Introduction to

Human
Cardiovascular
System
 INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular
system is transport
system of body

It comprises blood,

heart and blood
vessels.
 INTRODUCTION
The system supplies
nutrients to and
remove waste products
from various tissue of
body.

The conveying media

is liquid in form of
blood which flows in
close tubular system.
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Transport nutrients, hormones

Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• BLOOD

• HEART

• BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD
Global Services • Blood cells

Erythrocytes - Red Blood

Cells

Leucocytes – White Blood

Cells

Thrombocytes – Platelets

Plasma - the fluid portion

 HEART
➢ Is four
chambered

➢ Hollow muscular
organ

➢ Approximately
the size of your
fist
 HEART
➢ Location:
➢ Superior surface
of diaphragm
➢ Left of the
midline
➢ Anterior to the
vertebral column,
posterior to the
sternum
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
Generating blood pressure
Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
 BLOOD VESSELS

• An closed network of tubes

These includes:

➢Arteries
➢Capillaries
➢Veins
BLOOD VESSELS
 BLOOD VESSELS

-Arteries(Distributing channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle

–Capillaries (microscopic vessels)

• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System

–Veins (draining channel)

 BLOOD VESSELS

General structure
1.Tunica intima (Inner layer)

2.Tunica media (Middle layer)

3.Tunica adventitia (Outer

layer)
CLASSIFICATION BLOOD VESSELS

• Conducting Vessels
• Distributing Vessels
• Resistance Vessels
• Exchange Vessels
• Capacitance / Reservoir
Vessels
 ARTERIES
Blood vessels that
carry blood away from
the heart are called
arteries.
They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
ARTERIES

Accompanied by
vein and nerves
Lumen is small
No valves
Repeated branching
 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES

• Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major

branches)
• Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular,
Radial, Tibial etc.)
• Arterioles (<0.1 mm)-
Terminal arterioles
Meta-arterioles
Thoroughfare
channel/ preferred
CAPILLARIES
 CAPILLARIES
• The smallest blood
vessels are
capillaries and they
connect the arteries
and veins.

• 5-8 Microns

• This is where the

exchange of
nutrients and gases
occurs.
TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES

• CONTINUOUS
- They contain small gaps in between their endothelial cells
- SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE TISSUES
TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES

• FENESTRATED-
- Are “leakier” than continuous
capillaries. They contain small pores, in
addition to small gaps between cells, in their
walls that allow for the exchange of larger
molecules.
- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS,
SMALL INTESTINE,CHOROID
PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS etc.
 SINUSOID CAPILLARY

- The rarest and “leakiest” type of

capillary
- Allow for the exchange of large
molecules, even cells. They’re able to do
this because they have many larger gaps
in their capillary wall
- Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow,
suprarenal, Parathyroid etc.
 VEINS

• Blood vessels that carry

blood back to the heart are
called veins.
• They have one-way valves
which prevent blood from
flowing backwards.
• They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor blood).
VEINS

• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
Large
Medium
Small
VEINS

• Veins without Muscular tissue:

➢ Dural venous sinuses
➢ Pial Veins
➢ Retinal
➢ Veins of erectile tissue of sex
organs
➢ Veins of spongy bones
VEINS

• Factors responsible for venous

return:
1. Muscle contraction
2. Negative intrathoracic pressure
3. Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves
 SINUSOID
• irregular tubular space for the passage of blood
• taking the place of capillaries and veins in the liver
spleen, and bone marrow
 ANASTOMOSIS
- The joining together of vessels.
- When two or more blood vessels converge so as to
provide alternate blood supply routes to the body tissue
organs, it is called anastomoses.
- Provides collateral/alternate channels through which
blood can flow if one vessel becomes blocked or damaged.
 TYPES OF ANASTOMOSIS
• Arterial Anastomosis – Includes 2 or more arteries that
converge to supply the same body region.

• Venous Anastomosis – Includes 2 or more veins

draining blood from the same region.

• Arteriovenous Anastomosis – Blood is transported from

artery directly into a vein bypassing capillary bed. Also
called shunts.
 END ARTERIES

Types of end arteries

• True end artery

- Arteries that do not have
precapillary anastomoses with
their neighbouring arteries.
- E.g. arteries supplying
Kidneys, Brain, and Retina.
 END ARTERIES
Types of end arteries

• Functional end artery

- Arteries whose terminal
branches do anastomose, but
the anastomosis is not sufficient
to maintain the blood supply.
- E.g. arteries supplying
Coronary arteries.
 INTRODUCTION
The system supplies
nutrients to and
remove waste products
from various tissue of
body.

The conveying media

is liquid in form of
blood which flows in
close tubular system.
CIRCULATION

Coronary circulation – the

circulation of blood within the heart.
Pulmonary circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
Systemic circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and the cells
of the body.
Fetal Circulation – The unborn
baby’s distinct blood flow.
Coronary
Circulation
Pulmonary
Circulation
Pulmonary
Circulation

Vena Cava

➢ Large Veins
➢ Carries de-oxygenated
blood to the right
atrium
-This blood is
carrying carbon dioxide.
Pulmonary
Circulation

Vena Cava

Types:
• Inferior Vena Cava
- Largest vein in the body
• Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
In the lungs, the blood exchanges the carbon
dioxide it is carrying for oxygen.
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
- Largest Artery
Systemic
Circulation

• At the arch of the aorta, 3

branches extend upward.
1. The brachiocephalic artery
(innominate artery)

divides into:
➢ right subclavian artery
- that supplies blood to the
right arm and upper torso
➢ right common carotid artery
- that supplies the head and
neck.
2. The left common
carotid artery
- supplies the head and
neck.
3. The left subclavian
artery
- supplies the left arm
and upper torso. ‘Subclavian’
means it is located below the
clavicle… or collarbone.
Descending aortic artery

- leads downward through

the diaphragm and
chest…and into the
abdomen.

- About 1/5 to 1/3 of the

blood passes through the
renal artery into the
kidney.
Descending aortic artery

• The kidney is a filter and

takes some water and
waste products out of the
blood.

• The kidneys excrete the

waste products and water
out of the body as urine.
The descending aortic
artery continues
downward into the
abdomen. It then splits
into two major branches.
This split is called the
aortic bifurcation.

the two branches are

called iliac arteries.
• The left iliac artery
supplies blood to the
left pelvis and leg

• The right iliac artery

supplies blood to the
right pelvis and leg.
The iliac artery continues
down into the leg as the
femoral artery and its
branches.
 Arteries are elastic tubes that carry blood in
pulsating waves. The blood exerts pressure
against the walls of the arteries as it passes
through. The peak pressure occurs during the
heart’s contraction and is called systolic
pressure. The minimum pressure occurs
between contractions when the heart
expands and refills and is called diastolic
pressure. This pressure variation within the
artery produces a pulse. All arteries have a
pulse.
Common pulse sites used to check
circulation are:

• 1. TEMPORAL (TEM por ul) -

side of forehead
• 2 & 3. CAROTID (kuh RAH
did) - neck
• 4. BRACHIAL (BRAY kee ul) -
inside the elbow
 Common pulse sites used to check
circulation are:

• 5. RADIAL - thumb side of

wrist
• 6. FEMORAL (FEM er all) -
groin
• POPLITEAL (pah plah TEE ul) -
behind the knee
• 8 & 9. DORSALIS PEDIS
(dor SAL us PED iss) - upper
surface of foot
 The average pulse
rate for a person who
is ‘resting’, would be
70. During exercise,
that number might
increase to between
130 and 140 beats per
minute.
Count the number of
beats for
15 seconds x 4 =
pulsations per minute.
Systolic and diastolic blood
pressure can be measured
in the brachial artery just
above the elbow with an
instrument called a
sphygmomanometer
(sfig mō mah MOM ah ter) and a
stethoscope. Two
measurements are taken
The two blood
and are expressed in pressure
millimeters of mercury (the measurements are
chemical symbol for written as a ratio…
mercury is Hg). systolic over diastolic.
In the average adult, systolic
pressure usually ranges
between 100 to 140 mm Hg.
Diastolic pressure usually
ranges between 60 to 90 mm
Hg.
A typical blood pressure reading
would be expressed as 120/80… 120
over 80. A reading of 140/90 would be
considered ‘high’ blood pressure,
and may pose health risks.
 The arteries
branch off into
even smaller
vessels called
arterioles, and
then to smaller
vessels yet
called Arterioles act like adjustable nozzles
capillaries. in the circulatory system, so they
have the greatest influence over
blood pressure.
The capillaries are the
smallest of the blood
vessels, and the walls
are so thin that
molecules can pass
through them. They
branch out from the
arterioles, passing
next to the organs, In the cellular tissue, the
intestines, and capillaries provide the means of
through all the exchange, through the process of
cellular tissue. absorption.
 The capillaries
branching away from
The capillaries
the arteries in the
branching away
abdomen pass by the from the arteries
liver and intestines, in the lungs
picking up nutrients absorb oxygen.
and water.

The capillaries in the cellular tissue exchange their

oxygen, nutrients, and water… and pick up carbon
dioxide and other wastes.
 The capillaries,
now carrying
carbon dioxide
and cell wastes,
start merging
into bigger vessels
called venules (VEEN or
VEN yoo als) The venules
widen even further,
emptying into veins.
 The veins have
valves that
prevent the
backflow of
blood. Veins lead
back to the heart.
Veins are the vessels that
are used to remove blood
from the body for
analysis.

This procedure is called a

venipuncture (VEEN ah punk chur)
and the medical personnel
that specializes in this
procedure is called a
phlebotomist (flah BOTT ah mist).
The veins carry the blood BACK
toward the heart. The blood still
carries a small amount of
oxygen along with cellular
waste, but has fairly low
pressure compared to blood in
arteries. It finally travels
through the superior and
inferior vena cava, and back
into the right atrium of the heart.
Circulation is complete and starts over again.
PORTAL CIRCULATION

Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in
systemic veins.
FETAL CIRCULATION
 PLACENTA

UMBILICAL ARTERY
UMBILICAL VEIN
DESCENDING AORTA
PORTAL VEIN
(Through Ductus Arteriosus)
(Through Ductus Venosus)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
PULMONARY TRUNK
RIFHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
(Through Foramen Ovale)
ASCENDING AORTA
LEFT ATRIUM