Nomenclature

NOTATION (RELEVANT EQUATION NUMBERS

APPEAR IN PARENTHESES)

f ¼ principle-axis version of f, background
or quiescent-fluid value of f, or average or
ensemble average of f , Darcy friction factor
(12.101, 12.102)
bf ¼ complex amplitude of f
fij ¼ the i-j component of the second order
tensor f
fi;jn , f Þni;j ¼ f at time n at horizontal
x-location i and vertical y-location j (6.52,
Fig. 6.10)

~f ¼ full field value of f fR ¼ rough-wall value of f

f 0 ¼ derivative of f with respect to its fS ¼ smooth-wall value of f

argument, or perturbation of f from its
reference state f0 ¼ reference, surface, or stagnation
value of f
f  ¼ complex conjugate of f, or the value
of f at the sonic condition fN ¼ reference value of f or value of f far
away from the point of interest
f þ ¼ the dimensionless, law-of-the-wall
value of f Df ¼ change in f

fx ¼ vf/vx (6.105)
SYMBOLS (RELEVANT
fcr ¼ critical value of f
EQUATION NUMBERS
fav ¼ average value of f APPEAR IN PARENTHESES)

fCL ¼ centerline value of f a ¼ contact angle (Fig. 1.8), thermal

expansion coefficient (1.26), angle of rota-
fj ¼ the jth component of the vector f, tion, iteration number (6.57), angle of attack
f at location j (6.14) (Fig. 14.6)

f Þni , fin ¼ f at time n at horizontal x-location a ¼ triangular area, cylinder radius,

j (6.13) sphere radius, amplitude

xvii
xviii NOMENCLATURE
a ¼ generic vector, Lagrangian accelera-
tion (3.1)
A ¼ generic second-order (or higher)
tensor
A, A ¼ a constant, an amplitude, area,
surface, surface of a material volume, plan-
form area of a wing
A* ¼ control surface, sonic throat area
Ao ¼ Avogadro’s number
A0 ¼ reference area
Aij ¼ representative second-order tensor
b ¼ angle of rotation, coefficient of density
change due to salinity or other constituent,
convergence acceleration parameter (6.57),
variation of the Coriolis frequency with lati-
tude (13.10), camber parameter (Fig. 14.13)
b ¼ generic vector, control surface veloc-
ity (Fig. 3.20)
B, B ¼ a constant, Bernoulli function
(4.70), log-law intercept parameter (12.88)
B, Bij ¼ generic second-order (or higher)
tensor
Bo ¼ Bond number (4.118)
c ¼ speed of sound (1.25, 15.1h), phase
speed (8.4), chord length (14.2, Figs. 14.2, 14.6)
c ¼ phase velocity vector (8.8)
cg, cg ¼ group velocity magnitude (8.67)
and vector (8.141)
c ¼ scalar stream function (Fig. 4.1)

C ¼ degrees centigrade
C ¼ a generic constant, hypotenuse
length, closed contour
Ca ¼ Capillary number (4.119)
Cf ¼ skin friction coefficient (10.15, 10.32)
Cp ¼ pressure (coefficient) (4.106, 7.32)
cp ¼ specific heat capacity at constant
pressure (1.20)
CD ¼ coefficient of drag (4.107, 10.33)
CL ¼ coefficient of lift (4.108)
cv ¼ specific heat capacity at constant
volume (1.21)
Cij ¼ matrix of direction cosines between
original and rotated coordinate system axes
(2.5)
C ¼ Characteristic curves along which
the I invariants are constant (15.57)
d ¼ diameter, distance, fluid layer depth
d ¼ dipole strength vector (7.28),
displacement vector
d ¼ Dirac delta function (B.4.1), similarity-
variable length scale (9.32), boundary-layer
thickness, generic length scale, small incre-
ment, flow deflection angle (15.64)
d ¼ average boundary-layer thickness
d* ¼ boundary-layer displacement thick-
ness (10.16)
dij ¼ Kronecker delta function (2.16)
 NOMENCLATURE
d99 ¼ 99% layer thickness
D ¼ distance, drag force, diffusion coef-
ficient (6.10)
D ¼ drag force vector (Example 14.1)
Di ¼ lift-induced drag (14.15)
D/Dt ¼ material derivative (3.4), (3.5),
or (B.1.4)
DT ¼ turbulent diffusivity of particles
(12.156)
D ¼ generalized field derivative (2.31)
ε ¼ roughness height, kinetic energy
dissipation rate (4.58), a small distance, fine-
ness ratio h/L (9.14), downwash angle (14.14)
ε ¼ average dissipation rate of the turbu-
lent kinetic energy (12.47)
εT ¼ average dissipation rate of the vari-
ance of temperature fluctuations (12.141)
εijk ¼ alternating tensor (2.18)
e ¼ internal energy per unit mass (1.16)
ei ¼ unit vector in the i-direction (2.1)
e ¼ average kinetic energy of turbulent
fluctuations (12.47)
Ec ¼ Eckert number (4.115)
Ek ¼ kinetic energy per unit horizontal
area (8.39)
Ep ¼ potential energy per unit horizontal
area (8.41)
xix
E ¼ numerical error (6.21), average energy
per unit horizontal area (8.42), Ekman
number (13.18)
E ¼ kinetic energy of the average flow
(12.46)
EF ¼ time average energy flux per unit
length of wave crest (8.43)
f ¼ generic function, Maxwell distribution
function (1.1) and (1.4), Helmholtz free en-
ergy per unit mass, longitudinal correlation
coefficient (12.38), Coriolis frequency (13.6),
dimensionless friction parameter (15.45)
f ¼ Darcy friction factor (12.101, 12.102)
fi ¼ unsteady body force distribution (15.5)
f ¼ velocity potential (7.10), an angle
f ¼ surface force vector per unit area
(2.15, 4.13)
F ¼ force magnitude, generic flow field
property, generic flux, generic or profile
function
Ff ¼ perimeter friction force (15.25)
F ¼ force vector, average wave energy
flux vector (8.157)
F ¼ body force potential (4.18), undeter-
mined spectrum function (12.53)
FD, FD ¼ drag force (4.107), average drag
force
FL ¼ lift force (4.108)
Fr ¼ Froude number (4.104)
xx NOMENCLATURE

g ¼ ratio of specific heats (1.30), velocity i ¼ an index, imaginary root

gradient, vortex sheet strength, generic
dependent-field variable
g_ ¼ shear rate
g ¼ body force per unit mass (4.13)
I ¼ incident light intensity, bending
moment of inertia
I ¼ Invariants along the C characteris-
tics (15.55)

g ¼ acceleration of gravity, undetermined j ¼ an index

function, transverse correlation coefficient
(12.38) J ¼ Jacobian of a transformation (6.110),
momentum flux per unit span (10.58)
g0 ¼ reduced gravity (8.116)
Js ¼ jet momentum flux per unit span
G ¼ vertical temperature gradient or lapse (12.62)
rate, circulation (3.18)
Ji ¼ Bessel function of order i
Ga ¼ adiabatic vertical temperature
gradient (1.36) Jm ¼ diffusive mass flux vector (1.7)

Ga ¼ circulation due to the absolute 4 ¼ a function, azimuthal angle in cylin-

vorticity (5.29) drical and spherical coordinates (Fig. 3.3)

G ¼ gravitational constant, profile k ¼ thermal conductivity (1.8), an index,

function
Gn ¼ Fourier series coefficient
G ¼ center of mass, center of vorticity
wave number (6.12) or (8.2), wave number
component
k ¼ thermal diffusivity, von Karman
constant (12.88)

h ¼ enthalpy per unit mass (1.19), height, ks ¼ diffusivity of salt

gap height, viscous layer thickness
kT ¼ turbulent thermal diffusivity (12.116)
_
h ¼ Planck’s constant
km ¼ mass diffusivity of a passive scalar in
h ¼ free surface shape, waveform, simi- Fick’s law (1.7)
larity variable (9.25) or (9.32), Kolmogorov
microscale (12.50) kmT ¼ turbulent mass diffusivity (12.117)

hT ¼ Batchelor microscale (12.143) kB ¼ Boltzmann’s constant (1.27)

H ¼ atmospheric scale height, water ks ¼ sand grain roughness height

depth, step function, shape factor (10.46),
profile function Kn ¼ Knudsen number
 NOMENCLATURE
K ¼ a generic constant, magnitude of the
wave number vector (8.6), lift curve slope
(14.16)
K ¼ degrees Kelvin
K ¼ wave number vector (8.5)
l ¼ molecular mean free path (1.6), span-
wise dimension, generic length scale, wave
number component (8.5, 8.6), shear correla-
tion in Thwaites method (10.45), length scale
in turbulent flow
lT ¼ mixing length (12.119)
L, L ¼ generic length dimension, generic
length scale, lift force
LM ¼ Monin-Obukhov length scale
(12.138)
l ¼ wavelength (8.1, 8.7), laminar
boundary-layer correlation parameter (10.44)
lm ¼ wavelength of the minimum phase
speed
lt ¼ temporal Taylor microscale (12.19)
lf, lg ¼ longitudinal and lateral spatial
Taylor microscales (12.39)
L ¼ lubrication-flow bearing number
(9.16), Rossby radius of deformation, wing
aspect ratio (14.1)
Lf, Lg ¼ longitudinal and lateral integral
spatial scales (12.39)
Lt ¼ integral time scale (12.18)
m ¼ dynamic or shear viscosity (1.9),
Mach angle (15.60)
xxi
my ¼ bulk viscosity (4.36)
m ¼ molecular mass (1.1), generic mass,
an index, moment order (12.1), wave number
component (8.5, 8.6)
M, M ¼ generic mass dimension, mass,
Mach number (4.111), apparent or added
mass (7.108)
Mw ¼ molecular weight
n ¼ molecular density (1.1), an index,
generic integer number, power law exponent
(4.37)
n ¼ normal unit vector
ns ¼ index of refraction
N ¼ number of molecules (1.27), Brunt-
Väisälä or buoyancy frequency (1.35, 8.126),
number
Nij ¼ pressure rate of strain tensor (12.131)
n ¼ kinematic viscosity (1.10), cyclic fre-
quency, Prandtl-Meyer function (15.67)
nT ¼ turbulent kinematic viscosity (12.115)
O ¼ origin
p ¼ pressure
p ¼ t  n, third unit vector
patm ¼ atmospheric pressure
pi ¼ inside pressure
po ¼ outside pressure
p0 ¼ reference pressure at z ¼ 0
xxii NOMENCLATURE
pN ¼ reference pressure far upstream or
far away
p ¼ average or quiescent pressure in a
stratified fluid
P ¼ average pressure
P ¼ wake strength parameter (12.95)
Pr ¼ Prandtl number (4.116)
q ¼ heat added to a system (1.16), volume
flux per unit span, unsteady volume source
(15.4), dimensionless heat addition param-
eter (15.45)
q, qi ¼ heat flux (1.8)
q_ ¼ generic acoustic source (15.8)
qs ¼ two-dimensional point source or sink
strength in ideal flow (7.13)
qn ¼ generic parameter in dimensional
analysis (1.42)
Q ¼ volume flux in two or three di-
mensions, heat added per unit mass (15.21)
q ¼ potential temperature (1.37), unit of
temperature, angle in polar coordinates,
momentum thickness (10.17), local phase, an
angle
r ¼ mass density (1.7)
rs ¼ static density profile in stratified
environment
rm ¼ mass density of a mixture
r ¼ average or quiescent density in a
stratified fluid
rq ¼ potential density (1.39)
r ¼ matrix rank, distance from the origin,
distance from the axis
r ¼ particle trajectory (3.1), (3.8)
R ¼ distance from the cylindrical axis,
radius of curvature, gas constant (1.29),
generic nonlinearity parameter
RD ¼ dimensionless grid-resolution (6.42)
Ru ¼ universal gas constant (1.28)
Ri ¼ radius of curvature in direction i (1.11)
R, Rij ¼ rotation tensor (3.13), correlation
tensor (12.12), (12.23)
Ra ¼ Rayleigh number (11.21)
Re ¼ Reynolds number (4.103)
Ri ¼ Richardson number, gradient
Richardson number (11.66, 12.136)
Rf ¼ flux Richardson number (12.135)
Ro ¼ Rossby number (13.13)
s ¼ surface tension (1.11), interfacial ten-
sion, vortex core size (3.28, 3.29), temporal
growth rate (11.1), oblique shock angle
(Fig. 15.21)
s ¼ entropy (1.22), arc length, salinity,
wingspan (14.1), dimensionless arc length
si ¼ standard deviation of molecular
velocities (1.3)
S ¼ salinity, scattered light intensity, an
area, entropy
 NOMENCLATURE
Se ¼ one-dimensional temporal longitu-
dinal energy spectrum (12.20)
S11 ¼ one-dimensional spatial longitudi-
nal energy spectrum (12.45)
ST ¼ one-dimensional temperature fluc-
tuation spectrum (12.142), (12.143)
S, Sij ¼ strain rate tensor (3.12), symmetric
tensor
St ¼ Strouhal number (4.102)
t ¼ time
t ¼ tangent vector
T, T ¼ temperature (1.1), generic time
dimension, period
T, Tij ¼ stress tensor (2.15), (Fig. 2.4)
Ta ¼ Taylor number (11.52)
To ¼ free stream temperature
Tw ¼ wall temperature
s ¼ shear stress (1.9), time lag
s, sij ¼ viscous stress tensor (4.27)
sw ¼ wall or surface shear stress
y ¼ specific volume ¼ 1/r
u ¼ horizontal component of fluid veloc-
ity (1.9)
u ¼ generic vector, average molecular
velocity vector (1.1), fluid velocity vector (3.1)
ui ¼ fluid velocity components, fluctu-
ating velocity components
xxiii
u* ¼ friction velocity (12.81)
U ¼ generic uniform velocity vector
Ui ¼ ensemble average velocity
components
U ¼ generic velocity, average stream-wise
velocity
DU ¼ characteristic velocity difference
Ue ¼ local free-stream flow speed above a
boundary layer (10.11), flow speed at the
effective angle of attack
UCL ¼ centerline velocity (12.56)
UN ¼ flow speed far upstream or far away
v ¼ molecular speed (1.4), component of
fluid velocity along the y axis
v ¼ molecular velocity vector (1.1),
generic vector
V ¼ volume, material volume, average
stream-normal velocity, average velocity,
complex velocity
V* ¼ control volume
w ¼ vertical component of fluid velocity,
complex potential (7.42), downwash velocity
(14.13)
W ¼ thermodynamic work per unit mass,
wake function
W_ ¼ rate of energy input from the average
flow (12.49)
We ¼ Weber number (4.117)
u ¼ temporal frequency (8.2)
xxiv NOMENCLATURE
u, ui ¼ vorticity vector 2.25 (3.16)
U ¼ oscillation frequency, rotation rate,
rotation rate of the earth
U ¼ angular velocity of a rotating frame
of reference
x ¼ first Cartesian coordinate
x ¼ position vector (2.1)
xi ¼ components of the position vector (2.1)
x ¼ generic spatial coordinate, integration
variable, similarity variable (12.84)
y ¼ second Cartesian coordinate
Y ¼ mass fraction (1.7)
YCL ¼ centerline mass fraction (12.69)
Yi ¼ Bessel function of order i
j ¼ stream function (6.59), (7.3), (7.71)
J ¼ Reynolds stress scaling function
(12.57), generic functional solution
J ¼ vector potential, three-dimensional
stream function (4.12)
z ¼ third Cartesian coordinate, complex
variable (7.43)
z ¼ interface displacement, relative
vorticity
Z ¼ altitude of the 500 mb isobar
(Example 13.4)