BC Science 9 Workbook Answers
Comprehension
UNIT 1 Atoms, Elements, and
Compounds
Chapter 1 Atomic theory explains the
composition and behaviour of matter.
Section 1.1 Safety in the Science
Classroom
Reading Checks
Page 3
1. Listen to your teacher. Be alert. Be careful. Clean up.
2. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
Interpreting Illustrations
What is wrong with this picture?
Page 4
Accept any seven of the following answers:
UNSAFE SITUATION
heating a test tube without
wearing safety goggles
not tying back long hair
while using a Bunsen burner
eating and drinking in the
lab while dissecting a
specimen
drinking unknown chemicals
from a beaker
washing an electrical
equipment with water
horseplay or fooling around
in the lab
spills on the floor
working in a crowded work
area; starting a lab without
clearing off the work area
chemical spill on the table
working with broken
glassware
pouring acid into a test tube
without using a test tube
rack
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
POSSIBLE INJURY
eye damage caused by
broken glass if test tube
shatters or acid or base
burns if liquid boils suddenly
burns caused by hair
catching on fire
ingestion of harmful
substances caused by
contamination of food
ingestion of harmful
substances
electrocution the next time
the electrical equipment is
plugged into the wall
head or other injuries
head or other injuries from
slipping and falling
spillage, causing acid burns
or falls
acid burn if spill is corrosive
getting a cut
acid burn
Safety do’s and don’ts
Page 5
1. Unsafe practice: improper way of smelling sample
Correct thing to do: hold the beaker at arm’s length
and waft the fumes toward the nose
2. Unsafe practice: not taking immediate action
Correct thing to do: tell partner to stop, drop, and
roll; inform the teacher; use the fire blanket
3. Unsafe practice: pouring chemical back into the
original container
Correct thing to do: dispose of the chemical as
instructed by your teacher
4. Unsafe practice: spill on the floor; someone could
slip and fall
Correct thing to do: clean up the spill immediately
5. Unsafe practice: not listening to instructions
Correct thing to do: listen to the teacher’s
instructions; ask the teacher if you are unclear as to
what you should be doing
6. Unsafe practice: using a chemical that is not clearly
labelled; do not know for sure what chemical you are
using
Correct thing to do: only use chemicals in clearly
marked containers
Applying Knowledge
What is WHMIS?
Page 6
1. Corrosive material: will corrode substances with
which it comes in contact, including human flesh
2. Dangerously reactive material: may readily react with
other substances to produce harmful effects (bleach
is an example)
3. Flammable and combustible material: will readily
burst into flames
4. Poisonous and infectious material causing immediate
and serious toxic effects: likely to cause illness or
death if ingested or spilled on skin
Assessment
Safety in the Science Classroom
Page 7
1. B 2. C 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. E 7. H 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. A
Workbook Answers • MHR 1
Section 1.2 Investigating Matter 2. heat energy
Reading Checks 3. condensation
Pages 8–9 4. solidification or freezing
1. Students’ answers may vary, but may include 5. heat energy
density, state, conductivity, boiling point, and/or 6. temperature increases
melting point. 7. Kinetic energy increases and the particles spread out
2. Kinetic energy is the energy of movement. more so that they can slide past one another.
8. The particles spread out more and move freely to
Comprehension spread out farther and faster.
What is the matter?
Page 10 Assessment
1. Investigating matter
Page 13
STATE OF SOLID LIQUID GAS
MATTER 1. D 2. A 3. F 4. E 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. A

shape fixed shape not fixed; not fixed; fills

takes the the container Section 1.3 Atomic Theory
shape of Reading Checks
the
container Pages 14–15
volume fixed volume fixed not fixed; fills 1. protons, electrons, neutrons
volume the space in 2. atomic nucleus
the container

spaces particles are particles particles are far Vocabulary

between packed tightly are farther apart (lots of Atomic structure
particles together and apart (can space between
are right up flow past particles) Page 16
next to each one 1. (a) electron
other another)
(b) shell
movement particles can particles can move
of only vibrate can slip freely and (c) proton
particles and slide quickly in all (d) neutron
past one direction in the
another container (e) nucleus
2.
2. A
PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Cloze Activity
Matter all around us electric positive no negative
charge charge
Page 11
1. matter, particles location in nucleus nucleus shell (or energy level)
the atom around the nucleus
2. mass, volume, density
3. states, heat
Cloze Activity
4. melting point, boiling point
The atom
5. conductivity
Page 17
6. kinetic
1. Dalton
7. solid, liquid, gas
2. Thomson
8. change of state
3. Rutherford, protons, neutrons
9. elements
4. Bohr, shells
Analyzing Information 5. energy
Changes of state in gold 6. subatomic particles
Page 12 7. positive, negative, neutrons
1. changes of state 8. protons, neutrons

2 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Comprehension (b) lithium
Contributions to atomic theory (c) iodine
Page 18 (d) chromium
1. Dalton (e) beryllium
2. Bohr (f) barium
3. Rutherford (g) helium
4. Rutherford (h) bromine
5. Dalton
6. Dalton Comprehension
7. Thomson Learning chemical symbols
Page 23
8. Rutherford
1. (a) phosphorus
9. Dalton
(b) sulphur
10. Rutherford
(c) oxygen
Assessment (d) iodine
Atomic theory (e) fluorine
Page 19 (f) nitrogen
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. B 2. (a) helium
(b) lithium
(c) beryllium
Chapter 2 Elements are the building (d) neon
blocks of matter. 3. (a) chlorine
Section 2.1 Elements (b) magnesium
Reading Checks (c) zinc
Page 20 (d) manganese
1. Accept any two of the following. Metals are hard 4. (a) lead
solids at room temperature; shiny; malleable; ductile; (b) gold
good conductors of heat and electricity. (c) silver
2. First letter is capitalized. If there is a second letter, it (d) tin
is lower case.
(e) copper
Extension Activity (f) iron
Element names (g) sodium
Page 22 (h) rubidium
1. (a) copper 5. Answers may vary. Check that students used the
(b) iron correct symbols.
(c) mercury
Analyzing Information
(d) nickel Elements in Earth’s crust
(e) lead Page 24
2. (a) lead 1.
(b) iron
MOST SECOND MOST THIRD MOST
(c) silver COMMON COMMON COMMON
(d) carbon ELEMENT ELEMENT ELEMENT

(e) sodium in the whole Earth iron oxygen silicon

(f) potassium
in Earth’s crust oxygen silicon aluminum
(g) fluorine
(h) mercury 2. (a) 52.5%
3. (a) phosphorus (b) 24.8%

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 3

Assessment Analyzing Information
Elements Using the periodic table
Page 25 Page 30
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. G 6. J 7. F 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. C 1. periodic table, properties
12. C 13. D 2. periods, families
3. metals, good
Section 2.2 The Periodic Table and 4. non-metals, poor
Chemical Properties 5. metalloids, metals, non-metals
Reading Checks 6. atomic number
Pages 26–27 7. atomic mass
1. name, chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic 8. ion charge
mass, ion charge 9. ions, multiple ion charge
2. a group of elements with common properties
Assessment
Comprehension The periodic table and chemical properties
What is in the box? Page 31
Page 28 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A
1. (a) atomic number
(b) chemical symbol Section 2.3 The Periodic Table and
(c) name Atomic Theory
(d) atomic mass Reading Checks
(e) common ion(s) Page 32
2. (a) 12 1. the number of electrons in each of the energy levels
(b) 24.3 (shells)
(c) 2+ 2. electrons in the valence shell (outermost shell)
(d) 12
Applying Knowledge
3. (a) potassium
The number game with atoms and ions
(b) +
Page 34
(c) 19
1. (a) number
(d) 39.1
(b) atom
4. (a) 8
(c) lost
(b) 16.0
(d) gained
(c) 2–
2.
(d) O
5. (a) phosphorus ELEMENT ATOMIC ION ATOM NUMBER NUMBER OF
NAME NUMBER CHARGE OR ION? OF ELECTRONS
(b) 31.0 PROTONS
(c) 3–
beryllium 4 2+ ion 4 2
(d) 15
sodium 11 0 atom 11 11
Applying Knowledge argon 18 0 atom 18 18
Families of elements
chlorine 17 0 atom 17 17
Page 29
1. F 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. E 6. F 7. A 8. B 9. E 10. A nitrogen 7 3– ion 7 10

11. B 12. F calcium 20 0 atom 20 20

sulphur 16 2– ion 16 18

lithium 3 + ion 3 2

aluminum 13 3+ ion 13 10

4 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Illustrating Concepts Interpreting Illustrations
Drawing Bohr model diagrams Analyzing Bohr model diagrams
Page 35 Page 36
1. 1. (a) 7
(b) 2
ATOM/ION ATOMIC NUMBER OF NUMBER NUMBER OF
NUMBER PROTONS OF ELECTRON (c) 7
ELECTRONS SHELLS (d) 5
neon atom 10 10 10 2 (e) nitrogen atom
fluorine atom 9 9 9 2 2. (a) 6
fluorine ion 9 9 10 2 (b) 2
(c) 6
sodium atom 11 11 11 3
(d) 4
sodium ion 11 11 10 2
(e) carbon atom
argon atom 18 18 18 3 3. (a) 8
chlorine 17 17 17 3 (b) 2
atom
(c) 8
chlorine ion 17 17 18 3 (d) 6
potassium 19 19 19 4 (e) oxygen atom
atom
4. (a) 10
potassium 19 19 18 3 (b) 2
ion
(c) 10
2. (d) 8
ARGON CHLORINE CHLORINE POTASSIUM POTASSIUM
(e) neon atom
ATOM ATOM ION ATOM ION 5. They all have the same number of electron shells.

Ar Cl symbol Cl symbol K symbol K symbol

Assessment
symbol in the in the in the in the The periodic table and atomic theory
in the centre; centre; centre; centre; Page 37
centre; first shell: same first shell: same
first shell: 2 paired electron 2 paired electron 1. E 2. F 3. F 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. C
2 paired electrons; arrangem electrons; arrangem
electrons second ent as second ent as
11. C 12. C
; second shell, 8 argon shell, 8 argon
shell, 8 paired paired
paired electrons; electrons,
electrons third shell, third shell, Chapter 3 Elements combine to form
, third 7 8 paired
shell, 8 electrons electrons;
compounds.
paired (3 are fourth
electrons paired, shell, 1
one is electron
Section 3.1 Compounds
single) Reading Checks
Pages 38–39
3. A neon atom, fluorine ion and sodium ion all have the 1. when atoms gain or lose electrons
same electron arrangement. A fluorine ion has gained 2. when non-metal atoms bond by sharing their
an electron and a sodium ion has lost one electron to electrons
achieve noble gas stability.
4. An argon atom, chlorine ion and potassium ion all Cloze Activity
have the same electron arrangement. A chlorine ion Words to know about compounds
has gained an electron and a potassium ion has lost Page 40
one electron to achieve noble gas stability. 1. element
2. compound
3. chemical bonds

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 5

 4. electrons, electrons Applying Knowledge
5. positively, negatively Writing names and formulas of ionic
6. ionic compounds compounds
7. gain Page 46
8. ionic lattice 1.
9. covalent compounds CHLORINE FLUORINE OXYGEN
10. molecule Cl– F– O2–

11. polyatomic ion sodium NaCl NaF Na2O

Na+ sodium sodium sodium oxide
chloride fluoride
Comprehension
True or false? magnesium MgCl2 MgF2 MgO
Page 41 Mg2+ magnesium magnesium magnesium
chloride fluoride oxide
1. False. A compound is a pure substance made of
calcium CaCl2 CaF2 CaO
more than one element. or An element is a pure
Ca2+ calcium calcium calcium oxide
substance made of only one type of atom. chloride fluoride
2. True
3. False. In covalent compounds, atoms share 2. (a) potassium chloride
electrons to form molecules. (b) lithium bromide
4. True (c) barium fluoride
5. True (d) silver phosphide
6. False. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain (e) zinc sulphide
electrons. (f) strontium oxide
7. True (g) aluminum chloride
8. False. A polyatomic ion can be positively charged (h) magnesium carbide
or negatively charged. 3. (a) BeS
9. True (b) Ag2O
(c) NaBr
Applying Knowledge
(d) ZnCl2
Comparing ionic and covalent compounds
(e) CaS
Page 42
(f) Li3N
IONIC COMPOUND BOTH COVALENT COMPOUND
(g) RbCl
A, C, F, G, I, J, K B, E D, H, L (h) GeBr4

Comprehension
Assessment
Compounds with a multivalent metal
Compounds Page 47
Page 43
1.
1. E 2. C 3. F 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C 11. D
IONS FORMULA COMPOUND NAME

Section 3.2 Names and Formulas of Ionic A. Mn3+, O2– Mn2O3 manganese(III) oxide
Compounds B. Pb3+, Br– PbBr3 lead(III) bromide
Reading Checks
Page 44 C. Pt2+, Cl– PtCl2 platinum(II) chloride

1. symbols that identify each ion in a compound D. Au3+, S2– Au2S3 gold(III) sulphide
2. metal that can form two or more different positive
E. Pb4+, O2– PbO2 lead(IV) oxide
ions with different charges
F. Sb3+, S2– Sb2S3 antimony(III) sulphide

G. Fe2+, S2– FeS iron(II) sulphide

H. Co3+, O2– Co2O3 cobalt(III) oxide

6 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

 2. (a) iron(III) fluoride
POSITIVE NEGATIVE FORMULA COMPOUND NAME
(b) copper(II) chloride ION ION
(c) tin(IV) oxide E. Cs+ OH– CsOH cesium hydroxide
(d) platinum(IV) sulphide
F. NH4+ PO43– (NH4)3PO4 ammonium phosphate
(e) cobalt(II) bromide
(f) gold(I) oxide G. Ca2+ CN– Ca(CN)2 calcium cyanide
(g) chromium(III) phosphide H. Fe3+ HSO4– Fe(HSO4)3 iron(III) hydrogen
(h) lead(II) iodide sulphate
3. (a) PbCl3
Assessment
(b) Cu2O
Names and formulas of ionic compounds
(c) SnS2 Page 49
(d) BiCl5 1. A 2. D 3. G 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B
(e) Au2O
(f) CrF2 Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical
(g) MnI2 Changes
(h) Fe2Se3 Reading Checks
Pages 50–51
Comprehension
1. one or more new substances
Compounds with polyatomic ions
2. endothermic
Page 48
1. (a) silver nitrate Cloze Activity
(b) barium sulphate Evidence of chemical change
(c) ammonium chloride Page 52
(d) calcium phosphate 1. chemical
(e) nickel(II) hydroxide 2. physical
(f) copper(II) carbonate 3. changes of state
(g) strontium(II) nitrate 4. physical, chemical
(h) chromium(III) sulphate 5. reactant, product
2. (a) Ca(OH)2 6. gas bubbles, solid
(b) NH4Cl 7. exothermic; (in any order) sound, light, heat
(c) NaNO2 8. endothermic
(d) LiHCO3
(e) K2Cr2O7 Illustrating Concepts
(f) Sn(OH)2 Chemical change and physical change
Page 53
(g) (NH4)3PO4
1. (a) causes one or more new substances to be
(h) Fe(NO3)3
formed; new chemical bonds are formed while
3.
other chemical bonds are broken
POSITIVE NEGATIVE FORMULA COMPOUND NAME (b) change in appearance but not in chemical
ION ION composition; no new substances are formed
A. Ca2+ CO32– CaCO3 calcium carbonate 2. (a) physical change
(b) chemical change
B. K+ SO32– K2SO3 potassium sulphite
(c) physical change
C. Na+ ClO3– NaClO3 sodium chlorate (d) chemical change
D. Mg 2+
ClO 4
– Mg(ClO4)2 magnesium (e) physical change
perchlorate (f) chemical change

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 7

 3. Students’ drawings will vary. Drawings could show 6. 46, 23
the following: (a) cutting bread in half (b) toasting the 7. genes, chromosomes
bread (c) chopping the wood (d) burning the wood. 8. molecule
9. ribosomes, nucleolus
Comprehension
Endothermic or exothermic?
Interpreting Illustrations
Page 54 The control centre of the cell
1. (a) process that releases energy Page 59
(b) process that absorbs energy 1. Students’ answers may vary, but should include
2. (a) exothermic some or all of the following: long, two-stranded
(b) endothermic molecule with a shape like a ladder that has been
3. (a) endothermic twisted into a spiral
(b) endothermic 2. nucleus
(c) exothermic 3. DNA
(d) exothermic 4. chromosomes
(e) exothermic 5. gene
(f) exothermic 6. (a) chromosome
(g) endothermic (b) DNA
(h) exothermic (c) chromosome
(i) exothermic (d) nucleus

Assessment Comprehension
Physical and chemical changes True or false?
Page 55 Page 60
1. E 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 1. False. The nucleus directs and controls all of the
cell’s activities.
2. True
UNIT 2 Reproduction 3. True
4. False. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. or
Chapter 4 The nucleus controls the Humans have 46 chromosomes in each body cell.
functions of life. 5. False. One pair of chromosomes helps determine if
a person will be born as a male or female.
Section 4.1 The Function of the Nucleus
6. True
within the Cell 7. True
Reading Checks
8. False. Genes are part of chromosomes.
Pages 56–57
1. stores instructions for how to make cells, for Assessment
chemicals and structures that cells must make, and
The function of the nucleus within the cell
for everything else the cell does
Page 61
2. cells need proteins in order to work properly
1. G 2. C 3. A 4. F 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. A
Cloze Activity 11. D 12. D
Inside the nucleus
Page 58 Section 4.2 Mutations
1. nucleus Reading Checks
2. DNA, molecule Pages 62–63
3. DNA, genetic 1. a change in the genetic material of a gene

4. chromosomes 2. negative, positive, neutral

5. number

8 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Applying Knowledge Chapter 5 Mitosis is the basis of asexual
Mutations concept map
Page 64
reproduction.
radiation, cigarette smoke, pesticides Section 5.1 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
mutations Reading Checks
negative, positive, neutral Pages 68–69
curved red blood cells, gene that protects plants from 1. interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
disease (or protein that prevents HIV from infecting a 2. uncontrolled cell division
person)
Comprehension
Comprehension Getting to know the cell cycle
Gene mutation Page 70
Page 65 1. three
1. A gene mutation is a change in the genetic material 2. interphase, DNA
of a gene. 3. mitosis
2. negative, positive, neutral 4. cytokinesis, two
3. positive 5. four
4. curved red blood cell (Other answers may be 6. prophase, nucleolus
acceptable.)
7. metaphase, duplicated chromosomes
5. neutral
8. anaphase, duplicated chromosomes
6. Mutagens are factors in the environment that cause
9. telophase, nucleolus
mutations.
7. Answers will vary, but could include cigarette smoke, Interpreting Illustrations
radiation from X rays, radiation from UV rays, Identifying stages of the cell cycle
pollutants, pesticides, and household chemicals.
Page 71
8. Researchers are replacing a mutated gene with a
1. growth and cell activity
healthy copy of the gene.
2. DNA is copied
Cloze Activity 3. continued growth and preparation for mitosis
The effects of mutations 4. mitosis
Page 66 5. cytokinesis
1. gene mutation 6. interphase
2. proteins Description
3. mutagens 1. Cells grow and carry out their life functions.
4. mutagens 2. The nucleus makes a copy of its DNA.
5. negative mutations 3. There is continued growth and preparation for
6. positive mutations mitosis.
7. neutral mutations 4. The nucleus of the cell divides into two equal and
8. gene therapy, mutated gene, healthy gene identical parts.
5. The two equal, identical parts of the cell separate.
Assessment 6. Cells grow and carry out their life functions.
Mutation
Page 67
1. D 2. A 3. G 4. C 5. B 6. E 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B
11. A 12. D

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 9

Illustrating Concepts 2. asexual reproduction
Mitosis 3. binary fission
Page 72 4. budding
PHASE WHAT IS HAPPENING TO LABELLED DIAGRAM 5. fragmentation
THE CELL? 6. vegetative reproduction
7. spore formation
prophase • 8. DNA
– The duplicated
chromosomes 9. stem cells
form an X and
the nucleolus Illustrating Concepts
disappears.
– Spindle fibres, What are the five different types of asexual
which are tiny reproduction?
tube-like
structures made Page 77
of protein, begin Answers can be in any order.
to form in plant
and animal cells. • binary fission: bacteria or amoeba; splitting of a single
parent cell into two equal parts that have the same
metaphase •
– The duplicated copies of genetic material
chromosomes • budding; hydra, sponge, or yeast; a group of rapidly
line up across
the middle of the dividing cells develops on an organism and breaks
cell. away to become a new organism independent of its
parent
anaphase • • fragmentation: plants such as moss or animals such as
– The duplicated sea star or coral; a small piece of an organism breaks
chromosomes
away from it and develops into a new individual
move apart to
opposite ends of • spores: fungi or algae; reproductive cells develop into a
the cell. new individual by repeated mitosis
• vegetative reproduction: plant; special cells, usually in
telophase • the stems and roots of plants, divide repeatedly to form
– A nucleolus
forms around the structures that develop into a plant that is identical to
chromosomes at the parent
the opposite
ends of the
dividing cell. Comprehension
True or false?
Page 78
Assessment
The cell cycle and mitosis 1. False. Asexual reproduction is the formation of a new
individual that has the same genetic information as
Page 73
its parent.
1. E 2. F 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. D
2. False. Asexual reproduction occurs in one-celled
organisms such as bacteria and in multicellular
Section 5.2 Asexual Reproduction organisms such as plants.
Reading Checks 3. True
Page 75
4. True
1. Any of: can out-compete other organisms, reproduce
5. False. Growing new plants from the cut ends of
quickly, and can survive if predators increase.
stems and roots is one way that humans make
2. cells that usually divide to form one of many different clones of plants.
types of cells
6. False. Making clones of animals involves taking the
nucleus from one type of cell and putting it in the
Cloze Activity
egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
Types of asexual reproduction
Page 76
1. clone

10 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Assessment Interpreting Illustrations
Asexual reproduction Comparing meiosis and mitosis
Page 79 Page 84
1. G 2. D 3. B 4. E 5. C 6. A 7. H 8. A 9. C 10. C Answers may vary slightly. Sample answers:
11. B 12. B 13. D 1. In both, chromosomes line up along the equator.
2. In meiosis I, each pair of chromosomes includes one
chromosome from each parent.
Chapter 6 Meiosis is the basis of sexual 3. In both, chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.
reproduction. 4. In meiosis II, there are half as many chromosomes as
in mitosis.
Section 6.1 Meiosis
Assessment
Reading Checks
Meiosis
Pages 80–81
Page 85
1. 46 (arranged in 23 pairs)
1. C 2. E 3. B 4. J 5. H 6. I 7. A 8. D 9. F 10. C 11. C
2. four
12. C 13. A 14. A
Applying Knowledge
The role of gametes Section 6.2 Sexual Reproduction
Page 82 Reading Checks
1. Pages 86–87
1. during the first eight weeks after fertilization
ORGANISM DIPLOID NUMBER (2n) HAPLOID NUMBER (n)
2. organs and parts of the body continue to develop
human 46 23

fruit fly 8 4 Cloze Activity

Embryonic and fetal development
black bear 76 38
Page 88
peanut 20 10
1. mating
chimpanzee 48 24 2. external, fish
3. internal, birds
2. (Male-female and sperm-egg can be reversed.)
4. embryo
Top row of boxes: diploid, male parent, female
5. blastula, embryonic stem cells
parent, diploid
6. ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Second row: haploid, sperm cell, egg cell, haploid
7. differentiation
Third row: fertilization
8. fetus
Bottom box: diploid

Illustrating Concepts
Cloze Activity
Types of sexual reproduction
What happens in meiosis?
Page 89
Page 83
Students’ definitions and examples may vary.
1. gametes, gametes, gametes
2. fertilization, zygote EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

3. mitosis, embryo Definition A sperm cell and egg Sperm cells are
4. 23 cell unite outside the deposited inside the
bodies of the parents. female’s body where
5. 23, haploid they meet an egg
6. chromosome cell.

7. meiosis I Examples Animals that live in Water-dwelling orcas

of water Most land dwelling
8. meiosis II organisms Sea urchins animals
9. diploid, 4 Fish (salmon) Mountain goats
Mosses Humans
Ferns Most plants

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 11

Interpreting Illustrations Applying Knowledge
From human embryo to human baby Describing assisted reproductive technologies
Page 90 Page 95
1. (a) ectoderm
ASSISTED DESCRIPTION
(b) mesoderm REPRODUCTIVE
(c) endoderm TECHNOLOGY

2. skin and nervous system 1. artificial Sperm are collected from the male
insemination (AI) and then injected into the female.
3. kidneys, skeleton, muscles, blood vessels and
reproductive organs 2. in vitro A woman’s egg cell is placed in a
fertilization (IVF) petri dish, and then sperm are
4. lungs, liver, and lining of digestive system injected into the dish so that one
5. sperm cell may fertilize the egg.

TRIMESTER WHAT IS HAPPENING AT THIS STAGE OF FETAL 3. gamete A woman’s egg cell is mixed with
DEVELOPMENT? intrafallopian sperm, and then the mixture is
transfer (GIFT) injected into the woman’s fallopian
(a) First Brain and spinal cord are forming. tubes. This way, an egg may be
Fingers and toes have appeared. fertilized inside the woman’s body.
Ears, kidneys, lungs, liver, and muscles are
developing. 4. intracytoplasmic A single sperm cell is injected into an
Sexual differentiation almost complete. sperm injection egg cell. The fertilized egg is then
(ICSI) inserted into the woman’s uterus.
(b) Second Fetal movements are felt.
Eyelids open.
Fetus can survive outside of mother with Extension Activity
specialized care.
The impact of reproductive technologies on
(c) Third Rapid weight gain occurs due to the growth society
and accumulation of fat.
Page 96
Students’ answers will vary. Accept all reasonable
Assessment answers—there are no right or wrong responses.
Sexual reproduction Students should use point form to summarize the points
Page 91 of view of both partners.
1. E 2. A 3. F 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. C
Assessment
Section 6.3 Assisted Reproductive Assisted reproductive technologies
Page 97
Technologies 1. E 2. D 3. F 4. G 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. D
Reading Checks
Pages 92–93
1. unable to have a child
2. IVF, ICSI
UNIT 3 Characteristics of Electricity
Chapter 7 Static charge is produced by
Cloze Activity
Types of assisted reproductive technologies
electron transfer.
Pages 94 Section 7.1 Static Charge
1. infertility Reading Checks
2. assisted reproductive technologies Pages 98–99
3. uterus 1. proton, electron
4. sperm 2. electrons
5. intracytoplasmic sperm injection, uterus
Cloze Activity
6. gamete intrafallopian transfer, fallopian tubes
Charge it
7. gametes, surrogate mother
Page 100
8. in vitro fertilization
1. static charge
9. stem cells
2. atoms

12 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

 3. nucleus, protons, neutrons Interpreting Illustrations
4. electrons Neutral, positive, or negative charges?
5. neutral Page 106
6. positive 1. Answers A, B, and C can be in any order.
7. negative (a) Opposite charges attract.
8. insulators, conductors (b) Like charges repel.
9. coulomb (c) Neutral objects are attracted to charged objects.
10. Van de Graaff generator 2. (a) attract
11. grounding (b) attract
(c) attract
Applying Knowledge (d) repel
Static charge detective (e) repel
Page 101
(f) attract
1. Charge on socks: positive
Charge on skirt: negative Comprehension
2. Charge on comb: negative Charging by conduction or induction
Charge on hair: positive Page 107
3. Charge on window: positive 1. (a) induction
Charge on paper towel: negative (b) conduction
4. Charge on balloon: negative (c) induction
Charge on cat’s fur: positive 2. (a) induction
(b) induction
Comprehension (c) conduction
Conductors and insulators
Page 102 Cloze Activity
1. (a) material that allows electrons to move freely Positive, negative, and neutral objects
(b) material that does not allow electrons to move Page 108
freely 1. electric force
2. (a) insulator; does not allow electrons to move freely 2. laws of static charge, attract, repel
(b) insulator; does not allow electrons to move freely 3. Either order is acceptable: type of charge, distance
(c) conductor; allows electrons to move freely between objects
(d) conductor; allows electrons to move freely 4. increase, decrease
(e) conductor; allows electrons to move freely 5. electroscope
(f) insulator; does not allow electrons to move freely 6. repel
7. neutral
Assessment 8. conduction, electroscope
Static charge 9. induction, electroscope
Page 103
10. induction
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. B, C 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. C Assessment
Electric force
Section 7.2 Electric Force Page 109
Reading Checks 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D
Pages 104–105
1. they will be attracted
2. neutral objects are temporarily charged by induction

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 13

Chapter 8 Ohm’s law describes the Interpreting Illustrations
Electrochemical cells
relationship of current, voltage, and Page 114
resistance. 1. (a) positive terminal
Section 8.1 Electric Potential Energy and (b) plastic insulator
Voltage (c) electrolyte
Reading Checks (d) carbon rod
Pages 110–111 (e) negative terminal
1. stored energy that has the potential to make 2. (a) negative terminal
something move or change (b) positive terminal
2. potential difference (c) lead plate
(d) electrolyte
Vocabulary Puzzle
Electricity crossword puzzle Assessment
Page 112 Electric potential energy and voltage
Across Page 115
2. potential energy 1. C 2. F 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. A
3. electrolyte
7. electrodes Section 8.2 Electric Current
9. coulomb Reading Checks
10. dry cell Page 116
13. voltage 1. a complete pathway through which electrons can
14. electrochemical cell flow
Down 2. ammeter
1. kinetic energy
Applying Knowledge
2. potential difference
Identifying circuit symbols
4. terminals Page 118
5. voltmeter 1. C, IV
6. wet cell 2. B, V
8. volt 3. D, II
11. battery 4. E, I
12. energy 5. A, III
6. In any order: conducting wire, battery, switch, bulb
Cloze Activity
Electric potential energy
Illustrating Concepts
Page 113
Drawing circuit diagrams
1. energy Page 119
2. Answers can be in either order: electrochemical cell, 1.
battery
3. potential energy
4. chemical, electrical
5. separated
6. chemical
2.
7. electrodes, electrolyte
8. negatively, positively
9. potential difference

14 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

 3. (c) opposition to the flow of current through a circuit
(d) mathematical equation that shows how voltage,
current, and resistance are related (resistance
equals voltage divided by current)
(e) a component in a circuit that has a specific
4. resistance, used to control current or voltage

CURRENT VOLTAGE RESISTANCE

Symbol I V R

Unit amperes (A) volts (V) ohms ()

Comprehension
Meter used for ammeter voltmeter ohmmeter
True or false? measurement
Page 120
Symbol for
1. True Meter
2. False. An electric load transforms electrical energy
Formula I=VR V=I×R R=VI
into other forms of energy.
3. True
4. True Applying Knowledge
Calculations with Ohm’s law
5. False. A switch is a device that can turn the circuit
on and off by closing or opening the circuit. or A Page 125
battery is the source of electric potential energy in a 2. R = V  I = 120 V  10 A = 12 
circuit. 3. V = I × R = (0.2 A)(30 ) = 6 V
6. True 4. I = V  R = 3 V  24  = 0.125 A
7. False. Current electricity is the continuous flow of 5. V = I × R = (6 A)(20 ) = 120 V
charge in a complete circuit. or Static electricity is
charge that remains stationary on an insulator. Analyzing Information
8. True Relationship between current, voltage, and
9. False. Electric current is measured in amperes. or resistance
Potential difference (voltage) is measured in volts. Page 126
10. True 1. (a) As current increases, voltage increases.
(b) This suggests that there is a positive correlation
Assessment between voltage and current. It also suggests
Electric current that there is a direct relationship between voltage
Page 121 and current.
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. F 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. A 2. The voltage doubles when the current is doubled.

Assessment
Section 8.3 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Resistance and Ohm’s law
Reading Checks
Page 127
Page 123
1. E 2. F 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B
1. Resistance equals voltage divided by current.
11. B 12. A
2. a component in an electric circuit that has a specific
resistance
Chapter 9 Circuits are designed to
Comprehension control the transfer of electrical energy.
Voltage, current, and resistance
Page 124 Section 9.1 Series and Parallel Circuits
1. (a) amount of charge passing a point in a conductor Reading Checks
every second Page 128
(b) amount of electric potential energy per one 1. an electric circuit with one path for current to take
coulomb of charge 2. an electric circuit with two or more pathways for
electric current to take

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 15

Comprehension Assessment
Series or parallel? Series and parallel circuits
Page 130 Page 133
1. series 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
2. parallel
3. parallel Section 9.2 The Power of Electricity
4. series Reading Checks
5. series Pages 134–135
6. series 1. P = IV
8. parallel 2. E = Pt
9. parallel
Comprehension
10. series
Power calculations
11. parallel Page 136
1. P = I × V = (20)(240) = 3 600 W
Interpreting Illustrations
Is it in series or in parallel? 2. P = I × V = (12)(120) = 1 440 W
Page 131 3. I = P  V = 120  15 = 8 A
1. B 4. I = P  V = 210  120 = 1.75 A
2. D 5. V = P  I = 2.4  0.8 = 3 V
3. E 6. P = I × V = (2)(30) = 60 W
4. A
Comprehension
5.
Energy calculations
Page 137
1. E = P × t = (1.2)(0.5) = 0.6 kW•h
2. E = P × t = (0.7)(12) = 8.4 kW•h
6. 3. P = E × t = 0.6  6 = 0.1 kW or 100 W
4. t = E  P = 1.75  1 = 1.75 h  7 = 0.25 h (15 min)
5. P = I × V = (3)(30) = 90 W = (0.09)(2) = 0.18 kW•h

Applying Knowledge
Paying for electricity
Page 138
Applying Knowledge
1. (a) E = P × t = (15)(240)(1.5)(0.09)  1000 = $0.49
Calculations with series circuits
(b) E = P × t = (0.1)(5)(0.09) = ($0.05)(6) = $0.27
Page 132
(c) E = P × t = (2)(120)(0.25)(24)(7)(0.09)  1000
1. (a) 10 
= $0.91
(b) 3 A
2. E = P × t = (2.5)(120)(4)(7)(2)(0.09)  1000 = $1.51
(c) 18 V
3. $0.54  $0.09 = 6 kWh; t = E  P = 6  4 = 1.5 h
(d) 12 V
2. (a) 18 V Assessment
(b) 2 A The power of electricity
(c) 3  Page 139
1. A 2. B 3. E 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. B

16 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

 Interpreting Illustrations
UNIT 4 Space Exploration Modelling an expanding universe
Page 144
Chapter 10 Scientific evidence suggests
1. The raisins in the uncooked bread dough all move
the universe formed about 13.7 billion away from each other as the bread bakes, In a
years ago. similar way, galaxies in the universe are moving away
from each other as the universe expands.
Section 10.1 Explaining the Early 2. and 3. Students’ answers may vary. Accept all
Universe reasonable models and explanations.
Reading Checks
Pages 140–141 Assessment
1. 13.7 billion years Explaining the early universe
2. wavelengths get longer Page 145
1. E 2. A 3. B 4. G 5. F 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A
Cloze Activity 10. A 11. B
The early days of the universe
Page 142
Section 10.2 Galaxies
1. astronomers Reading Checks
2. celestial bodies Pages 146–147
3. radiation 1. huge group of stars, gas, and dust held together by
4. galaxies gravity
5. spectroscope 2. group of stars found within a galaxy
6. radio telescope
7. space probes Cloze Activity
8. red shift
Inside a galaxy
Page 148
9. compressed
1. First three answers may be in any order: stars, gas,
10. Big Bang
dust, gravity
Comprehension 2. billion, billion
True or false? 3. nebula
Page 143 4. spiral
1. False. According to the Big Bang theory, when the 5. Milky Way, spiral
universe began it was small, dense, and extremely 6. elliptical
hot. 7. irregular
2. False. The Big Bang is a theory that astronomers 8. gas, dust
have proposed.
9. star clusters
3. False. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe
10. globular
began 13.7 billion years ago.
11. open
4. False. The universe appears to be expanding
because galaxies and stars are moving away from Comprehension
each other.
All about galaxies
5. False. Background radiation is transmitted in waves Page 149
that were first detected by a radio telescope in the
1. A galaxy is a collection of stars, gas, and dust held
1960s.
together by gravity.
6. False. If a star is moving away from you, there is a
2. The three basic shapes of galaxies are spiral,
red shift, which means its wavelengths get longer.
elliptical, and irregular.
7. False. The distance between stars and galaxies is
3. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy.
increasing.
4. An elliptical galaxy contains some of the oldest stars
in the universe.

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 17

 5. Irregular galaxies have lots of gas and dust, which 3. red
are the building blocks of stars. 4. whitish-blue
6. Over 50% 5. Doppler
7. The two types of star clusters are globular clusters 6. mass
and open clusters. 7. red dwarf
8. Globular clusters are held together by gravity in a 8. white dwarf, black dwarf
spherical shape while open clusters are spaced
9. supernova, neutron
apart.
10. black hole
Illustrating Concepts
Interpreting Illustrations
Galaxy shapes
The evolution of stars
Page 150
Page 155
Students’ answers and diagrams may vary slightly.
1. A low mass star starts as a nebula, changes into a
Spiral galaxy: Diagram should look like a spiral, or a plate
red dwarf, and then becomes a white dwarf.
with a ball in the middle
2. An intermediate mass star starts as a nebula,
Description: looks like a pinwheel with many long “arms”
changes into a red giant, cools into a white dwarf,
spiralling out from a centre core
and then becomes a black dwarf.
3. A high mass star eventually collapses into a
Elliptical galaxy: Diagram should look like a flattened supernova. The supernova will change either into a
circle neutron star or a black hole
Description: ranges in shape from a perfect sphere to a
stretched out sphere Comprehension
True or false?
Irregular galaxy: Diagram could be any shape. Page 156
Description: does not have any regular shape such as 1. False. A star gives off light due to nuclear reactions
spiral arms or an obvious central bulge that take place at its core.
2. False. During most of the life of a star, atoms of
Assessment hydrogen gas fuse and become atoms of helium
Galaxies gas.
Page 151 3. False. Yellow stars, such as our Sun, are fairly hot.
1. A 2. G 3. D 4. F 5. C 6. E 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B or Whitish-blue stars are the hottest type of stars.
11. A 12. C 4. True
5. False. Intermediate mass stars expand into red
Chapter 11 The components of the giants and then cool to become a white dwarf and
universe are separated by unimaginably then a black dwarf.
6. True
vast distances.
7. True
Section 11.1 Stars
Reading Checks Assessment
Pages 152–153 Stars
1. massive, gaseous, spherical object in space that Page 157
gives off light 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. A
2. when a high mass star collapses in a powerful
explosion Section 11.2 The Sun and Its Planetary
System
Cloze Activity
Reading Checks
Describing stars Page 159
Page 154
1. rotation is spinning on axis; revolution is travelling
1. hydrogen, helium, fusion around the Sun
2. yellow 2. asteroids, comets

18 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Cloze Activity Assessment
Getting to know the solar system The Sun and its planetary system
Page 160 Page 163
1. hydrogen 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. F 5. B 6. E 7. I 8. G 9. A 10. B 11. D
2. nuclear reactions 12. D 13. C 14. B
3. solar prominences
4. solar flares, solar wind Section 11.3 Measuring Distances in
5. axis, rotation Space
6. revolution Reading Checks
7. Answers may appear in any order: Mercury, Venus, Pages 164–165
Earth, and Mars 1. distance that light travels in one year
8. Answers may appear in any order: Jupiter, Saturn, 2. the diameter of Earth’s orbit
Uranus, and Neptune
9. moon Cloze Activity
10. asteroids Describing distances in space
Page 166
11. comets
1. light-year
Interpreting Illustrations 2. 300 000 km/s
Features of the Sun 3. years (or light-years), hours, minutes
Page 161 4. triangulation
1. E 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 5. parallax
6. (a) solar prominence 6. parallax
(b) sunspot 7. baseline
(c) photosphere 8. months
(d) corona
(e) solar flare Extension Activity
Parallax
Vocabulary Page 167
Our solar system 1. When you blink your eyes, the pencil appears to shift
Page 162 in position against the chart of the planets.
Across 2. When you blink your eyes, the pencil appears to shift
2. photosphere in position against the chart of the planets. The
4. asteroid shifting appears to have increased.

5. prominence 3. When the pencil is approximately 5 cm from your

face, the shifting has increased.
11. rotation
4. The closer the pencil is to your face, the amount of
12. planet
the shifting (parallax) increases.
13. wind
5. As the pencil moves outwards or the distance
Down increases, the amount of shifting (parallax)
1. corona decreases.
3. system 6. The term that could be used to describe this shifting
6. revolution is parallax.
7. moon
Extension Activity
8. comet
How big is space?
9. axis
Page 168
10. sunspot
1. electron
2. single-cell organism
3. human

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 19

 4. grey whale 2. Diagrams may vary, but should show Earth between
5. Mount Robson the Sun and Moon and Earth’s shadow falling on the
6. Moon Moon.

7. Earth
Interpreting Illustrations
8. Sun Seasons
9. solar system Page 174
10. galaxy 1. Beginning on the left side and continuing in a
11. distance from Earth to Proxima Centauri clockwise manner, the labels should be summer,
12. observable universe spring, winter, autumn
2. Answers may vary but should include the following
Assessment points: Earth’s axis is tilted on an angle of 23.5°. This
Measuring distances in space axis tilt causes light from the Sun to strike Earth at
Page 169 different angles during its revolution around the Sun.
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D As Earth orbits the Sun, Earth’s axis always points in
the same direction. However, the amount of sunlight
that falls on Earth’s surface at different points in its
journey is different. This difference is what causes
Chapter 12 Human understanding of the seasons.
Earth and the universe continues to
increase through observation and Assessment
exploration. Earth, Moon, and Sun interactions
Page 175
Section 12.1 Earth, Moon, and Sun 1. E 2. A 3. F 4. H 5. I 6. D 7. G 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. C
Interactions
Reading Checks Section 12.2 Aboriginal Knowledge of
Pages 170–171 the Solar System
1. causes light to strike Earth at different angles Reading Checks
2. total or partial blocking of sunlight when one object Pages 176–177
in space passes in front of another 1. All aspects of the physical and spiritual universe
2. Length of time from one new moon or full moon to
Cloze Activity the next
How do Earth, the Sun, and the Moon interact?
Page 172 Cloze Activity
1. axis Looking at the solar system
2. eclipse Page 178
3. solar 1. holistic
4. total, eclipse, partial, eclipse 2. realms
5. lunar 3. interconnected universe
6. total, eclipse 4. Western
7. constellations 5. Answers could be in either order: spiritual, physical
8. Ptolemy 6. Moon
9. Copernicus, Galileo 7. lunar month
10. Kepler 8. 13
9. constellations
Illustrating Concepts
Eclipses Applying Knowledge
Page 173 Comparing Aboriginal knowledge and Western
1. Diagrams may vary, but should show the Moon science approaches
between Earth and the Sun, and the Moon’s shadow Page 179
falling on Earth. Students’ answers will vary. Accept all reasonable

20 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

answers. Sample answer:
Aboriginal approach: practical knowledge of celestial
bodies, interconnected universe, holistic approach,
common realms: undersea, land world, sky world,
spiritual realm
Western approach: physical realm, physically observed,
measured, documented, and tested
Both approaches: observed Moon, Sun, planets, and
celestial bodies
Extension
An interconnected universe
Page 180
Students’ diagrams and explanations may vary. Accept
all reasonable answers.
Diagram may include undersea or sea world, the land
world, the spirit world and the sky world. Explanation
should stress the interrelationships between all the parts
of the diagram drawn.
Assessment
Aboriginal knowledge of the solar system
Page 181
1. C 2. E 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B 11. D
Extension
Exploring questions about space
Page 185
1. and 2. Accept all reasonable questions and ideas.
There are no right or wrong questions or answers.
Look for evidence that student has thought about
questions.
Extension
Technology for exploring space
Page 186
1. and 2. Accept all reasonable designs and
descriptions. Students should be able to explain their
technologies and provide labelled diagrams of them.
Assessment
Exploring space: past, present, and future
Page 187
1. D 2. A 3. G 4. B 5. H 6. E 7. C 8. F 9. D 10. C
11. D 12. C

Section 12.3 Exploring Space: Past,

Present, and Future
Reading Checks
Pages 182–183
1. rovers
2. Answers may vary.
Benefit: new inventions
Risk: equipment failure, pollution

Cloze Activity
Space exploration
Page 184
1. indirect
2. optical
3. radio
4. satellites, geosynchronous
5. probes
6. rovers
7. rockets
8. rewards
9. risks
10. ethics
11. terraforming

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 21