Following contents were prepared for educational purposes, for S5 B.Tech (2019 scheme) students of KTU. Prepared by:- Ejaz. Ali Haroon Assistant Professor MEA Engineering College Perintalmanna 9567024895 Disaster Management - Module 4 Participatory stakeholder engagement; Disaster communication. portance, methods, barriers; Crisis counselling, Capacity Building: Concept ~ Structural and Non-structural Measures, Capacity Assessment; Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk * Stakeholder participation is the involvement of interest groups (i.e. representatives of locally affected communities, national or local government authorities, politicians, civil society based organisations and businesses) in a planning, policy making or decision-making process + Stakeholder ‘participation’, stakeholder ‘engagement’ and stakeholder ‘involvement’ are often used interchangeably . + Stakeholders are people/communities who may be directly or indirectly, positively or negatively affected by the outcome of projects, programmes or new initiatives + Stakeholder engagement is the identification of a project's key stakeholders, an assessment of their interests, and the ways in which these interests affect project riskiness and viability + Stakeholder analysis is a methodology for identifying and analysing the key stakeholders in a project and planning for their participation.The three basic forms of stakeholders are: Primary stakeholder + They are the beneficiaries of a development intervention or those directly affected (posi ly or negatively) by it. + They include local populations (individuals and community-based organisations) in the project/programme area, in particular, as well as poor and marginalised groups who have traditionally been excluded from participating in development efforts. Secondary stakeholders: + These refer to those who influence a development intervention or are indirectly affected by it. + They include the government, line ministry and project staff, implementing agencies, local governments, civil society based organisations, private sector firms, and other development agencies. Key stakeholders: + This group can significantly influence, or are important to the success of the project through financial resources or power. Basic Steps in Participatory Stakeholder Engagement /Stakeholder Analysis. Step 1: Identify stakeholders; - The first step of stakeholder analysis is to identify relevant stakeholder groups. Key questions to ask in addressing this issue are: Who are the programme or project targeted beneficiaries? Who might be adversely impacted? Will the project impact (positively or negatively) on any vulnerable groups?Step 2: Assess stakeholder interest and the potential impact of the new initiative or subject of interests; Once relevant stakeholder groups have been identified, the next step is to analyse their interests and to assess the potential impact of the proposed project on their interests, Key questions for participants to answer include: What are stakeholders’ expectations of the project? ‘What does each group of stakeholders stand to gain/lose as a result of the project? Step 3: Assess stakeholder influences and importance; and ‘Now project team can categorise different groups of stakeholders and determine the relative priority that can be given to each stakeholder. Key questions to engage the attention of participants are: What is the importance of each stakeholder group to the success of the project? What is the degree of influence of each stakeholder group over the project? Stakeholder Analys Matrices can be used to record the data obtained in step 3. ‘The three variables used to construct the matrices are listed below: Interests: the priority concerns of the stakeholder group (or what is ‘at stake’ for them); Influence: the degree to which the stakeholder group has power and control. Importance: the degree to which the achievement of programme or project objectives depends on the active involvement of a given stakeholder group. ‘Stakeholder | Interest(s) at | Effect of | Degree of | Importance of groups stake in | project on | influence of | stakeholder for relation to | interest(s) | stakeholder | success. of program over project | project U T=little ino 0 influence == (negative) 2esome influence importance __| 3-moderate 3-moderate | influence importance _| 4=significant ery influence S=very itical influential importanceStep 4: Outline a stakeholder participation strategy. The ultimate goal of stakeholder analysis is the development of a stakeholder action plan that outlines the specific activities to be carried out by each stakeholder group Benefits of stakeholder engagement To Disaster Risk Ré nm + Improved programme/project design by drawing on local knowledge and expertise. + Improved means of verifying the relevance and appropriateness of disaster management acti es, Strengthened stakeholder commitment to, and ownership of, policies and projects, leading to increased uptake of project services and greater willingness to share costs; + Enhanced sustainability as a result of increased stakeholder ownership. + Opportunity to foresee and/or resolve potential obstacles, constraints and conflicts; + Emphasised means to identify and address potential negative social and environmental impacts; + Opportunity to generate social learning and innovations based on field experience; + Capacity-building of stakeholders and local institutions (including their capacity to analyse problems and initiate other development activities); + Improved means of ensuring that project benefits are distributed equitably; + Strengthened working relations between stakeholders, government and civil society organisations and development partners. 1d Risks (1 costs itations) of stakeholder engagement To Disaster Risk Reduction + Higher up-front costs in terms of time and resources; +A sense of indifference or deliberate obstruction may happen on the part of intended beneficiaries; + Danger of undertaking poorly planned activities due to limited time, capacity, commitment or resources;* Lack of political will on the part of governments to allow outside stakeholder participation because they fear loss of power or influence; + Difficulty in reaching out to marginalised groups . + Difficulty in identifying genuine representative non-governmental orga civil society organisations (CSOs); * Creation of unrealistic expectations; + Conflicts may occur between stakeholder groups with different priorities/interests + Weak capacity of beneficiary and intermediary organisations; Methods and Tools for Participatory Stakeholder Engagement + Participatory Meetings and Workshops related to disaster management. + Panel Discussions - The discussion can start with an overview presentation and brief comments from each panellist to frame the discussion and provide the audience with an understanding of the experience and viewpoint each panellist brings. + Pyramid Schemes - Participants are given a question or problem related to disaster ‘management to think through on their own for a few minutes. They are then asked to join with a neighbour to discuss the topic in twos, then in a subsequent round in groups of four or six, then in groups of eight or twelve. Growing the groups larger provides the opportunity for friendly challenging of ideas + Debates - Speakers present opposing sides of an issue. This format can open up a discussion topic that debates pros and cons, multiple views, or conflicting opinions around an issue. + Round Table - Pai jpants form groups around a specific topic area in order to share experiences and discuss ideas. This format provides an informal setting for starting dialogue, sharing and discussion. Disaster Communication and its importan . Disaster risk communication helps to provide the public with information about the effects of disaster, and how actions may affect the outcome of the disaster.. It helps to inform the public about a potential disaster situation to enable people make informed choices : Different channels, including face-to face conversations, telephone calls, group meetings, mass media such as television, radio, Internet and interactive soci media such as Twitter and Facebook, . An understanding of the characteristics of an audience is essential to developing effective risk communication efforts; : The how, when, and by whom a message is delivered impacts its effectiveness : Communicators must continually adapt to changing situations; : Using the preparedness approach like games, interactive discussion groups or teaching make a proposal of how you can effectively increase knowledge or preparedness behaviour of the target group on disaster management; and : Promotion of discussion group approach to general disaster preparedness is more effective than the simple provision of written information. . Communication promotes better preparedness. . Better communication leads to efficient early warning systems . Proper response can be facilitated ‘Steps to Effective Communication : Use standard terminologies when communicating-risks, disaster, coping, resilience, vulnerable, ete. . Request and provide clarifications when needed . ‘The communicator should also be well informed about the situation of things within the community where the information is to be disseminated, : Ensure statements are direct and unambiguous. . Inform appropriate individuals when the plan changes, . Communicate all information needed. : Use non-verbal communication appropriately.Barriers to Effective Communication Non-Focus on the issue at hand, not being attentive Avoid interruption, show interest in what is being said Avoid being judgemental but make provision for feedbacks Pay attention to non-verbal communication Be conscious of individual differences Keep stress in check CRISIS COUNSELLING. Go: We can refer to crisis as any situation in which the individual perceives a sudden Joss in his/her ability to solve a particular problem, and to cope with the situation, Counselling is a personal, face to face approach of giving advice, giving direction, providing mental support or offering assistance to another person Crisis Intervention is the emergency and temporary care given an individual who, because of unusual stress in his or her life that renders them unable to function as they normally would risis Counsellin, The primary goal of crisis counselling is to attain the quickest possible relief of the internal and external symptoms of the c and a return to that particular person’s usual level of funetion The goals of crisis counselling can be summarised as, to: help the person return to his usual level of functioning; decrease anxiety; help people who are in crisis recognise and correct behaviours. teach crisis-solving techniques; give more assistance after immediate help is received. safety: ensures the individual is safe, any risk has been reduced and resources, stability: ensures the individual stable and has a short-term plan connection: helps connect the individual to formal and informal resources and support.Some Characteristics of Effective Cri Self-Awareness: Non-judgemental: willing to listen all through to the client without prior judgement Non-Reactive: does not react to client’s outbursts or threats High Tolerance: remain calm when placed in tense and stressful situations Specific Training: receive specific skills and techniques in crisis counselling Capacity building is an ongoing process that equips officials, stakeholders and the ‘community to perform their functions in a better manner during a crisis/disaster. Capa y refers to all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, organization or society to manage and reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience. It includes - Structural Measures and Non-structural Measures Structural Measures - Structural solutions include engineered solutions such as redesigning buildings and designing physical barriers to disaster events to reduce damage Non-structural solutions include social solutions such as land use policy, early ‘waming, evacuation planning,training and emergency response preparedness. For example :- FLOOD RISK REDUCTION STRUCTURAL MEASURES: Storage reservoir or basins to restrict overflow. Floodwalls to confine floodwaters Improvement of channel capacity Some structural measures such as Flood Embankment, Channel Improvement, River Training, Coastal Embankment ete. to combat the flood sufferings. For example :- FLOOD RISK REDUCTION NON - STRUCTURAL MEASURES:Physical Social Economic Local Disaster Action Plans Training and Public Awareness Building and land use policy. © Buildings/Infrastructure Means of Communication Social Interaction Community Organisation © Entrepreneurship © Savings/Earnings/Employable Skills Attitudinal * Ready to accept change Importance - {HOG * Collectivism Approach Capacity assessment is the process by which the capacity of a group, organization or society is reviewed against desired goals, where existing capacities are identified for maintenance or strengthening and capacity gaps are identified for further action. Strategic and operational choices of capacity can be known Key capacity issues can be identified Capacity development strategy can be formulated.Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk Strengthening Capacities for Disaster Risk Reduction has been developed against the backdrop of the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP's) longstanding commitment to support developing and high-risk countries through its programmes and services for capacity development and disaster risk reduction The objective is to enhance the capabilities in managing disaster risks, enhancing preparedness, and achieving resilient recovery. It includes - {) Capacity building for disaster management:- To finance strengthening of the disaster management systems in the region by improving the capacity of stakeholders and institutions. The activities will include: -capacity building of the state disaster management authority by -strengthening its institutional and organizational structure, staffing, and resources and funding of training programs strengthening the Disaster Response Fore Setting up Emergency Operation Centers ii) Technical support for risk redu mn and response preparedness - To finance activities such as: -focusing on extreme weather events -River Morphology Study for some key rivers iii, Urban vulnerability assessment study -Upgrading design guidelines and material specification for constru -Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance