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Study Guide in GE 5:Contemporary World Module No.12

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 12

Global Migration
MODULE OVERVIEW

This lesson will look at global migration and its impact on both the sending and receiving
countries. Although it will it will cite nu cite numerous challenges relating es relating to migration,
to migration, migration should not be considered a “problem”. There is nothing moral or immoral
about moving from one country to another. Human beings have always been to another. Human
beings have always been migratory. It is result to their movements that areas get populated,
communities experience diversity, and economies prosper. Thus, rather than looking at migration
in terms of simplistic terms good ic good vs. bad lens, treat it as a complex social phenomenon that
even predates contemporary globalization.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Identity the reasons for the migration of people;

2. Explain why states regulate migration; and
3. Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being. CONTENT

MODULE CONTENT

I. What is Migration

Two types of Migration

1. Internal migration — refers to people moving from one area to another within one country
2. International migration — in which people cross borders of one country to another

Five groups of International migration

1. Immigrants — those who move permanently to another country
2. The second refers to workers who stay in another country for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a
year)
3. Illegal Migrants like TNT
4. Migrant whose families have -petitioned' them 13 move to the destination country
5. Refugees (also known as asylum-seekers) — unable or unwilling to return because of a well-
founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.

Demographers
 Estimate that 247 million people are currently living outside the countries of their birth
 90% of them moved for economic reasons while the remaining 10 percent were refugees and
asylum-seekers.

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 Top 3 of regions of origin are Latin America (18 percent of global total), followed by Eastern
Europe and Central Asia (16 percent) and the Middle East and North Africa (14 percent).
 The top 10 country destinations of these migrants are mainly in the West and the Middle
East, with United States in on the top of the list.
 Migrants are helping labor force of a country that they are serving they contributed around
40-80 percent of the to the GDP
 The majority of migrants remain in the cities
 Once settled, they contribute enormously to raising the productivity of their host country

The Anti-immigrants
 Anti-immigrant groups and nationalists argue that governments must control legal
immigration and put a stop to illegal entry of foreigners.
 US President Donald Trump and UKL Prime Minister Theresa May, reversing the existing
pro-immigration and refugee-sympathetic policies of their states.
 Trump also continues to speak about his election promise of building a wall between the
United States and Mexico
 Although immigrants gave a highest contribution the country they are hosting, native-born
citizens still receive higher support compared to immigrants.

The Refugees contribution

 The massive inflow of refugees from Syria and Iraq has raised alarm bells once again, but has
not proved to be as damaging as expected
 Refugees fleeing the war in Syria and Iraq would actually grow Europe’s GDP , albeit
“modestly”
 In Germany, the inflow of refugees from Middle East has not affected social welfare
programs, and had a very little impact on wages and employment.

In fact, they have brought much-needed labor to the economy instead.

II. Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries

Benefits

 Migrants workers sent billions back to their home countries (Remittance)

 These remittances make significant contributions to the development of small-and medium-
term industries that help to generate jobs.
 Remittances likewise change the economic and social standing of migrants, as shown by new
or renovatedhomes and their relative's access to new consumer goods.
 The purchasing power of a migrant's family doubles and make it possible for children to start
or continue their schooling.

Detriments

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 Philippines, remittances "do not have a significant influences on other key items of
consumption or investment such as spending on education and health care"
 Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting "households out of poverty _..but not in
rebalancing growth, especially in the long run_
 Brain drain — the process of that can leads to siphoning qualified personnel and removing
dynamic young workers. If you remember the song from Gloc 9 "napakaramingnarsditoamin
ngunitbakittilawalangnatiara? Nag-aabroadsila…”
 52% of Filipinos who leave for work in the developed world have tertiary education, which is
more than double the 23 percent of the overall Filipino population.

Government actions to the problem of Brain Drain

 Governments are actively involved in the recruitment and deployment of works, some of
them setting up special departments like Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training in
Bangladesh; the office of the Protector of Emigrants with the Indian Labor Ministry; and the
Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA).

III. The Problem of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking
involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act.
Every year, millions of men, women, and children are trafficked worldwide – including right here in
the Philippines. It can happen in any community and victims can be any age, race, gender, or
nationality. Traffickers might use violence, manipulation, or false promises of well-paying jobs or
romantic relationships to lure victims into trafficking situations.

 According to FBI, listed human trafficking as the 3rd largest criminal activity worldwide
- 21 million men, women, and children as victims of "forced labor," an appalling three out
every 1,000 persons worldwide,
-90% of victims are exploited by private enterprises and entrepreneurs
- 22% are sexually abused
- 68% work under compulsion in agricultural, manufacturing, infrastructure and domestic
activities

 Human trafficking has been profitable, earnings syndicates, smugglers, and corrupt state
officials profits of as high as 150 billion dollar a year in 2014.
 Governments, the private sector, and civil society groups have worked together to combat
human trafficking, yet the results remain uneven

IV. Integration

 A final issue relates to how migrants interact with their new home countries.
 Migrants from China, India and Western Europe often have more success, while those from

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Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa face greater challenges in securing jobs.
 In United States and Singapore, there are blue-collar as well as white-collar Filipino workers
(doctors, engineers, even corporate executives), and it is the professional, white collar
workers that have oftentimes been easier to integrate.
 Linguistic difficulties, customs from the "old country and, of late, differing religions may
create cleavages between migrants and citizens of receiving countries in the countries,
particularly in the West.
 Lack of integration gives xenophobic and anti-immigrant groups.

Solution of Problems of Integration

 Government and private businesses have made policy changes to address integration
problems, like using multiple languages in the state documents.
 Training programs complemented with counseling have also helped migrant integration in
Hamburg, Germany, while retail merchants in Barcelona have brought in migrant
shopkeepers to break down language barriers while introducing Chinese culture to citizens.

V. CONCLUSION
 Global migration entails the globalization of people.
 Some migrants experience their movement as a liberating process
 A highly educated professional may find moving to another country financially rewarding. At
the other end. A victim of sex trafficking may view the process of immigration as dislocating
and disempowering.
 Many richer states know that migrant labor will be beneficial for their economies
 Japan and Germany will need workers form demographically young countries like the
Philippines because of their aging population
 United states move to more skilled careers, their economies will require migrants to work
jobs that their local workers are beginning to reject.
 Despite these benefits, developed countries continue to excessively limit and restrict migrant
labor.
Some Factors why develop countries restrict the migrants are:
1. Some want to preserve what they perceive as local culture by shielding it from newcomers
2. Other states use migrants as scapegoats, blaming for economic woes that are, in reality, caused by
government policy and not by foreigners.

 Despite these various contradictions, it is clear that different forms of global interdependence
will ensure that global migration will continue to be one of the major issues in the
contemporary world.
 Countries like Philippines with an abundance of labor and a need for remittances will
continue to send these workers.
 It is inevitable that countries will have to open up again to prevent their economies from
stagnating or even collapsing. The various responses to these movements—xenophobia and
extreme nationalism in the receiving countries; dependency in the sending countries—will

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continue to be pressing issues.

Activity 1

Instructions:Answer the following questions briefly and concise

1. Why are migrants mostly beneficial for receiving countries?
Migrants are very crucial for all receiving countries. There are a lot of reasons why
they are beneficial, but I know that migrant workers are skilled enough to contribute to the
growth of receiving countries' human capital. In a networked society, professional migrants
act as excellent connectors for many types of world economies, such as trade, capital,
finance, knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship, cultural norms, and political beliefs, all of
which can have a large positive effect on the productivity of the receiving countries of the
countries that migrants do serve.

2. What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on migrant remittances?
There are a lot of benefits for the sending countries, such as migrant remittances. One
of the benefits of migrant remittances is that they send back billions back to their countries.
Based on what I've learned during my research on this topic, there are pros and cons, or the
benefits and detriments, of economies dependent on migrant remittances. The pros are that
receiving households can benefit from remittances by smoothing spending and increasing
social standards. Remittances can help people build human capital by providing better
facilities, healthier lifestyles, adequate healthcare, and higher educational achievement.
Remittances have the potential to restrict labor supply and promote a dependency culture that
constrains economic growth. Remittances can boost non-tradable goods consumption, raise
prices, boost the real exchange rate, and reduce exports, lowering the receiving country's
competitiveness in global markets.

3. Why is migrant integration a challenging issue for states?

Integration is challenging for states since it reveals a truth that many people are afraid
of admitting publicly. Despite the considerable international attention on migrant return and
reintegration, many migrants will not-and often cannot-return to their home communities.
Migrants in some states are not easy to understand due to linguistic challenges, "old country"
habits, and, more recently, opposing religions may cause rifts between migrants and people
of receiving countries, especially in the West. Effective integration policies have the potential
to improve people's lives.

4. How do migrants prompt xenophobia and racismin receiving countries?

As a result of migration, racism, xenophobia, and discrimination may emerge. Both
migrants and non-migrants may be involved in or witness these events. Racism is defined as
the conviction that one race is superior than another. Xenophobia is defined as a fear or
prejudice toward someone who is viewed as "different" in terms of nationality, culture,
religion, or ethnicity. Individuals are treated differently based on some assigned or perceived

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attribute in discrimination. Negative treatment, such as exclusion or oppression, is generally

involved. It could also imply favourable treatment of a group. We all know that such things
can affect everybody's feelings not just the migrants but in general. Always remember that
"It's better to have a good manner than to have plenty of money."

Activity 2

OFW Survey (Please observe health protocols before doing this activity) Make a separate sheet and
attach in this module.

Instruction: Do a survey in your neighborhood and ask families about their relatives (parents,
children, aunts, cousins, etc.) who had migrated or worked abroad. List down who they are, where
they migrated or are working, and for how long they have been there.
Your goals is to map your neighborhood and determine how much of the families there are
reliant on relatives living and/or working abroad. After finishing your census, do a second survey to
determine how different homes are supported by immigrants/migrant workers. Check the
architecture of the homes, the way your neighbors dress, their vehicles, etc.

After the survey. ask yourself the following questions:

a. What has changed in our communities because of global migration?
People's quality of life improves as a result of migration. People's social lives are improved as
they learn about different cultures, customs, and languages, which promotes camaraderie among
them. Migration of skilled professionals leads to increased regional economic growth. Many local
families are getting more money because of migration. We all know that global migration plays a
vital role in improving our country's productivity. How? Because of the remittances and taxes that
the migrants give.

b. How are people coping with the visit or return of the immigrants?
We all know that all immigrants experience difficulties adjusting to their new society, and
identity is at the heart of this process. The impact of migration on three parts of a person's identity:
Firstly, how others perceive him or her. Secondly, interiorized societal elements such as gender,
culture, and tradition-related roles and social expectations; and lastly, how the person views himself
or herself in terms of individuality. Returnees experience these challenges to their identity not only
during transit and upon arrival at their destination, but also during the process of returning and re-
adapting to their communities of origin.

c. What changed among the immigrants/overseas workers when they went back (or
visited)home?
We all know that being an overseas immigrant or being a worker is not that easy. We all have
different points of view on why they are doing such things. But there are a lot of challenges when
they are migrating or working in other places because of the environment they have to adapt to. The
question here is, what would the changes be if they went back home? They are, as usual, vastly
different from what they left behind. They are wealthy, bilingual, and better educated than the
majority of their neighbors. Migrants also have greater work experience, larger social networks, and

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new technical skills obtained in foreign schools and jobs than people who have never lived abroad.
As a result, their return home is a form of "brain gain" that benefits not only the migrant's family but
also the community—and even the country.

OFW SURVEY
Neighborhood 1
Santilla Family

Their daughter, Rhea Santilla, is working in Qatar. She is now 7 years old in Qatar. She is the
breadwinner of Family Santilla, not just for her own family but all of her cousins. She bought a lot
where the houses of her cousins and aunties stand and bought a cow for her uncle's. Two of her
cousins have a bungalow house because of her. Their house is a two-story house, and at the back of
the compound of Santilla is a big bungalow house. All the Santilla family is good at fashion,
especially when they are going to church. They have a lot of motorcycles, and two of those are big
bikes.

 Neighborhood 2
Anin Family
Their son, Ariel Ancheta Anin, is my cousin. He is working in Canada as one of the assistants to the
CEO of a company there. He will be celebrating his 20th anniversary of living in Canada on May
28,2022. He is also the breadwinner of his family, and he is the one who manages the financial
support for our farm. He built his house on our farm, which is a small but extravagant house, and
also helped his family to build a comfortable house. His house is a modern type. His money helped
our uncle and also my father to buy a cow for our farm. He has two big bikes and also a Toyota car.
His family is very fashionable and great at fashion.

REFERENCES

Aldama, Prince Kennex R. The Contemporary World First Edition.Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2018.
Steger, Manfred B., Paul Battersby, and Joseph M. Siracusa, eds. 2014.The SAGE
Handbook ofGlobalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Claudio L &Abinales P., (2018), The Contemporary World C & E Publishing, Inc., 839 EDSA,
South Triangle, Quezon City

Peterson Institute for economics (2018). What is Globalization? Retrieved from

https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization  on May 28, 2020

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