation of its firewall
is not more than 4 hours, with fire partition wall not more than 3 hours. The comparison data for these country is shown in
Table 1. Therefore, China's regulations for the fire resistance of partition walls are reasonable.

Table 1 Fire resistance requirements for buildings in the Soviet Union, the United States and China

Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and Fire Barrier Code for fire protection design of
Walls(2009) Edition, NFPA Soviet Fire Regulations
buildings, GB 50016-2014
Component Fire
Fire Resistance Ratings Fire Resistance Ratings
Component Resistance Ratings
Walls and Partitions (hr) Walls and Partitions (hr) Walls and Partitions (hr)
2 / 2
Elevator hoistways
1 / 2

Vertical shafts (including stairways, exit, and 2 3 2

refuse chutes) 1 2.5 2
4 4 3
HC fire walls and fire walls 3 4 3
2 4 3
4 3 3
3 2.5 2.5
Fire Barrier
2 2 2
1 0.5 0.5
Horizontal exit 2 1 1
Horizontal exits served by bridges between
2 / 2
buildings
1 / 1
Corridors, exit access
1/2 / 1

3. Problems and countermeasures in the application of building partition wall engineering

3.1. Problems existing in the application of the building partition wall project

3.1.1 Demolition of partition walls on the damage to the building itself

(1) Use of the partition wall on the changes of building load
During the construction, decoration and transformation process, a large number of partitions may be added. When
masonry partitions are used, total amount of building structural loads are added, which may weaken the safety degree of
building structure to a certain extent, and may cause potential danger in fire[21-24].
(2) Fire load changes in the application of partition wall
Increasing the partition wall will cause the total fire load and the unit fire load density to increase, and the fire load
mainly comes from the additional combustible wall materials and decoration on the wall. The combustible wall materials
include Talbot plate partition wall, structural reinforced concrete panel(SRC) partition wall, wood keel thistle board
partition wall, with steel wire mesh plastering, cement particle board, etc.. Flammable and combustible wall decoration
including wallpaper, insulation foam, etc.[25]. Toxic smoke and heat produced in fire, may prevent people from evacuating
and escaping.

3.1.2 Destruction on fire prevention compartment of partition wall demolition

A non-load firewall demolition between fire prevention compartment partitions at random will destroy the original fire
prevention partition zone and fire prevention partition area may be enlarged and fire risk may be increased. A supermarket,
as is shown in Figure 1, was originally divided into two fire compartments, fire compartment one is 1535 m2, fire
750 Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 747–754
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compartment two is 1630 m2. A firewall, a special fireproof curtain and staircase wall are in the middle of the building as
fire prevention seperation. In order to add the utility room during usage, firewall in the upper position is removed, and fire
separation between fire compartment one and fire compartment two, will be lost. When high-rise building is set up with
automatic fire sprinkler system, the area of a fire compartment should not be more than 3000m2. Each fire compartment
meets the requirements of fire standard at first. After the demolition of firewall, the fire compartment area will increase,
which will cause fire to spread swiftly.

Fig. 1 Digrammatic sketch of fire compartment partition in a supermarket

3.1.3 The impact of the demolition of the building partition on the smoke prevention partition
The smoke prevention partition area is usually divided by beams, smoke screens and partition walls. When partition walls
needs to be removed due to the decoration and reconstruction in building, it may cause the smoke prevention area to be
expanded and exceed the standard requirements. At the same time, the smoke exhausting volume of mechanial exhaust port
may be increased. Effective smoke extraction may not be carried out during a fire. One storey of a commercial building, as
is shown in Figure 2，3.5m of each storey, is divided into three smoke prevention zones, the smoke prevention area is
400m2，300m2，300m2 before carrying out wall reconstruction. Because of renovation, the total area turn into 700m 2 after
the demolition of partition walls between room 1 and room 2, which exceeds the standard requirements of the maximum
smoke prevention area of civil buildings 500m2, which destroys the original division of smoke prevention zones. And before
the wall reconstruction, when the fire occurs, the smoke exhaust volume of exhaust port is L=fmax×120=
400×120=48000m3/h. Generally speaking, smoke exhaust volume is made up of the product of ventilation rate, the smoke
prevention area and air leakage factor (the average value is 1.1).
After removing the partition wall, the smoke exhaust volume of exhaust port changes to L=fmax×120=700×120=84 000
m3/h, which exceeds the maximum smoke exhaust volume of exhaust port significantly. Therefore, removal of the building
partition will bring about adverse effect on smoke prevention partitions and smoke control systems.

f1 f2 f3
400m2
2 2
300m 300m

Fig.2 Diagram of smoke prevention partition in a commercial building

3.1.4 The impact of building partition wall addition on evacuation

A conference room, as is shown in Figure 3(a) - (b). In this conference room, before separation of building partition walls,
the evacuation distance of the worst location is (1.4732+2.2872)1/2+1.631=4.351 m. After separation, the most unfavorable
point of the evacuation distance is 2.739+2.657+(2.1472+0.5752)1/2=7.619 m, increasing 3.28 m. Due to the increase of
evacuation distance caused by the addition of partition walls, these are mainly shopping malls and a large number of office
buildings. When faced with completion acceptance, these sites are usually not separated on the whole floor. They will be
seperated into several small compartments on the plane along with the entry of shops and commercial tenants. The
evacuation distance will be increased, the evacuation direction will be changed, and the complexity of evacuation will be
increased, and the evacuation sight will be blocked. It will affect personnel evacuation effect on the whole, even the safety
of people when they escape.
 Qian WANG et al. / et
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(2018) 747–754 751

(a) (b)

Fig.3 Diagrammatic sketch of personnel evacuation (a) before separation of a conference room (b) after separation of a conference room

3.1.5 Influence of building partition wall addition on fixed fire protection facilities
(1) Influence of partition wall addition on fire detection system
The temperature detectors and smoke detectors should be arranged in plane according to their radius of protection. When
there is no partition wall, the protection radius of the detector is its working radius. After the partition wall is added, its
working radius is cut off, which may cause the limitation of protection range of fire detectors and even without the
protection of detectors within some compartments.
(2) Influence of partition wall addition on fire sprinkler system
According to Code of design for sprinkler systems (2005 Edition), when sprinklers are at work, there is regulated
minimum distance[26] between sprinkler and the wall. After increasing the partition wall, the distance between the sprinkler
head and the wall is too large or too small, and it does not conform to the national standard. It may also cause that the
sprinkler can not effectively cover the whole protection area, and will affect the whole extinguishing effect of the automatic
sprinkler system. According to regulations, the sprinkler intensity of fire sprinkler system which belongs to the fire risk of
Medium I level should be 6 L/min·m2. The maximum length of rectangular layout is 4.0m, the maximum protection area
of a nozzle is 12.5m2. The largest distance between the nozzle and the end of the wall is 1.8m. The layout of the sprinkler
pipe system on the seventh storey is shown in Figure 4. This area was originally designed as an open space, which is used as
a business exhibition hall. Because of the addition of 4 partition walls (Figure 4, partition 1 to partition 4) later, the
integrated spacious exhibition hall became four office buildings, but the location of the sprinkler pipe system remain
unchanged. The length and width of the pipeline originally designed is 3m, and the distance between the pipe and the
partition wall has changed to 2.1m, 2.4m, 0.4 m, 1.9 m, 0.9 m, 0.6 m, after the seperation of partition wall. Among them,
0.4m, 0.9m, 0.6m, is smaller than1.8m, the minimum distance between the sprinkler nozzle and the end wall. Consequently,
it is not in line with fire regulations. Therefore, increasing the partitions may make the sprinkler system become irrational
and increase the risk of fire.

Fig. 4 Influence on sprinkler system after increasing partition walls in a business exhibition hall
752 Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 747–754
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(3) Influence of additional partition walls on other fire fighting systems

Adding walls, due to the changing positions of walls and layout, thus, it will have an impact on many systems which have
horizontal layout requirements, such as indoor fire hydrant system, automatic fire alarm system, etc..
For indoor fire hydrant systems, due to the addition of partition walls, there may be many bends when the hoses are laid
in a fire. Bending of hoses may cause deficient of fire protection radius, and water blast guns may not cover the entire
building which needs to be protected fully and effectively, thereby increasing the difficulty of fire fighting.
For the automatic fire alarm system, the manual fire alarm button originally installed on both sides of the corridor is
visible. And after adding partition walls, due to the formation of the transverse and longitudinal channels, it may block
people’s sight, increase difficulty of finding out the alarm button position by people. Moreover, if the arrangement in plane
is not adjusted in time, number of manual alarm buttons on narrow and long passages may be insufficient. As for emergency
lighting and evacuation instruction system, adding partition walls may cause emergency lighting and evacuation signs
installed in walkways and rooms be blocked by partitions, which adversely affect evacuation guidance of personnel.

3.2 Fire prevention design of building partition wall project

3.2.1 Fireproofing design of building partition material selection

(1) Masonry partition
We should choose hollow bricks and light concrete solid or hollow block masonry. Light weight partition block itself is
an inorganic nonflammable material. And the wall weight is light, heat insulation, and its fire resistance is good.
(2) Frame partition: gypsum board for partition material, fire performance is superior. Fire resistant keels should be
selected, as well as refractory metal material type, steel keel, etc. The partition keel on both sides should use a variety of
fire boards, gypsum and other non-combustible materials plate as a cover panel，for its light weight, high strength, and
good fire resistance.
(3) Sheet materials should be made of fire resistant, non-combustible and poor thermal conductivity sheet materials.
Refractory material is the best choice for core material Strengthen the related positions, such as joints, and other weak parts.
3.2.2 Fire prevention design of partition structures
(1) Fire separation function and application of building partition wall
Select the partition wall according to the requirements of the partition wall. Its selection should take into account the fire
resistance requirements, its material and fire resistance. At the same time, the partition walls requiring for fire resistance,
such as fire prevention partitions and firewalls, should be in line with Code 5.1.6 for fire protection design of buildings
(2014 Edition) of our country, which regulate the combustion performance and fire resistance of partitions, and should
conform to regulations for the fire resistance of partitions at different locations.
(2) Integral fire prevention design of building partition wall
In building construction, load bearing wall, light partition wall to the ceiling and decoration entity interface are often used
to separate the space. Ratio of length to width of the room is usually 1:1-1:2. And the arrangement of partition walls should
also consider comprehensive requirements, such as, the layout of furniture, facilities and their features of indoor use,
lighting, ventilation, thermal technical, acoustics, fire protection, etc.. The separation of the upper and lower layers in the
vertical direction. The partition walls on adjacent floor should be arranged in corresponding positions, and the frames and
beams should be in the same location of one building, as shown in Figure 5.

Fig.5 Building integrity requirements on the layout of partition wall

In the reconstruction and renovation process, when the interior of the building is redivided and modified, integrity of the
building should also be taken into account. For example, type of the building structure. During space filling, we should
consider whether the wall is load-bearing, whether the wall and floor can be dismantled or made holes, whether to use the
light partition wall on the floor in space separation, etc.. Improper management may pose security hazard to the integrity of
the building. Space separation and selection of decoration materials should be in accordance with the building design and
fire code requirements, and with serious and rational planning.

3.2.3 Fire prevention design for overall fire resistance of building partition wall project
The following fire protection design countermeasures are put forward in view of the possible problems influencing the
safety of other fire fighting systems, during reconstruction of partition wall project. The main points are:
(1) In the process of reforming the partition wall project, the following aspects should be especially aroused in the process
 Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 747–754 753
Qian WANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

of the reform and the fire control design review should include: Reasonable division of function area, reasonable positions
of evacuation stair, safety exit. Fire water supply system and electrical equipment. Arrangement of electrical wiring,
adjustment of the number of fire detection and alarm systems, etc.
(2) Fireproof panels should be used to construct partition walls to prevent combustibles and additional fire loads.
(3) The location of the partition wall should be set reasonably, and the distance between the fire detector, the automatic
fire alarm device, the fire sprinkler system, and the partition wall should be reasonable.
(4) In order to avoid the evacuation distance exceeding standard because of the additional partition walls., the evacuation
stairway and the safety exit should be arranged reasonably if necessary. On the wall of each storey, the sketch map of fire
safety evacuation path should be put forward.
(5) The additional partitions may block evacuation sight, change evacuation path, increase evacuation complexity.
Ground and wall guidance should be added, and the luminous indication sign on the ground shall be added.
(6) Adding the partition wall may cause the smoke control system in the building to be invalid. Therefore, partition walls
which cannot reach the ceiling should be constructed, in order to retain smoke storage space at the top.

4. Conclusion

In this paper, many factors influencing the fire resistance and safety performance of building partition walls are analyzed.
Not only the combustion performance and fire resistance of the building partition wall itself is studied, but also the structure,
material, type of partition walls and its influence on other components, the relationship with other fire systems in the
building, and the factors that will affect fire safety of partition walls are discussed and analyzed. Impacts of building
partition wall demolition and addition in renovation projects on evacuation, smoke control design and other fixed fire
protection facilities, are discussed in this article. This paper sums up these problems and gives the fire prevention measures
for the building partition wall project. It also provides reference for fire system designing and reviewing of building
partition wall project.

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