Chemistry Summary Sheet

Michelle Lao NMAT Review 2020

Cheat sheet

• Intellectual Property Disclaimer: It is Conversion values

forbidden without prior written • Avogadro’s number: 6.023x1023
authorization from Michelle Lao to • 1 mol gas = 22.4 L at STP
copy, modify, alter, publish,
disseminate, distribute, sell or transfer, % Composition
either wholly or in part, any component 𝑛(𝑀𝑊)
of this file or its content or any other %=
𝑀𝑊
information present within it. Users are
forbidden to copy, incorporate or store Quantum numbers
any information, publications, or other 1. n: principal: size and energy
works of whatever kind on physical n = 1, 2, 3,…
archives or electronic retrieval 2. ℓ: shape
systems. Users are expressly ℓ = 0, 1,…, n-1
forbidden to upload this file on any 3. m: orientation
Internet site without prior written m = -ℓ,…, 0,…, +ℓ Periodic trends
authorization from Michelle Lao. All 4. s: spin
 + ionization energy
elements of the file, including the s = +½ / -½
 + Electron affinity
layout and content, are protected by
Chemical reactions  + Electronegativity
copyright law, moral rights and other
1. Decomposition  + Nuclear charge
laws regarding intellectual property
AB → A + B  + Atomic radius
rights. Unless expressly permitted by
2. Combination  + Metallic property
Michelle Lao, it is forbidden to copy or
A + B → AB • Nonmetals: gain e-
transmit by any means, parts or
elements of the file or its content. 3. Replacement • Metals: lose e-
AB + C → AC + B • ↑ Atomic size, ↓ bond length, ↓ bond
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4. Double replacement strength
AB + CD → AD + BC
Oxidation numbers Chemical bonds
1. Free state = 0 Atomic structure 1. Ionic: transfer of e-; M + NM
2. Metals have (+) numbers 2. Covalent: Sharing of e-; NM + NM
3. H is usually (+1) unless metal 𝐴
hydride (e.g. NaH), then (-1) 𝑍𝑋 Hybridization
4. O is (-2) unless H2O2, then (-1)
5. Monoatomic is same as charge A = # of protons + neutrons

CH4, CCl4

NH3, PCl3

H2O, H2S
Example
(e.g. Cl-) Z = # of protons

BeCl2
𝑀𝐹

BCl3
6. Sum of all must = 0 or charge of 𝑛=
ion 𝐸𝐹
n = ratio
Nomenclature MF = molecular formula
• Covalent/molecular: -NM + NM EF = empirical formula

Tetrahedral

pyramidal
Trigonal

Trigonal
Linear

planar
1. Greek prefixes
Geometry

Radioisotopes used in medicine

Bent
2. Ending in -ide
1. Tc-99: bone scanning
e.g. carbon monoxide
2. I-131: thyroid disorders
• Ionic: M + NM; cation + anion
3. Co-6: cancer/tumors
1. Cations
4. C-14: carbon dating
- Metals with only 1 charge
• Cathode – reduction
e.g. sodium ion
• Anode – oxidation
Hybridization

- Metals with multiple charges

Lower: -ous
sp2

sp3

sp3

sp3
sp

Higher: -ic Quantum numbers

- From molecules:
Quantum Symbol Value
NH3: Ammonia
Number
NH4: Ammonium
Principal N 1,2,3…
2. Anions
0,1,2…
AB2Ë2

Angular L
AB3Ë
AB2

AB3

AB4

- Monoatomic
Cl Chlorine momentum (n-1)
Cl- Chloride 0=s
N3- Nitride 1=p
2=d Gas laws
- Oxoanions
ClO- Hypochlorite 3=f
Magnetic M1 -n, 1, 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
ClO2- Chlorite =
ClO3- Chlorate 0, 1, 𝑇1 𝑇2
ClO4- Perchlorate +n
3. Acids Electron Ms +1/2, - PV = nRT; R = 0.0821
-ide Hydro_____ic acid spin 1/2
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒1 √𝑀𝑊2
-ite ________ous acid Diffusion: =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒2 √𝑀𝑊1
-ate ________ic acid
Election configuration (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒1 )( √𝑀𝑊1 ) = (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒2 )( √𝑀𝑊2 )

TG 01: Surname 1, Surname 2, Surname 3, Surname 4 [Editor’s Surname] 1 of 4

Summary Sheet: Chemistry NMAT Review 2020 - Cheat sheet

STP: 0°C and 1 atm

1 atm = 760 torr = 1x105 Pa
°F = 9/5°C +32
Intermolecular forces
• From strongest to weakest:
1. Ion-ion/electrostatic: ionic
compounds
2. Dipole-dipole: polar compounds
3. H-bonding: H attached to F, O, N
4. London/Van der Waals: nonpolar
substances
Physical properties and trends
1. Vapor pressure
↑ IMFA, ↓ vapor pressure
↑ polarity, ↓ vapor pressure

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Summary Sheet: Chemistry NMAT Review 2020 - Cheat sheet

∴ IMFA relationships: 1 𝛥[𝐴] 1 𝛥[𝐵] 1 𝛥[𝐶] 1 𝛥[𝐷] pH pOH [H+] [OH-]

− =− = =
More e- exchanged = ↑ IMFA 𝑎 𝛥𝑡 𝑏 𝛥𝑡 𝑐 𝛥𝑡 𝑑 𝛥𝑡 Acid <7 >7 >10-7 <10-7
e.g. MgO > NaCl • rate law equation: Neut. 7 7 10-7 10-7
x y
Larger atoms = ↓ IMFA R = k[A] [B] Base >7 <7 <10-7 >10-7
e.g. NaCl > RbI Order of reaction Buffers
*Only in 2 different atoms (e.g. I2 > Br2) 1. Zeroth order: rate = k 𝐵
2. Boiling point: ↑ IMFA ↑ BP [A]×2: rate will be the same 𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝑘𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐴
3. Melting point: ↑ IMFA ↑ MP 2. First order: rate = k[A]
4. Viscosity: ↑ IMFA ↑ viscosity [A]×2: rate will double/same effect ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
5. Surface tension: ↑ IMFA ↑ ST 3. Second order: rate = k[A]2
Nomenclature
6. Solubility: “like dissolves like”, [A]×2: rate will quadruple/squared
polar:polar effect • Prefixes for parent chain:
↑ Solsolid ↑ temp. 1 Meth 6 Hex
↓ Solgas ↑ temp. 2 Eth 7 Hept
↑ Solgas ↑ pressure Factors affecting chemical kinetics 3 Prop 8 Oct
1. Concentration: ↑ conc. ↑ rate 4 But 9 Non
IMFA 2. Temperature: ↑ temp. ↑ rate 5 Pent 10 Dec
3. Surface area: ↑ area ↑ rate • Common alkyl groups:
Type of bond IMFA 4. Catalyst: catalyst = ↑ rate ↓ Ea
Isopropyl (CH3)2CH-
Ionic Ion-ion/
electrostatic
Chemical equilibrium
Isobutyl (CH3)2CHCH2-
Covalent Covalent [𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑 [𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠]
𝐾= = Sec-butyl CH3CH2CH(CH3)-
Polar Dipole-dipole, [𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏 [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠]
H-bonding • Do not include [s] and [ℓ]
Tert-butyl (CH3)3C-
Nonpolar Induced dipole • Constant, only changes with
temperature
Phase diagram • For gases: Aromatic compounds
▪ ↑Pressure = shift to side with • If parent chain: -benzene
less particles • If substituent: phenyl-
▪ ↓Presssure = shift to side with • Special cases:
more particles
• Kc >>>1 = product favored
• Kc <<<1 = reactant favored
Concentration of solutions
1. Molarity: mols of solute/L soln. Toluene Phenol Aniline
2. Normality: eq of solute/L soln.
N = nM
M = molarity
n = # of H+ (if acidic) / # of OH-
ΔHsub = ΔHvap + ΔHmelt (if basic) / # of e- in ½ eqn. (if
redox) Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid
Thermodynamics 3. Molality: mols of solute/Kg solvent
1. First law: energy is conserved • Dilution: M1V1=M2V2
ΔE = q + w
2. Second law: entropy of universe Colligative properties of solutions
is increasing 1. Boiling point elevation:
ΔG = ΔH -TΔS Δtb = Kbm → molality KbH2O = 0.52
2. Freezing point depression: Benzonitrile Benzyl Xylene
▪ Spontaneous at all temp. if:
• Exothermic (-ΔH) Δtf = Kfm KfH2O =1.86
Isomers
• Inc. in entropy (ΔG < 0) • Overall:
1. Chain isomers: difference in
▪ Non-spontaneous at all temp if: ΔT = i(K)(m)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐. position of alkyl groups
• Endothermic (+ΔH) i = van’t Hoff factor =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔.# 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2. Positional isomers: differ in
• Dec. in entropy (ΔG > 0) position of functional groups
Case ΔS ΔH ΔG = Acids and bases 3. Functional isomers same formula
Spon. at 1. Arrhenius: acid produces H+, different functional groups
1 + - -
all T base produces OH-
Spon. at 2. Bronstead-Lowry: acid is H+ Aromaticity
2 + + +/-
all ↑T donor, base is H+ acceptor 1. Cyclic
Spon. at 3. Lewis: acid is e- donor, base is e- 2. Planar (all sp2 hybridized [3
3 - - +/- bonds])
all ↓T acceptor
Nonspon. 3. 4n+2 rule where n = # of π e-
4 - + + (add pair!)
at all T
• q = heat energy Stereoisomers
• q = mCΔT
A
A

BL 1. Geometric isomers: restriction in

Chemical kinetics rotation of a C-C bond
L
• rxn: aA +bB cC + dD
• rate of disappearance = rate of • pH = -log[H+]
formation e.g.
• pOH = -log[OH-] cis trans

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Summary Sheet: Chemistry NMAT Review 2020 - Cheat sheet

2. Conformational: with rotation Properties of organic compounds

▪ Two types of strain:
• Torsional: stops rotation
• Steric: repulsive
interaction
Eclipsed Staggered Antistaggered
least stable (gauche) most stable
▪ Cyclic compounds
• Optimal angle: 109°
Chair
conformation:
most stable
3. Optical isomers: non-
superimposable mirror images
▪ “enantiomers”
2n = # of stereoisomers
n = # of chiral carbons
Resonance and hybridization
1. Pi e- delocalization:
▪ Double bonds must be
conjugated
▪ Lone pair adjacent to DB
e.g.
CH2 CH—CH CH2 ⇋ H—C C—CH2
+ -
A. Boiling and melting point
1. Molecular size: ↑
size/weight ↑ BP/MP
2. Branching: ↑ branching ↓
BP ↑ MP
3. Polarity: ↑ polarity ↑
MP/BP
4. Symmetry: ↑ symmetry ↓
MP/BP
5. H-bonds: ↓ H-bonds ↑
BP/MP (if INTRA because
uses up H-bonds that
could be used as INTER)
B. Solubility: “like dissolves like”
Solubility in H2O
RCOOH • ROH • RNH2 • RCHO • RCOR • R-X • ROR • RH
Solubility in benzene
C. Acidity: more (+) H+ attached to
electromagnetic atom, = ↑
acidity
RCOOH > > HOH > ROH > OH
OH > NH > CH
▪ Inductive effect:
• e- withdrawing groups
attached to COOH = ↑
acidity ↓ basicity

EW = Cl, NO2

2. Sigma e- delocalization
▪ Sp3 C-H bond beside a sp2 • e- donating groups = ↓
atom acidity ↑ basicity
e.g. ED = CH3-OR, -NH2
H
| H+ Functional groups
H—C—C CH2 ⇋ H—C C—CH2 • From highest priority to lowest:
| | | | Prefix Suffix Name
H H H H COOH Carboxy- -oic acid Carboxylic acid
3. Tautomerism: delocalization of e- COOR R-oxycarbonyl -oate Ester
followed by rearrangement of COX Halocarbonyl- -oyl halide Acyl halide
atoms CONH2 Carbamoyl- -amide Amide
e.g. C≡N Cyano- -nitrile Nitrile
COH Formyl- -al Aldehyde
ROR Oxo- -one Ketone
-OH Hydroxy- -ol Alcohol
-SH Mercapto- -thiol Thiol
-NH2 Amino- -amine Amine
Characteristics of covalent bonds = Alkenyl- -ene Alkene
A. Polarity ≡ Alkynyl- -yne Alkyne
1. Electronegativity: ↑ en ↑ COC Alkoxy- -ane Ether
polarity; F>O>N,Cl>Br -X Halo- -ane Alkyl halide
2. Orbital: more % s orbital = -NOO Nitro- -ane Nitro
more polar
e.g. HC≡CH is polar
because 50% s
3. Formal charge: more (+) =
more polar
B. Bond length: ↑ polarity ↓ bond
length
C. Bond energy: ↑ polarity ↑ bond
energy
∴ ↑ # of bonds (double/triple) ↑
bond length ↑ bond energy

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