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Notes of CH 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure - Class 9th Science
Notes of CH 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure - Class 9th Science
Notes of CH 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure - Class 9th Science
Introduction
Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Matter can be divided in two
categories.
(i) Pure Substance: It consists of single types of particles which are same in their chemical n
Properties of Solution:
1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10 -9) in diameter which cannot be seen b
naked eyes.
3. They do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution that is they don’t show the
effect. So, the path of light is not visible in a solution.
4. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of fltration.
5. The solution is stable and solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed.
6. Concentration of a solution
(i) Saturated solution: When no more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a gi
temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
(ii) Unsaturated solution: When more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a gi
temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
(iii) Solubility: The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given temperature
is called its solubility.
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount (mass or
volume) of solution. Also, the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of solve called
concentration of solution.
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the the solute particles do not dissolve b
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air
Properties of Suspension :
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.
3. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.
4. It is unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the bottom over period of time.
5. If the solution is passed through flter paper, solute and solvent gets separated
6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it shows Tyndall effect
• It is based on the fact that liquid vaporises easily than the solid.
• Helps in separating volatile substances from non-volatile substances.
• Continue heating as the evaporation goes on and stop heating when you do not see any fu
change on the watch glass.
Separation of cream from milk
• The process of centrifugation is used to separate the cream from milk. It is a method of
separating the suspended particles of substance from a liquid.
Application of centrifugation:
• Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
• Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
• Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.
• The separation of separating two immiscible liquid is carried out by the use of funnel.
• The basic principle involve is the diference between the densities of two liquids form two
separate layers.
• Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water carefully
• Close the stopcock of the separating funnel as the oil reaches the stop-cock.
Application of funnel:
• In the extraction of iron from its ore, the lighter slag is removed from the top by this meth leave
the molten iron at the bottom in the furnace.
Sublimation
• This process is used to separate mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile component fro non-
sublimable impurity.
• Sublimation is process where a substance directly changes from solid to gaseous state on
heating.
• Ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene and anthracene are some examples which can
sublime.
Chromatography
• The colours which are more soluble in water rises faster and get colours get separated into
layers.
Applications
To separate
• colours in a dye
• pigments from natural colours
• drugs from blood.
Distillation
Used for separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without
decomposition and have sufcient diference in their boiling points.
Fractional distillation
• Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for whi
diference in boiling points is less than 25 K.
• Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its components by fractional
distillation.
• The air is compressed by increasing the pressure and is then cooled by decreasing the
temperature to get liquid air.
• The liquid air is warm-up slowly in a fractional distillation column, where gases get separat
diferent heights depending upon their boiling points.
• It used to separate a gas from the air.
Crystallization
• Used to remove impurities from solid and purify it.
• This process is used in purifcation of salt from sea water, separation of crystals of alum fro
impure samples.
• It is better method than evaporation because:
(i) Solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to dryness.
(ii) Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after fltration. On evaporating
these contaminate the solid.
Physical and Chemical changes
• The process which brings about changes in physical properties and no new substances are
formed are physical changes. The common physical changes are changes in colour, hardness
rigidity, fuidity, density, melting point, boiling point etc.
• The process in which new substances are formed and chemical properties of substances ge
changed are chemical changes. Some chemical properties are odour, infammability etc.
Chemical
Physical Change Change
It is irreversible that
It is reversible. means
permanent
New substance is
No new substance is formed. formed.
(i) Elements0
• According to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, element is a basic form of matter that cannot be b down
into simpler substances by chemical reactions.0
Properties of Metals0
• Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, iron, sodium, potassium etc.0
• Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.0
Properties of non-metals0
• Examples of non-metals are hydrogen, oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal, coke), bromine, chlorin
Metalloids: Elements having intermediate properties between those of metals and non-met are
called metalloids. Examples are boron, silicon, germanium etc.0
Compounds: