Overview and Concepts:

A Data Warehousing (DW) is process for collecting and managing data from different
sources to provide meaningful business visions. A Data warehouse is typically used to connect
and analyze business data from heterogeneous sources. The data warehouse is the core of the BI
system which is built for data analysis and reporting. It is a blend of technologies and
components which aids the strategic use of data. It is electronic storage of a large amount of
information by a business which is designed for query and analysis instead of transaction
processing. It is a process of transforming data into information and making it available to users
in a timely manner to make a difference.

It is a blend of technologies and components which aids the strategic use of data. It is
electronic storage of a large amount of information by a business which is designed for query
and analysis instead of transaction processing. It is a process of transforming data into
information and making it available to users in a timely manner to make a difference.

A report on current inventory information can include more than 12 joined conditions.
This can quickly slow down the response time of the query and report. A data warehouse
provides a new design which can help to reduce the response time and helps to enhance the
performance of queries for reports and analytics.

Data warehouse system is also known by the following name:

 Decision Support System (DSS)

 Executive Information System
 Management Information System
 Business Intelligence Solution
 Analytic Application
 Data Warehouse
History of Datawarehouse
The Datawarehouse benefits users to understand and enhance their organization’s performance.
The need to warehouse data evolved as computer systems became more complex and needed to
handle increasing amounts of Information. However, Data Warehousing is a not a new thing.

Here are some key events in evolution of Data Warehouse-

 1960- Dartmouth and General Mills in a joint research project, develop the terms
dimensions and facts.

 1970- A Nielsen and IRI introduces dimensional data marts for retail sales.
 1983- Tera Data Corporation introduces a database management system which is
specifically designed for decision support

 Data warehousing started in the late 1980s when IBM worker Paul Murphy and Barry
Devlin developed the Business Data Warehouse.
  However, the real concept was given by Inmon Bill. He was considered as a father of
data warehouse. He had written about a variety of topics for building, usage, and
maintenance of the warehouse & the Corporate Information Factory.

How Datawarehouse works?

A Data Warehouse works as a central repository where information arrives from one or more
data sources. Data flows into a data warehouse from the transactional system and other relational
databases.

Data may be:

1. Structured
2. Semi-structured
3. Unstructured data

The data is processed, transformed, and ingested so that users can access the processed data in
the Data Warehouse through Business Intelligence tools, SQL clients, and spreadsheets. A data
warehouse merges information coming from different sources into one comprehensive database.

By merging all of this information in one place, an organization can analyze its customers more
holistically. This helps to ensure that it has considered all the information available. Data
warehousing makes data mining possible. Data mining is looking for patterns in the data that
may lead to higher sales and profits.

Types of Data Warehouse

Three main types of Data Warehouses (DWH) are:

1. Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW):

Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) is a centralized warehouse. It provides decision support

service across the enterprise. It provides the ability to classify data according to the subject and
give access according to those divisions.

2. Operational Data Store:

Operational Data Store, which is also called ODS, are nothing but data store required when
neither Data warehouse nor OLTP systems support organizations reporting needs. In ODS, Data
warehouse is refreshed in real time. Hence, it is widely preferred for routine activities like
storing records of the Employees.

3. Data Mart:
A data mart is a subset of the data warehouse. It specially designed for a particular line of
business, such as sales, finance, sales or finance. In an independent data mart, data can collect
directly from sources.

General stages of Data Warehouse

Earlier, organizations started relatively simple use of data warehousing. However, over time,
more sophisticated use of data warehousing begun.

The following are general stages of use of the data warehouse (DWH):

Offline Operational Database:

In this stage, data is just copied from an operational system to another server. In this way,
loading, processing, and reporting of the copied data do not impact the operational system’s
performance.

Offline Data Warehouse:

Data in the Datawarehouse is regularly updated from the Operational Database. The data in
Datawarehouse is mapped and transformed to meet the Datawarehouse objectives.

Real time Data Warehouse:

In this stage, Data warehouses are updated whenever any transaction takes place in operational
database. For example, Airline or railway booking system.

Integrated Data Warehouse:

In this stage, Data Warehouses are updated continuously when the operational system performs a
transaction. The Datawarehouse then generates transactions which are passed back to the
operational system.

Components of Data warehouse/ Data Warehouse Architecture:

Usually, data warehouse architecture comprises a three-tier structure.

Bottom Tier

The bottom tier or data warehouse server usually represents a relational database system.
Back-end tools are used to cleanse, transform and feed data into this layer. 
Middle Tier

 The middle tier in Data warehouse is an OLAP server which is implemented using either
ROLAP or MOLAP model. For a user, this application tier presents an abstracted view of the
database. This layer also acts as a mediator between the end-user and the database.

Top Tier

This is the front-end client interface (it is the tools and API) that gets data out from the
data warehouse. It holds various tools like query tools, analysis tools, reporting tools, and data
mining tools. 

Figure below shows the basic components of a typical warehouse. The Source Data
component is shown on the left. The Data Staging component serves is the next building block.
In the middle, there is the Data Storage component that manages the data warehouse data. This
component not only stores and manages the data , it also keeps track of the data by means of the
metadata repository. The Information Delivery component shown on the right consists of all the
different ways of making the information from the data warehouse available to the users.
Whether you build a data warehouse for a large manufacturing company or a global banking
institution, the basic components are the same. The main difference for each organization is in
the way these building blocks are arranged. The variation is in the manner in which some of the
blocks are made stronger than others in the architecture.
Fig: Data Ware House Architecture
External

Information Delivery

Management &
Control

Metadata
Data Mining

Data Warehouse DBMS

Multi-
dimensional DBs OLAP

Data Storage Report/Query

Data Marts
Data Staging
Source Data Component:
Source data coming into the data warehouse may be grouped into four broad
categories:
i)Production Data: There is no specific standard of data among the various operational
systems of an enterprise. A term like an account may have different meanings in different
systems.
The significant and troubling characteristic of production data is difference. Your great
challenge is to standardize and transform the dissimilar data from the various production
systems, convert the data, and integrate the pieces into useful data for storage in the data
warehouse.

ii)Internal Data. In every organization, users keep their “private” spreadsheets, documents,
customer profiles, and sometimes even departmental databases. This is the internal data, parts
of which could be useful in a data warehouse. Internal data becomes complex as it needs the
process of transforming and integrating the data before it can be stored in the data warehouse.
It needs strategies for collecting data from spreadsheets, find ways of taking data from textual
documents, and combine into departmental databases to gather relevant data from those
sources.
iii)Archived Data. In every operational system, you periodically take the old data and store it in
archived files. Depending on your data warehouse requirements, you have to include
sufficient historical data. This type of data is useful for discerning patterns and analyzing
trends.
iv)External Data. Most executives depend on data from external sources for a high per centage of
the information they use. They use statistics relating to their industry produced by external
agencies. They use market share data of competitors, etc to check on their performance. Data
from outside sources are in different format which need conversions into internal formats and
data types.
Data Staging Component:
After you have extracted data from various operational systems and from external
sources, you have to prepare the data for storing in the data warehouse. The three major
functions of extraction, transformation, and preparation for loading take place in a staging area.
Data staging provides a place and an area with a set of functions to clean, change, combine,
convert, duplicate, and prepare source data for storage and use in the data warehouse.

Data Extraction: Source data may be from different source machines in diverse data formats.
Source data may be in relational database systems, legacy network and hierarchical data
models, in flat files. You may want to include data from spreadsheets and local departmental
data sets. Data extraction may become quite complex, so tools are available on the market for
data extraction. One needs to consider using outside tools suitable for certain data sources or
needs to develop in-house programs to do the data extraction.
Data Transformation: Data transformation involves many forms of combining pieces of
data from the different sources. A number of individual tasks are involved as part of data
transformation. First, you clean the data extracted from each source. Cleaning may just be
correction of misspellings, or may include resolution of conflicts between state codes and zip
codes in the source data, or may deal with providing default values for missing data elements,
or elimination of duplicates when you bring in the same data from multiple source systems.
Standardization of data elements forms a large part of data transformation. You stan-
dardize the data types and field lengths for same data elements retrieved from the various
sources. In semantic standardization two or more terms from different source systems mean
the same thing, you resolve these synonyms. When the data transformation function ends, you
have a collection of integrated data that is cleaned, standardized, and summarized. You now
have data ready to load into each data set in your data warehouse. When the data
transformation function ends, you have a collection of integrated data that is cleaned,
standardized, and summarized. You now have data ready to load into each data set in your data
warehouse.
Data Loading: Two distinct groups of tasks form the data loading function. When you
complete the design and construction of the data warehouse and go live for the first time, you
do the initial loading of the data into the data warehouse storage. The initial load moves large
volumes of data using up substantial amounts of time. As the data warehouse starts
functioning, you continue to extract the changes to the source data, transform the data
revisions, and feed the incremental data revisions on an ongoing basis.

Data Storage Component:

The data storage for the data warehouse is a separate repository. in the data repository
for a data warehouse, you need to keep large volumes of historical data for analysis. Further,
you have to keep the data in the data warehouse in structures suitable for analysis, and not for
quick retrieval of individual pieces of information. Therefore, the data storage for the data
warehouse is kept separate from the data storage for operational systems. The data storage
must not be in a state of continual updating. For this reason, the data warehouses are “read-
only” data repositories. . Data extracted from the data warehouse storage is aggregated in
many ways and the summary data is kept in the multidimensional databases (MDDBs). Such
multidimensional database systems are usually proprietary products.

Information Delivery Component:

There are different users that need information from the data warehouse. The novice user
comes to the data warehouse with no training so need assembled reports and preset queries.
The casual user needs information once in a while, this type of user also needs prepackaged
information. The business analyst looks for ability to do complex analysis using the
information in the data warehouse. The power user wants to be able to navigate throughout the
data warehouse, pick up interesting data, format his or her own queries, drill through the data
layers, and create custom reports and ad hoc queries.
 Ad hoc reports

Data
Warehouse

Delivery Component
Online
Complex queries

Intranet MD Analysis

Statistical Analysis
Internet
Information

EIS feed
Data Marts E-Mail
Data Mining

Metadata Component
The metadata component is the data about the data in the data warehouse. The metadata
component serves as a directory of the contents of your data warehouse.
Types of Metadata
Metadata in a data warehouse fall into three major categories:

• Operational Metadata
• Extraction and Transformation Metadata
• End-User Metadata
• Operational Metadata. Data for the data warehouse comes from several
operational systems of the enterprise. These source systems contain different data
structures. The data elements selected for the data warehouse have various field
lengths and data types. Operational metadata contain all of this information about
the operational data sources.

• Extraction and Transformation Metadata. Extraction and transformation

metadata contain data about the extraction of data from the source systems,
namely, the extraction frequencies, extraction methods, and business rules for the
data extraction. Also, this category of metadata contains information about all the
Statistical Analysis
data transformations that take place in the data staging area.

• End-User Metadata. The end-user metadata is the navigational map of the data
ware- house. It enables the end-users to find information from the data warehouse.
The end-user metadata allows the end-users to use their own business terminology
and look for information in those ways in which they normally think of the
business.
Who needs Data warehouse?

DWH (Data warehouse) is needed for all types of users like:

 Decision makers who rely on mass amount of data

 Users who use customized, complex processes to obtain information from multiple data
sources.
 It is also used by the people who want simple technology to access the data
 It also essential for those people who want a systematic approach for making decisions.
 If the user wants fast performance on a huge amount of data which is a necessity for
reports, grids or charts, then Data warehouse proves useful.
 Data warehouse is a first step If you want to discover ‘hidden patterns’ of data-flows and
groupings.

What Is a Data Warehouse Used For?

Here, are most common sectors where Data warehouse is used:

Airline:

In the Airline system, it is used for operation purpose like crew assignment, analyses of route
profitability, frequent flyer program promotions, etc.

Banking:

It is widely used in the banking sector to manage the resources available on desk effectively.
Few banks also used for the market research, performance analysis of the product and operations.

Healthcare:

Healthcare sector also used Data warehouse to strategize and predict outcomes, generate
patient’s treatment reports, share data with tie-in insurance companies, medical aid services, etc.

Public sector:

In the public sector, data warehouse is used for intelligence gathering. It helps government
agencies to maintain and analyze tax records, health policy records, for every individual.

Investment and Insurance sector:

 In this sector, the warehouses are primarily used to analyze data patterns, customer trends, and to
track market movements.

Retain chain:

In retail chains, Data warehouse is widely used for distribution and marketing. It also helps to
track items, customer buying pattern, promotions and also used for determining pricing policy.

Telecommunication:

A data warehouse is used in this sector for product promotions, sales decisions and to make
distribution decisions.

Hospitality Industry:

This Industry utilizes warehouse services to design as well as estimate their advertising and
promotion campaigns where they want to target clients based on their feedback and travel
patterns.

The best way to address the business risk associated with a Datawarehouse implementation is to
employ a three-prong strategy as below

1. Enterprise strategy: Here we identify technical including current architecture and tools.
We also identify facts, dimensions, and attributes. Data mapping and transformation is
also passed.
2. Phased delivery: Datawarehouse implementation should be phased based on subject
areas. Related business entities like booking and billing should be first implemented and
then integrated with each other.
3. Iterative Prototyping: Rather than a big bang approach to implementation, the
Datawarehouse should be developed and tested iteratively.

Here, are key steps in Datawarehouse implementation along with its deliverables.

Tasks Deliverables
1 Need to define project scope Scope Definition
2 Need to determine business needs Logical Data Model
3 Define Operational Datastore requirements Operational Data Store Model
4 Acquire or develop Extraction tools Extract tools and Software
5 Define Data Warehouse Data requirements Transition Data Model
6 Document missing data To Do Project List
Maps Operational Data Store to Data
7 D/W Data Integration Map
Warehouse
8 Develop Data Warehouse Database design D/W Database Design
9 Extract Data from Operational Data Store Integrated D/W Data Extracts
10 Load Data Warehouse Initial Data Load
 On-going Data Access and Subsequent
11 Maintain Data Warehouse
Loads

Data Warehouse Tools

There are many Data Warehousing tools are available in the market. Here, are some most
prominent one:

1. MarkLogic:

MarkLogic is useful data warehousing solution that makes data integration easier and faster
using an array of enterprise features. This tool helps to perform very complex search operations.
It can query different types of data like documents, relationships, and metadata.

https://www.marklogic.com/product/getting-started/

2. Oracle:

Oracle is the industry-leading database. It offers a wide range of choice of data warehouse
solutions for both on-premises and in the cloud. It helps to optimize customer experiences by
increasing operational efficiency.

https://www.oracle.com/index.html

3. Amazon RedShift:

Amazon Redshift is Data warehouse tool. It is a simple and cost-effective tool to analyze all
types of data using standard SQL and existing BI tools. It also allows running complex queries
against petabytes of structured data, using the technique of query optimization.

https://aws.amazon.com/redshift/?nc2=h_m1

Database vs. Data Warehouse

Although a data warehouse and a traditional database share some similarities, they need

not be the same idea. The main difference is that in a database, data is collected for multiple
transactional purposes. However, in a data warehouse, data is collected on an extensive scale to
perform analytics. Databases provide real-time data, while warehouses store data to be accessed
for big analytical queries. 

Data warehouse is an example of an OLAP system or an online database query answering

system. OLTP is an online database modifying system, for example, ATM.
Build Your Career in Data Warehousing 

If you are looking to work as a Business Intelligence (BI) professional or learn data warehousing,
you have many exciting career options available. Data architects, database administrators,
coders, and analysts are some of the most sought-after BI professionals. Prepare yourself for a
job interview with our data warehouse interview questions.  

With data sources growing larger, businesses of the future need to devise better data insights and
data analysis. Prepare for the future with Data Science Courses offered by a leading eLearning
institute like Simplilearn and position yourself as an asset for top organizations. 

Data Marts
A data mart is an access layer which is used to get data out to the users. It is presented as an
option for large size data warehouse as it takes less time and money to build. However, there is
no standard definition of a data mart is differing from person to person.

In a simple word Data mart is a subsidiary of a data warehouse. The data mart is used for
partition of data which is created for the specific group of users.

Data marts could be created in the same database as the Datawarehouse or a physically separate
Database.