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    CIVIL-ENGINEERING-INFORMATION

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    Civil Engineering Information

    Uploaded by

    Bhaskar Puthran

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    _Q\ CIVIL ENGINEERING INFORMATION WEIGHT 10 miligrams 10 centigrams 10 decigrams 10 gram 10 dekagrams 10 hectogram 100 kilograms 1000 kilograms = 200 miligrams LENGTH 10 mitimetres = 10 centimetres 10 decimetres 10 metres 1 dekametres 1 hectometre WEIGHTS AND MEASURES CAPACITY 1 centigram 1 decigeam I gram ‘dekagram T hectogram 1 kilogram. 1 quintal 1 metric tonne Tearat centimetre | decimetre metre I dekametre 1 hectometre I kilometre 0 10 10 10 10, mililitres ccentiitres decilitres dekalitres heotolitres ‘VOLUME, 1000 1000 1000 AREA cu, milimetres cu, centimetres cu, decimetres sq, milimetres sq, centimetres sq, decimetres sq, metres sq, dekametres sq, hectometres Metric System Handy Conversion Rules To Convert Inches to Centimetres Centimetres of Inches Feet to Metres Metres to Feet Yards Yo, Metres Metres to Yards Miles to Kilometres Kilometres to Miles ‘Sq, Inches toSq, Centimetres, Sq. Centimettes to Sq, Inches Sq, Feet to Sq, Metres Sq. Metres to $4, Feet Sq. Yards to Sq. Metres, Sq, Metres to Sq . Yards Sq, Miles to Sq, Kilometres 84, Kilometres to Sq. Miles Actes to Hectares Hectares to Acres Cub. Inches to Cub, Centimetres Cul. Centimetres to Cub. Inches Multiply by 2540 03937 03048 3.281 09144 1.094 1.609 06214 6452 0.1550, 0.0929 1076 0.8361 1.196 2.590 0.3861 0.4047 2471 16.39 0.06103 To Convert Cub, Feet to Cub. Metres Cub, Metres to Cub. Feet (Cub. Yards to Cub. Metres Cub, Metres to Cub, Yards Cub. Inches to Litres Litres to-Cub. Inches Gallons to Litres Litres 10 Gallons, Grains to Grams. Grains to Grains ‘Ounces to Grams Grams to Ounces Pounds to Grams (Grams to Pounds, Pounds to Kilograms Kilogram to Pounds ‘Tons to Killograms Kilograrns to Tons Kilowatt to Horse Power Horse Power to Kilowatt 1 centile 1 decilitee 1 tre 1 hectolitre 1 kilotitre 1 cu, centimetre 1 cu, decimetre 1 cu, metre 1 sq. centimetre 1 sq. decimetre 1 sq. metre 1 sq. dekametre 1 sq. heetometre 1 sq. kilometre Multiply by 0.02832 32 0.7646 1.308 0.01639 61.03 4.535 0.2205 0.0648 15.43 28.35 0.03527 453.6 0.002205 0.4536 208 1015 0.00096 13409 0.7487 CIVIL AREA PLINTHAREA, Plinth area is the built up covered area of a building measured at floor level of any slorey. Plinth area is calculated by taking the external dimensions ofthe building at the floor level excluding plinth offsets, if any courtyard, open areas, balconies cantilever projections are not included in the plinth area. Supported porches (other than cantilevered) are included inthe plinth area 1 In- flowing shall be included in the plinth area: (i) All foors area of walls at the floor level excluding plinth of sets if any. (ii) Internal shafts for sanitary installations provided these do not exceed 2 sqm, in area air-condition duets, liftsete (iii) The area of barsates and the area of munity at terrace level. (iv) Area porches other than cantilevered. ‘The following shall not be included in the plinth area: (i) Area of lof (ii) Internal sanitary shafts provided these are more than 2 sq m. in area. (iin enclosed balconies (iv) Towers, sunshades, domes ete. projecting above the terrace level, not forming a storey atthe terrace level (v) Architectural bonds, comives et. (vi) Sunshades, vertical sun breakers of box Louvers projecting out. FLOOR AREA Floor area of « building isthe total area of of floor in-between wall and consists of floor of all rooms, verandahs, passages, corridors, staircase room, entrance hall, kitchen, stores, bath and latrines (WCs) ete. Sills of doors and ‘openings are not included in the floor area occupied by walls pillars, plaster and other intermediate supports are not included in the floor area, In short floor area is equal t@ plinth area minus area occupied by walls, for deduction of wall area from plinth area to obiain floor level. The area shall be included, (i) Door and other openings in the wall. (ii) Intermediate pillars and supports, (ii) Plasters along wall excluding 300 sq, em, in area (iv) Flues which are-within walls but following shal be excluded from the wall area a) Plasters along walls not exceeding 300 sq, em. in area ) Fireplace projecting beyond the face of wall in Living room, ©) Chullah platform projecting from the face of walls in kitehen The floor of each storey and different types of floor should be measured and taken separately, The floor area of basement, mezzai . barsaties, mumties, porches etc. should be measured separately. CIRCULATION AREA. Circulation area is the floor area of verandah, passages, corridors, balconies, AREA entrance hall, porches, staircase ete. which are used for movements of persons using the building, the circulating arca of any floor shall comprise ofthe following: a) Verandah and balconies b) Passages and corridors. ©) Entrance hall 4) Staircase and mumties, &) Shatts for tft The circulation area may be divided into two parts: (i) Horizontal Circulation area (ii) Vertical circulation area Horizontal Circulation Area Horizontal circulation area ofa building is the area of verandahs, passages, corridors, balconies, porches ete What are required for the horizontal movement of the users of the building. This may be 10% to 15% of the plinth area of the building. Vertical Circulation Area Vertical circulation area of a building is the area or space occupied by staircase, lifts and the entrance hall adjacent to them which are required for the vertical movement of the users of the building, This may be 4% to 5 % of the plinth area of the buildings, CARPET AREA Carpet area of building is the useful area or liveable area or lettable area, This i the total floor area minus the circulation area (Verandahs, corridors, passages, lifts, entrance hall etc.) and many other non useable areas as bath, W. C., air conditioning room, etc. For office building carpet area is the lettable area or useable area, and for residential building carpet area is the liveable area and should exclude the kitchen, pantry, stores and entrance to other rooms which are not used for living purpose. ‘The carpet area of a building or any storey shall be the floor area excluding the following: a) Sanitary accommodation (bath &WC) 8) Staircase and mumties b) Verandah, h) Shafts for lifts c) Corridors and passages i) Barsaties 4) Kitehen and pantry J) Garages ) Stores in dometie buildings 1) Air conditioning duets and f) Entrance hall and porches air conditioning plant room. The carpet area of an office building may be 60% to 75% of the plinth area ofthe building with a target of 75%, The carpet area of residential building may be 50% to 65% ofthe plinth area of building with a target 0f65%. For a framed structure, multi-storeyed building, the area occupied by walls may be 5% to 10% of the plinth area (3% of external wall and 2% for internal walls) for ordinary building without the plinth area. Note: The plinth area, floor area, circulation area, ca rpet area etc. should be measured or taken separately of each storey or floor, Total covered area of all floor Plot Area’ Floor Area Ratio = MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 1. Reduction in strength of concrete made with stored cement, 2. Removal of forms: (a) (>) (©) @ (e) Note: 3. Approximate percentages of strength of ordinary portland cement conerete at different ages in comparison Period of storage of cement (month) 0 3 6 2 mM Approx. relative strength at (28 days percent) 100 80-70 SO Sides of foundations, Columns, beams and walls 2 days ‘Under sides of stabs up to 4.5m span 7 days Under sides of slabs above 4.5m span and Under sides of beam and arches up to 6m span 14 days Under sides of beam and arches up to 6m span and upto 9m span 21 days Under side of beams and arches over 9m span 28 days For rapid hardening cement 3/7 of the above period except the vertical sides of slabs, beams etc. should ‘be retained for at least 24 hrs. Cantilevers should be provided with counteracting loads before removal, cof form work, with the strength at 28 days. Age: Iday — 3idays— Tdays 28 days 3 months 6 months 12 months Strength (percent) 16 400 67 100122146 155 4. Relation between cube strength and water-cement Ratio by weight for fully compacted concrete (portland cement) ‘Cube crushing strength Water cement ratio (kgJag..cm.) bby weight Tdays 28 days 038 400 530 040 350470 045 300 420 0.80 25030 055 20 320 0.60 180,280 0.65 150250 0.70 130 220 0.75 110-200 0:80 105180 ** Volume of one bag of cement is 0.0347 cum, ++ Measuring box to be used at site (Size 35 x 28 x 40 em.) ** Voids to be deducted fiom stack measurements of (a) Stone metal 40 mm gauge and above 715% (b) -Soling stone/boulders 100 mm and above 45% (c) Exeavated racks 50% ISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION + Cement mortar shouldbe used within 30 minutes immediately after should be rejected. + Mixing time in mechanical mixture: Conerete: 2 min, Mortar: f min, ” jon of water, Mortar left unused for two hours Tolerance on weight for round and square bars worked on the base 0.785 kg/sq. em of eros sectional area per metre run Upto and including 8 mm: + 4 percent Over § mm: +2.5 percent Weather range for placing concrete 45°C t0 38°C ** Curing time for (a)P!ain cement conerete -14 days (d) Flooring -10 days (b) Reinforced cement concrete -10 days (e) Plastering & Pointing -7 days (©) Brick work & stone work -7 days +5 Bond stone: At least one bond stone (for wall thickness 60 em.) or set of bond stones with overlap of 15 em. (for wall thickness more than 60 em.) shall be provided for even'0.5:sq m. of wall surface of stone masonary. Coefficients applied to the area measured flat and not grithed (for each side). Description of work Coefficient 1. Panelled or framed and braced. doors, windows, 1.30 2. Ledged and battened or ledged. battened and braced, doors, windows etc, 1.30 3. Flush doors ete 1.20 4, Part panelled and pail glazed doors, or gauzed doors, windows ete 1.00 5. Fully glazed or gauzed doors, windows etc. 0.80 6. Fully venetioned or louvered doors, windows etc. 1.80 Note: measured overall including chowkhat or frame, 7. Trellis(orlafiri)workonewayortwoway 2.008 8. Carved or enriched work 2.00 9. Weather boarding 1.20 10. Wood shingle roofing 1.10 LL, Boardingwitheoverfilletsandmatchboarding 1.08 12, Tile and slate battening 0.80% Steel Work - doors, windows ete. 13, Plain sheeted stee! doors or windows 1.10 14, Fully glazed or gauzed stee! doors and windows 0.50 15. Partly panelled and partly glazed or gauzed doors or windows 0.80 16. Corrugated sheeted steel doors or windows 1.28 17.. Collapsible gates 150° 18, Rolling shutters of interlocked laths (excluding top cover) 110 19. Corrugated iron sheeting on roots Lid 20. A.C. comugated sheets 1.20 21, A.C. Semi-corrugated sheets 110 ‘Note: *For painting all over. STRENGTH REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE Consrete Equivatant Compressive strength on 15 em Mix controlled cubes, minimum at wont Faays 28days (ks/mm'] (hefmm 1:2 M25 210 315 Lite - 195 290 LM M20 175 265 1143 - 160 240 1d MIS 140 210 Note: 1. For plain CC six cubes For every 10 cum. of concrete, to-be taken and for less than 10-cum, no cubes be taken. 2. For RCC, for every 45 cum. and part thereof the concrete laid, six cubes to be taken ignoring any part less than 15.cum. 3, Minimum cylinder compressive strength (15 em dia & 30 em height) =0.8 comp, strength spevified for 15 em cubes. 4. Minimum comp. strength for 10 cm eubes = Comp. strength on 15 em cube + 10% (in case any comparative result isnot available) 5, The strength of any individual cube should not vary by more than i S% of average strength ofthe set of three cubes tested. Slumps to be adopted ‘Slump in mm Work Vibrators Vibrators used not used Plain Cement Concrete: ‘Mass conerete in foundation, footings, retaining walls and pavements 10-25 50-75, Thin sections of floorings less than 75mm thickness 25-40 75-100 Under water coneretings (actual slump to be decided by the Engg-in-charge) 100-180 Reinforced Cement Concrete: Mass conerete in RCC foundations footings and retaining walls 10-25 80 ‘Beams, slabs and columns simply reinforced 25-40 100-125 Thin RCC section or section with congested steel 40-50 125-150 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR STEEL CONFORMING ‘To LS, 226-1962, LS. 2062-1962 and ST. 44.0 of LS. 1977-1962 (Ky/sq. em.) Ail Sher A ae 1 Tks Teasce Bening, > Mn py Vigne ve te From « fee web) eed Diameter a er Rolled Hbeams and channels All 1001650 Plates, ars universal beams and upto and ine. columns and setions other than 20mm iso0 60 above oer 20 mim 10 ISS 5 Compound girders composed upto and ine. ofrolled F-beams orsharmels 20mm - Wo with coverplates of thickness over 20 mm SATS Plate girders with single or pio and incl mie webs 20mm + tse - - ‘over 20mm - 100 : : Plates, sections and bars all 00 1890 - Rolled beams all os Plate girders and single upto and incl channels 20m - : 2S ‘over 20 mm : - - RS - (a) St 44-0of1S, 1977-1962 Plates, sections and fats 6 mmand over : - = 2800 Bars (rounds, square and 10 mm and over 2600 hexagonal) other than rivet bars - : se (B)1 226-1962 6 mmand over - : se 0 12082-1962 uptodne! 20mm Plates, sections and flats ‘over 20, upto and - ine. 40 mm : - - HO cover 40 mm - : : = 23000 - Bars (rounds, square and 10mm & over, hexagonal) other than upto &inele 20 mm = : - - 00 rivet bars ‘over 20 mm : : - MoS Permissible design stress for concrete (Kg/sq. cm.) Comp Strength Permissible sess Permissible Permissible Permissible Equivalent Equivalent at days (min) in compression, stressin sires inbond bearing Concrete Concrete shear peessire on fll Mix Mix Works Works Direct Bending ar intension—Aver- Local area test test im bending age (Piainb CC onlyy Mio 1:3:6 135100 % WO 3 47 0 Miso 1:24 20 150 40 90 5 6 0 % M2000 1:13 260 200 5070 1 5B 40 Maso 112 320 250 85 8 9 1S 0 M3000 380 300 80100 9 wou oo Ma 40350 US 0 Tn » Mao 500400 100130 ul bow 80 PERMISSIBLE DESIGN STRESSES IN STEEL REINFORCEMENT (KG/SQ/CM.) Mild steel grade | Medium tensile Cold twisted Typeof Stes steel steel (15:432-1996) (15:432-1996), (1S:1786-1996) Tension othe than in helical rinforeement in column Half the guaranteed orin shearreinforcement upto 40 mm dia 1400 Yield sess, subject to 1900" cover 40mm dia 1300 amaximum of 1900 Tension in helical reinforcement in column 1000 1300 1600 Tension in shea enforcement in beams 1400 14001400 Compression in column bars* 1400 1400 1400 Compression in bar in a beam or slab when the comp. resistance of the concrete is taken into account Compression in bars ina beam or slab when the comp. resistange of eon, isnot accounted uptos0inmdia do- over 40mm dia Note: 1. Perm The calculated comp. sires in surounding conerete tmulipied bythe modular ratio Half the guarantee 1400 yield stress, subject to 1900 1300 samaximum of 1900 1900 ible stresses in Mild Steel Grade II = 90% of Permissible stress in mild steel Grade I Ifthe design details have already been worked out on basis of M.S. Grade I. Add 10% for mild steel grade IL. 2. 2. The yield stress of steels, for which there is no defined yield point, should be taken to be 0.2% prof stress. Field test for Adulteration of Cement (a) Burma sample of cement for 20 minutes on a steel plate heated by a stove, Adulterated sample changes colour while unadultered sample remains unchanged, (b) Small blacks (say) 2" x2" x Ya" made out of adulterated cement can be broken easily with pressure of fingers. Water Assessment for Building Works Brickwork, Masonary, Concrete Plastering Works Pointing Works ‘White washing per cat Road work, metalling or graveing (6" thick) SO Titrevoum $5 liressqm o. to 130 litres/curn.m. Size of Timber for Formwork Part of Form work TimberThickness of Size Sheeting 25 050mm Bearn and column sides § to $0 mm Bear Bottoms 0mm Joists 50 x L00/mm to 75x 200 me Ledgers 50100 mm to 25x200.mm Posts 75x10 mm to 150x150 mm Column Yokes $0100 mm to 100100 sam Struts and walings 50100 mm to 15150 mm TIMBER AND PLYWOOD REQUIREMENT FOR COLUMS ‘Units are per foot length (or).metre length of column Sl eof column Backing Timber Plywood Remarks No. Inches = mm. eu. fit. cu. mim. sq. fUft. sq. n/m. 1 9x9 2308230 0.627 0.0583 33751090 3x2 inches 34" plywood 2 12x12 300300 0.669 0.0622 4615 1425 " 3 15x15 375x375 om 0.0661 SITS 1.760 4 16x16 400x400 0724 0.0673 6127 1,868 5 9x12 230x230 0.648 0.0602 4125 1,257 6 9x18 230x375 0.669 0.0622 4615 1425 7 12x15 300K375 0.690 0.06411 5225 1.593 8 18x18 450x450 0.0881 0.0818 6875 2.096 4x2 inches 54" plywood 9 20% 20 500x500 0919 0.0854 7.623 " 0 22x22 550x550 0.956 0.0888 8371 11 24x24 600x600 0992 0.0922 9.075 2 30x30 750x750 1103 0.1025 12753437 " 13 12x18 300x450 0825 00716 S775 1.760 M4 12x20 300x500 084 0.0784 6149874 " 15 12x24 300x600 0881 0.0818 6875 2.096 16 ISx 18 375x450 085300702 6325 1.928 a 1520 375x500 0872 0.0810 6.099 2.042 18 15x24 375x600 0909 0.0844 7425 (2.263 0 18x 24 450x600 0936 = 0.0870 79752431 " 0 18x30 4503750 0992 0.0922 9.075 2.766 2 20524 500x600, 095500887 8349 2.545 2 20% 30 500x750 Lou 0.0939 9449 2.880 The above quantities are calculated using the following equations : +b + 1,625 $0,367 ow ff, Timber quantity for a+b + 1625 9 Plywood quantity for all = (a'+0'+0126) x 2.2 s. Uf 1 - lateral dimensions of the column in foot units, [Note : Wastage included in the above table. 4x2 +0367 cu fit TIMBER AND PLYWOOD REQUIREMENT FOR BEAMS Units are for foot (or) metre run of beam Beam rib size Bottom Sides SI.No, Timber Plywood ‘Timber Plywood inches mm — cu ff, -eusm/m, Sq, fU/fL. Sq.m/m. curmim. Sq, fifi, cu. rm/m. Sq. ft/fe 1 9x12 230x300 0.736 0.0684 0.825 0.251 042 0.0391 275 0.838 2 x15 280x375 0.736 0.0684 0825 .251 OAK OOH? — «3.301.006 3 9x16 230x400 0.736. 0.0684 0875 0.251 0452 0.0420 3.48 L061 4 9x18 230x450 0.736 0.0684 0825 0.251 0467 OONS4 385 LIT 5 12x12 300300 0.785 0.0729 1,100 0.335428 0.0398 -2.75 0.838 6 12x15 3000375 0.785. 0.0729 1.100 0.335451 O49 3.301.006, 7 12x16 300x400 0.785 0.0729 1.100 0.335.458 0.0425 3481.06 8 12x18 300x450 0.785 0.0729 1,100 0.885474 O.0440 385 LATA 9 15x15 375x375 0833-00774. 1.375 0.419 04ST 0.0825 3.301.006, 10 15x16 375x400 0.833074 1.378.419 0.465 0.0432, 348.061 IL 15x18 375x450 0.833 077413750419 0.480 0.0486 385 LUT 12 15x20 375x500 0.833 00774 1.375.419 G15. O.0S7L 4.221.286 13 15x24 375x600 083307741375 0.419 04.656 0.0009 4.951.509 14 15x27 375x675 008330774 1.375419 0.686 0.0637 5.50 L677 15 16x16 400x400 0.849 0.0789 1.463 0.445.467.0434 3481.06 16 16x18 400x450 0.849 0.0789 1.463 0.446 0.482 O08 3.85 LTE 17 16x20 400x500 0.849 0.0789 1.463 0446618 0.0574 4.321.286, 18 16x24 400x600 0.849 007891463 0.446 0.658 O.0611 4.951.809 19 16x27 400x675 0.849 00789 1.463.446 0.688 0.0639 5.80 L677 20 16x30 400x750 084900789 1.463 0.446719 0.0668 6.05 L8H 21 16x33 400x825 0849 0.0789 .463 0.460.750 0.0697 6.602.012 22° 18x18 450x450 0882000819 1.650 0.503. 0487 O02 3.85 LAT 23 18x20 450x500 0882000819 1.650 0.508.622 0.078 4.221.286 24 18x24 450x600 0,882 0.0819 1,650 0.503 0,622 0.0615 4.95 1,509 25 18x27 450x675 0882 0.0819 1.650 0.503 0.693 0.0684 = 550.677 26 18x30 450x750 0.882 0.0819 1.680 0.503 0.723 0.0672 6.05 L8H 27 18x33 450x825 0.882 0.0819 1.650 0.503 0.784 0.0700 6.602.012 28 20x27 SO0x675 0.915 0.0850 2.024 «0.617 0.697 0.0647 550.677 29 20x30 S00x750 91S 00850, 2.024 0.617 0.728 0.0676 6.05 LSA 30 20x33 500x825 0.915 0.0850 2.024 0.617 0.758 0.074 6.602.012 ESTIMATING QUANTITIES Quantities of Cement. Fine Aggregate, and Coarse Aggregate required for 100 Cu. feet Compact Mortar or Concrete. 1 Assumption-Voids in sand 40% broken stone 45% specific gravity of Cement = 3.1 Water Fine Aggregate Water! Sand Coarse Nominal mix Cement Ratio In ‘Cement Sand oist Age: Cement (by weight) for Gallons In Dry (Bulking) (Broken Fine Aggregate minimum perbag. bags Cu. ft 20% Stone) Coarse Aggregate consistency Cutt Cutt a - as 28 07s 60 828 - 1. 28 31 465 840 1010 - 12 - 30 33 39.5 94.0 113.0 - 1 M% - 35 39 33.5 100.0 120.0 - 130 - 40 44 29.0 105.0 126.0 - 140 - 3 39 2.28 1100 132.0 - 16 - 0 18 163 118.0 1420 - 18 - 09 10.0 127 120 1470 - 112 30 33 319 384 46.1 Tos 1H 3 a 47 29 42 495 824 1 AB 53 20.6 AD 49.5 82.4 12 2 Ad 47 24.5 59.0 708 59.0 12003 30 55 20.5 592 59.0 738 12% 8 59 19.0 46.1 $55 98 12 4 55 61 1175 a7 512 854 14% 35 61 18.25 493 592 761 1% 3% ST 63 1755 52.6 63.1 TBS 1% 4 60 66 16.5 49.5 595 792 lou 5 68 12 17 440 529 880 13004 65 12 15.35 35.2 662 BS 13005 9 17 1335 496 595 826 13 6 18 83 125 449 539 898 14 8 95 105 96 46.1 555 92.2 1. For gravel aggregate decrease cement by 5th fine aggregate by 2 cu. ft. and coarse aggregate in proportion to fine aggregate as gives in the mix L. Also known 12; 2:4 No allowance made in table for waste. LOADS: Structures are designed for the worst combination of dead and live loads, wherever applicable, wind loads, seismis forces and secondary effects such as shrinkage, the rise orfall in temperature etc must also be considered. Dead Loads ‘The dead weight of anumber ot materials and structural item is given m Table No. I. In using the figures it should be noted that the density of most materials varies within certain well defined limits and this variation can. therefore, affect the imposed loading. The figure in the table are however, sufficiently accurate fornormal design purpos The live load to be used for the design of floors and roofs in building are given in Tables 2 & 3 respectively. They are considered as uniformly distributed static loads on the plan area and include theeffect of: donot take into consideration special concentrated loads n is incidental to construction and special cases of vibration such as moving machinery, heavy acceleration from cranes hoists and the like; such loads should be dealt with individually in each case ‘The figure given in Table Nos. 2 & 3 are conversion from the loading specified in the Indian Standard of Practice No, 875-1957, anu yicir application should, therefore be read in conjunction with (he provisions of this code. Wind Pressure The basic pressure induced by wii; J, loads for various heights of exposed surface are given in Table No. 4. The figures are based on Table Ml of the 1. § (\Uc of Practice No. 875-1957 and their application should confirm to the provisions contained in clause 4 of the code Earth Pressure ‘The value of the horizontal pressure exerted by a retained material is obtained from the normal Rankin’s formula, which fora level fill retained against vertical surface is expressed as:" Pressure=wh Where, the pressure in kg /m fheunilweightofearth inkginV ie height of fill in meter = the angle of repose of the fill in degrees. ‘The unit weight of earth and the angle of repose, will of course vary depending upon the -gree of saturation of the retained material. ‘The pressures exerted on inclined surfaces and due to the effect of sloping files are

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