132.

Sample processing in paper based LOC

Introduction

Paper based lab on chip are fully equipped with the elements for the detection of target
molecule.

Highly sophisticated technology is developed to control the system.

Elements like, electronics, electrical sensors, thermal sensors, chromogenic sensors are
successfully integrated on paper chip. Paper based LOC are fully equipped with the elements to
function as a diagnostic tool.

Paper based LOC has gained popularity in the consumer markets due to their compactness and
portability.

Paper-based microfluidics is considered a low-cost, lightweight, and disposable technology.

Elements on paper based LOC

1. Control system

2. Microfluidics

3. Electronics

4. Sensing element

5. Data processing

6. Readouts

7. Display unit

8. Connectivity

9. Energy storage
Fig shows the Elements for the functioning of Paper based LOC,

Sample processing modules

1. Standard lateral flow test strips with sample pad, conjugate pad, test and control lines and
wicking pad,

2. 2D paper-based diagnostics using hydrophobic fluidic barriers (e.g. wax printing)

3. 3D paper-based diagnostics using stacking of multiple layers folding or origami paper

devices.

Paper tests such as pH strips and home-based lateral flow pregnancy tests are examples of the
first and most common paper-based microfluidic devices. Enhanced functionality such as
multiplexing and multi-dimensional fluidic handling can be garnered from advances in
paper-based microfluidics, also referred to as microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
(μPADs),20 through multi-channel designs within a paper substrate, or by stacking and
folding of paper in to so-called three-dimensional or “origami” paper-based microfluidics.
Wax printing of fluidic channels is often implemented using hydrophobic barriers to contain
and guide fluids through a paper device. Inkjet printing, screen printing and flexographic
printing have also been utilized. Modifications in the composition of the paper substrate
allow for heightened functionality of paper-based diagnosticsand printing of paper substrates
themselves are currently being explored, for example by using printable nanocellulose pulp.
The use of nanocellulose for implementing printed electronics has gained attention6 and
along with advances in paper-based microfluidics and diagnostics, forms the foundation on
which to further develop augmented printed functionality for paper-based diagnostics.

Standard Paper-based 3D microfluidic device

The device consists of 2 layers

The test solutions are loaded to injection zone.

The chemical reaction take place in folded paper-based 3D microfluidic device.

Paper based microfluidic device is then air dried.

Image of result is visible after unfolding the paper device

 .

Fig shows Microfluidic on paper.

Control of system Control of system requires switches, valves, heating and energy source.

Sensing For detection of target molecule different types of sensors could be placed on paper
chip.

1. Electrochemical

2. Temperature

3. Chromogenic

4. Light sensors

Chemical Sensor and Electrical sensors on Paper Chip

Electronics and Data Processing Units

For the function of LOC a number of microelectronic equipment's are required such as
Transistors, electrodes, capacitor, inductors.
A proper data processing units composed of different electronic circuits and memory units are
also integrated onto the paper chip.

Fig shows Circuits on paper

External Instruments

A number of external instrumentation solutions that can be used with paper-based diagnostic
tests.

1. Desktop scanner

2. Portable glucose meter used with paper-based diagnostic electrochemical sensors

3. A phone camera for image capture and processing of a paper-based device