JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE

VOL. 2

AIR
CONDITIONING
& VENTILATION
SYSTEM

The Government of the Province of

Jakarta Capital Special Territory

In cooperation with: IFC in partnership with:

CODE REQUIREMENTS

Air Conditioning (AC)

AC01 Temperature Setpoint
AC02 Minimum Cooling System Efficiency
AC03 VAV for central cooling system
AC04 VSD for pump and fan motors
AC05 Minimum chilled water pipe insulation

Ventilation System (VS)

VS01 Minimum ventilation rate

Air Quality in Spaces (AQ)

AQ01 CO2 sensor control
AQ02 CO control in enclosed parking
AQ03 CFC-free refrigerants

The calculation should be done using the calculator

available on this website
http://greenbuilding.web.id

Checklist for all code requirements lists the required

documents is also available on this website
http://greenbuilding.web.id
 JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE
VOL. 2
AIR CONDITIONING &
VENTILATION SYSTEM
table of contents

INTRODUCTION 2

01 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 6

02 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 7
D E T A I L S

03 O T H E R G O O D P R A C T I C E S 23
Reducing Cooling Load 23
Commissioning 24
Thermal Zoning 25
Absorption Chillers 26
Magnetic Drive on Compressors 27
Chiller Sizing 27
Maintenance 29
Building Automation System 31
Piping and Ducting 32
Cooling Tower Design and Operation 34
Natural Ventilation 35
Energy Recovery 38
Maintenance 40
Ceiling Fans 40
 Air Conditioning, Air
Quality, and Ventilation:
An Introduction
Most modern buildings are designed to be completely or mostly
enclosed, shielding its occupants from direct contact with the
outside environment. Air-conditioning systems are used to provide
comfortable indoor thermal conditions. This is in contrast to the
traditional architecture of Indonesia, which relied heavily on shading
the indoors from the harsh sun, while allowing breeze to flow freely
through the building.

In Jakarta’s tropical climate, thermal comfort is primarily provided by

cooling indoor temperature, lowering humidity levels in the air being
supplied to the space, and ensuring the cleanness of the supply air.
“Comfortable” conditions as defined by standards for Jakarta include
indoor temperature of 25oC and 54% to 66% relative humidity. As Figures
1 and 2 show, the Jakarta outdoor conditions are mostly above these
values, requiring mechanical cooling and dehumidification. This results in
significantly high need for air-conditioning throughout the year.

F I G U R E . 0 1
Average Jakarta Outdoor
Temperature vs.
34
Recommended Indoor
Temperature 32
AJr Temperature (oC)

30

Period when outdoor temperature is

Average Minimum 28
higher than indoor
Temperature 26

Recommended
24
Indoor Temperature
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM

22
Average Maximum
Temperature 20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

2
 F I G U R E . 0 2
Average Jakarta outdoor
Relative Humidity vs.
90
Recommended indoor
85
Relative Humidity

Relative Humidity (%)

80

75
Period when outdoor Relative Humidity is
70
Outdoor Relative higher than indoor
65
Humidity
60
Recommended 55
Indoor Relative
50
Humidity
45

40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

A study of multiple Jakarta buildings (Figure 3 below) shows air-

conditioning to be the highest energy consuming end-use among all the
studied building types.

F I G U R E . 0 3
Building Energy Use
Breakup for Multiple 100

Jakarta buildings1
Building Energy Use (%)

80

Air Conditioning 60

Lighting + outlet 40

65%
57% 57% 55%
47%
Elevator 20

0
Others Hotel Hospital Shopping Mall Government Office Office Building

Energy modeling studies and numerous real life examples also indicate that
energy efficiency measures related to air-conditioning offer some of the
best energy saving opportunities with very reasonable paybacks.

Due to these reasons, the new Jakarta Green Building code puts a lot
of emphasis on reducing air-conditioning load and increasing its system
efficiencies.
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM

It is estimated that about 1.37 million metric tons of CO2e emissions can
be reduced by 2030 if all the large new buildings in Jakarta follow the
efficiency improvements mandated in the new Green Building code2.

1
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Electric Power Development, 2009.
2
IFC sensitivity analysis for Jakarta Green Building Regulations, 2011.

3
 Supplying fresh outside air and removal of stale indoor air from
inside the building or “ventilation” is an important element of
air conditioning systems. The word “ventilation” is derived from
Latin word ventus, meaning “wind.” Ventilation may be provided
mechanically through fans or naturally through flow of air from
windows and other openings. It is one of the most important factors
for maintaining healthy indoor air quality and occupant comfort in a
building as it replenishes oxygen and removes moisture, odors, smoke,
heat, and airborne bacteria.

Increasing ventilation rates to acceptable levels has shown a positive impact

on occupant health and productivity in many studies. Acceptable ventilation
rates vary with occupancy, activity and contaminant levels in the space. The
productivity improvement shown by these studies ranges from 0.62% to
7.3%. In some cases the value of even a small increase in productivity far
outweighs the additional cost of providing high ventilation rates3.

F I G U R E . 4
Improved Air Quality
Increases Individual
Productivity4

Individually 11
Controlled
n=73, p<0.001

Ventilation System
14
% Improved Individual Productivity

Remove Pollutants
7.37**
12
Increase Outdoor
n=399

Ventilation Rate 10

Provide Task Air 8

Improve Filteration 6 3.25*

n=30

3
1.7 1.65**
1.36**
2 1.1 * l
0.99** g
0.76** 0.7** 0.8** 0.76**
n=30, p<0.02

b 0.62** 0.53** 0.48**

n=210

1 c
n=2764

d e h i
n=3720

f j k
0
7 8 000 995 i 2000 l 1998 8 7B 00 1 A l 1991 5 B 89 9
199 199 tz 2 ia 1 199 199 ton 20 k 199 195 991 PA 19 199
nzi
es cki ran Jakko ck del age eld Hal ner Fisk 1 en
Me rgo erc rgo Sun Brund osenf Mil Fis Fitz E Ros
Wa Lag Wa R
k&
Fis

* Performance improvement for special tasks multiplied by estimated time at task.

** Improved ventilation effectiveness calculated relative to productiivity gains from other studies.
a. 8.5 % improvement in typing. g. 45 % improvement in ventilation
b. Typing, addition proof reading and creative effectiveness.
thinking. h. 2 workdays loss from mucosa symp.
c. 33 % reduction in SBS. i. 20 % reduction from pollutant.
d. 2 workdays lost from ARD. j. 17.8 % improvement in ventilation
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM

e. 2 % production lost from SBS. effectiveness

f. 35 % reduction in short term sick leave. k. 3 % self-reported production loss.
l. 55 % reduced non-attendance.

3
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings
Resource Bank. Health and Economic Impacts of Building Ventilation. (http://www.
iaqscience.lbl.gov/vent-summary.html)
4
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Home Interview of IAQ Acknowledgement.
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank. (http://www.iaqscience.lbl.gov/
vent-summary.html)

4
• Loftness, Vivian FAIA, Hartkopf, Volker, Ph.D., Gurtekin, Beran,
Ph.D., Hansen, David, Hitchcock, Robert Ph.D., U.S. DOE, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory.
• Advanced Building Systems Integration Consortium (ABSIC),
Linking Energy to Health and Productivity in the Built Environment.
Evaluating the Cost-Benefits of High Performance Building and
Community Design for Sustainability, Health, and Productivity.
(http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/MediaArchive/207_Loftness_
PA876.pdf)
• Olesen W. Bjarne. Indoor Environment - Health - Comfort and
Productivity. (http://www.ashrae.org.sg/Olesen-Health-comfort-
productivity.pdf)

Increasing the mechanical ventilation rates requires running fans at higher

speeds or for longer periods. Additionally, if the outdoor air being brought
in is warmer and more humid than desired, energy is used to cool and
dehumidify it. This can increase the energy use of the air conditioning
and ventilation systems. Therefore, careful optimization of the ventilation
rate should be done to avoid energy penalties. A well designed ventilation
system provides adequate ventilation while limiting energy use and
avoiding occupant discomfort.

The importance of ventilation is highlighted in the “Jakarta Special

Capital Region Province Governor Regulation Number 54 year of
2008 on Indoor Air Quality Standard (KUDR)”, which lists the indoor air
quality standard for various building types.

Occupied indoor spaces, that are not ventilated well, can have an
accumulation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) that is detrimental to human health.
The new code addresses this by requiring automatic control of ventilation
in high-occupancy spaces. Similar controls in enclosed parking spaces are
also required to prevent buildup of carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust.

AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM

5
 01 code requirement
R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 8

1 AC01 - Minimum 25oC and relative humidity 60%±10%

for conditioned and occupied spaces.

R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 9

2 AC02 - Minimum cooling system efficiency as per SNI

6390-2011.
3 AC03 - Variable Air Volume (VAV) for centrally cooled
systems.
4 AC04 - Variable Speed Drives (VSD) for chilled water
pumps and cooling tower fans.
5 AC05 - Chilled water pipe insulation as per SNI 03-6390
2011.

6 VS01 - Minimum ventilation rates per Section 4.4 of

SNI 03-6572 2001.

R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 1 8
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENTS

7 AQ01 - CO2 control of outside air in some spaces.

8 AQ02 - CO control of ventilation in enclosed parking.
9 AQ03 - Chiller refrigerant to be free of Chloro Fluoro
Carbons (CFC).

6
02 code requirement details
C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 1

Mechanical system for occupied spaces should be designed to

maintain a minimum 25oC (twenty-five) and relative humidity 60%
± 10% (i.e. between 54% and 66%). This requirement applies to
occupied and air-conditioned spaces only.

I M P A C T Typical indoor temperature set points in Jakarta range from 22-26oC,

although thermostat setting in some public spaces as low as 20oC have
been observed. Such low set points are quite common in Jakarta’s malls,
high-end hotels, and offices.

Energy simulation studies by IFC show that increasing the average set
point temperature by 2oC can save up to 11% of the total energy use in
typical Jakarta buildings.

Since human comfort depends on wind speeds along with the space
temperature, ceiling fans can maintain acceptable comfort conditions
even if the space temperatures are increased. It has been shown through
multiple studies that most occupants accept higher temperatures when
they are subjected to a breeze.

Ceiling fans have been a very effective means of increasing air circulation AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

and velocity for over a century. However, many new air conditioned
buildings in Jakarta do not have ceiling fans and completely depend on
the air conditioning system for air circulation. Ceiling fans can be a very
effective means of energy conservation especially in tropical climates like
Jakarta, where the humidity levels are relatively high.

7
 Simulation studies have demonstrated that in the American tropical
state of Florida, using ceiling fans combined with raising a home’s
temperature by 1oC will generate about 14% net savings in annual
cooling energy use (subtracting out the ceiling fan energy and
accounting for internally released heat).5

Several governments have set temperature set point policies for

buildings. Hong Kong government encourages a setting of 25.5oC
during summers6. Taipei (Taiwan) recently passed a statute requiring
all buildings to maintain the temperature above 26oC.

Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE) has gone even further

and recommended that indoor temperatures be set at 28oC as part
of its “Cool Biz” campaign. This campaign was initiated due to
power scarcity in the country and accelerated recently due to the
Fukushima nuclear disaster and the resulting nuclear power plant
closures. All Japanese government departments, businesses and
the general public were asked to pre-set their office and home air
conditioners to 28oC (82oF) throughout the cooling season until
September. On its face, the request seemed simple, but in Japanese
culture it is socially unacceptable to show up for work in anything
but business attire. Encouraging people to “dress down” and wear
cool and comfortable clothes to work, therefore, was a main focus of
the campaign. In a 2009 nationwide poll conducted by the Japanese
Cabinet Office, 57% of 2,000 survey respondents reported that Cool
Biz had been implemented in their workplaces. In the region served
by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), there was an approx.
11.8% reduction (temperature adjusted) in electric power usage in
households during summer 2011 (July and August) compared with
the preceding year, avoiding any blackouts and brownouts.7

More information on impact of increasing cooling temperature set

AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

points can be found in these documents:

• Miller, Wendy; Kennedy Rosemary; Loh, Susan. Benefits and
Impacts of Adjusting Cooling Set points in Brisbane - How office
workers responded. (http://eprints.qut.edu.au/55120/1/Miller_
Kennedy_and_Loh_Jan012.pdf)
• British Council for Offices. 2008. 24°C Study Comfort Productivity
and Energy Consumption. (http://www.bco.org.uk/uploaded/24_
Degrees_Full_Report_FEB_8.pdf)

5
James, Patrick W, Sonne, Jeffrey K, Vieira, Robin K, Parker, Danny S, Anello, Michael
T. Are Energy Savings Due to Ceiling Fans Just Hot Air? (http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
publications/html/FSEC-PF-306-96/)
6
Electrical and Mechanical Service Department. (http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/
environmentinhk/conservation/files/25.5.pdf)
7
Tools of Change. Cool Biz, Japan. (http://www.toolsofchange.com/en/case-studies/
detail/662/)

8
 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 2

All cooling systems are required to have a minimum efficiency

according to following table from SNI 6390-2011. Please note that
these are full load efficiencies.

T A B L E . 0 1
M IN IM U M E F F IC IE NC Y
Minimum Efficiency of RE F RI G E R A T IO N M A C H INE
Electric Cooling Equipment8 T YP E S COP KW/TR

Split < 65.000 BTU/h 2.70 1.303

Variable Refrigerant Value 3.70 0.951
Split Duct 2.60 1.353
Air Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (recip) 2.80 1.256
Air Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (screw) 2.90 1.213
Air Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (recip) 2.80 1.256
Air Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (screw) 3.00 1.172
Water Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (recip) 4.00 0.879
Water Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (screw) 4.10 0.858
Water Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (recip) 4.26 0.826
Water Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (screw) 4.40 0.799
Water Cooled Chiller > 300 TR (centrifugal) 6.05 0.581

I M P A C T Since cooling is the single largest energy use in most buildings in

Jakarta, cooling efficiency improvements provide excellent energy saving
opportunities.

F I G U R E . 0 5
Energy Saving Potential
12
due to Increased Cooling
10.1%
Total Energy Savings (%)

System Efficiency9
10

8
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

6 5.3% 5.5%
4.9%
3.7% 3.6%
4

0
Office Hotel Hospital Retail School Apartment

8
SNI 6390-2011.
9
IFC sensitivity analysis for Jakarta Green Building Regulations.

9
 According to a research paper by the US Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (LBNL), Indonesia’s residential air conditioning energy
consumption is projected to increase almost three fold by 2030 as
compared to 2005. In order to control the resultant energy consumption
increase, the efficiencies need to increase in a similar proportion10.

A similar dominance of growth over efficiency has prevailed in the United

States. From 1993 to 2005, energy efficiency of air-conditioning equipment
improved by almost 30 percent, but household energy consumption for air
conditioning still doubled during this period11.

The current efficiency requirements are fairly lenient as compared to

most international standards and codes, in order to make it easy and
cost effective for the industry to implement. Future versions of the code
are planned to have efficiency requirements that match international
standards and also provide higher energy savings. Some typical efficiencies
recommended by ASHRAE 90.1- 2010 are listed below.

T A B L E . 0 2
Recommended Cooling MINUMUM
SIZE
E Q U I PME N T T Y P E EFFICIENCY
System Efficiencies12 (tons)
(COP)

Air cooled - split and single package 5.42 - 11.25 3.28

Air cooled - split system < 5.42 3.81
Air cooled - single package < 5.42 3.81
Water cooled - sply and single package < 5.42 3.55
Air cooled - package and split > 20 2.78
Air cooled with condenser < 150 2.80
Water cooled < 75 4.51
Water cooled 75 - 100 4.54
Water cooled 150 - 300 5.17
Water cooled > 300 5.67

More information on designing cooling systems is available in

AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

following documents:
• Energy Design Resources. 2009. Chilled Water Plant Design Guide.
(http://www.taylor-engineering.com/downloads/cooltools/EDR_
DesignGuidelines_CoolToolsChilledWater.pdf)
• McQuay International. 2001. Application Guide - Chiller Plant
Design. (http://www.mcquay.ru/downloads/wsc%20design.pdf)

10
McNeil, Michael A; Letschert, Virginie E - Environmental Energy Technologies
Division, Lawrence Barkeley National Laboratory. Future Air Conditioning Energy
Consumption in Developing Countries and what can be done about it: The Potential
of Efficiency in the Residential Sector. (http://escholarship.org/uc/item/64f9r6wr)
11
Cox, Stan. Cooling a Warming Planet: A Global Air Conditioning Surge. (http://e360.
yale.edu/feature/cooling_a_warming_planet_a_global_air_conditioning_surge/2550/)
12
ASHRAE 90.1- 2010.

10
 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 3

For centrally cooled systems, a Variable Air Volume (VAV)

system should be used.

I M P A C T Variable Air Volume systems can between 1% and 2% operational energy

for typical buildings in Jakarta, as shown in the following figure.

F I G U R E . 0 6
Energy Savings
due to VAV13 2.0
Total Energy Savings (%)

1.7%
1.6%
1.5 1.4%

1.0%
1.0

0.5

0.0
Office Retail Hotel Hospital

In a Variable Air Volume (VAV) air handling system, space cooling is

controlled by varying the supply air flow while the supply air temperature
is kept constant. The system tailors the output of the fan precisely as the
load changes. While a VAV system is rare in single zone systems, it is
common and more likely to be economical in large fan systems14.

VAV systems are efficient because they provide fan energy savings that
constant volume systems cannot. Typically fans consume more energy in
a HVAC system than the compressors.

In a VAV system, each building zone is equipped with a VAV terminal. The AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

terminal controls vary the internal damper position to provide just the right
volume of air to match the zone cooling load.

It is recommended that fans in parallel VAV fan-powered boxes be sized

for 50% of the peak design flow rate. Minimum volume set points for fan-
powered boxes should be equal to 30% of peak design flow rate or the
rate required to meet the minimum outdoor air ventilation requirement,
whichever is larger.

13
IFC sensitivity analysis for Jakarta Green Building Regulations.
14
Energy Efficiency Manual by Donald Wulfinghoff.

11
 For further information on VAV systems, please refer to the
following documents:
• Davis, Gray. California Energy Commission. 2003. Design
Guideline - Advanced Variable Air Volume System Design Guide.
(http://www.energy.ca.gov/2003publications/CEC-500-2003-082/
CEC-500-2003-082-A-11.PDF)
• Energy Design Resources. 2009. Advanced Variable Air Volume
VAV System Design Guide. (http://www.energydesignresources.
com/media/2651/EDR_DesignGuidelines_VAV.pdf)
• Energy Star Building Manual. 2008. Air Distribution System. (http://
www.energystar.gov/ia/business/EPA_BUM_CH8_AirDistSystems.
pdf?b50f-779d)

C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 4

Provide Variable Speed Drives for primary loop chilled water pumps
and cooling tower fans.

I M P A C T Variable Speed Drives (VSD) can provide savings on the pump and fan
energy at a reasonably low cost.

F I G U R E . 0 7
Energy Savings due to
5.0
VSDs on Cooling Towers in 4.7%
Typical Jakarta Buildings15 4.5
Total Energy Savings (%)

4.0

3.5 3.4%
3.1%
3.0
2.6%
2.5

2.0

1.5
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

1.0

0.5

0.0
Office Hotel Hospital Retail

A Variable Speed Drive (VSD) allows the motor speed to be controlled to

match the need of the load it serves, rather than running at full speed at
all times. Installing a VSD on the primary chilled water pumps will allow
the speed of the pumps to be varied in response to changes in the cooling
loads and chilled water system temperature differentials. VSDs are also
known as Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs).

15
IFC sensitivity analysis for Jakarta Green Building Regulations.

12
 Since the power demand of the primary chilled water pump motor scales
approximately to the 2.5 power with speed, reducing the pump speed to
70% when the chiller load is around 70% will result in a primary chilled
water pump energy savings of approximately 55% to 60%. At low loads,
reducing the pump speed to 50% will result in a primary chilled water
pump energy savings of approximately 80%. Since the chillers operate
mostly below 70% of their design cooling capacity, the energy savings
can be substantial.

F I G U R E . 0 8
Typical Power Saved Using a
VSD for Pumps16 100

90

Fixed Speed Power 80

Input
70
Power Input to
Drive
Power (%)

60

Power Saved Power Saved

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flow (%)

Besides saving energy consumption, VSDs also provide:

• Close control of leaving water temperature back to condenser
• Soft starts, reducing stress on fan drive system
• Sound control AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

• Built in diagnostic and control capabilities

More information on VSDs is available in these documents:

• Honeywell. Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) - Application Guide.
(http://www.kele.com/Catalog/13%20Motor%20Controls/PDFs/
Honeywell%20VFD%20Application%20Guide.pdf)
• Hydraulic Institute; Europump; U.S. Department of Energy’s
Industrial Technologies Program. Variable Speed Pumping - A
Guide to Successful Applications, Executive Summary. (https://
www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_deployment/pdfs/
variable_speed_pumping.pdf)

16
Carbon Trust -Making Business Sense of Climate Change. Variable Speed Drives,
Introducing Energy Saving Opportunities for Business. (http://www.energylab.es/
fotos/081105155611_5gf9.pdf)

13
 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 5

Provide chilled water pipe and refrigerant pipe insulation per the
following table taken from SNI-0306572 as specified in Article 8.3.

T A B L E . 0 3
Minimum Insulation for F L U ID M IN IM U M IN S UL A T IO N
P I PE
T E M P E R A T U R E T H IC K NE S S F OR T H E P IPE
Chilled Water Piping17 SYST E M
(oC) S I Z E (mm)

TYPE ≤50mm <25mm 31-50mm >200mm

Chilled Water 4.5 - 13 12 12 20 25

Refrigerant < 4.5 25 25 38 38

N O T E 1. If the pipe is in the exterior environment, the insulation needs the

addition of 12 mm.
2. The insulation thickness is valid for the materials with thermal
resistance of 28 to 32 m2.K/W per meter. If the thermal resistance is
outside this range, please use the formula in 8.5 of SNI 03-6390-2011 to
calculate the required thickness.

I M P A C T Insulation substantially reduces heat gain in chilled pipe, thus making chiller
load unaffected by thermal heat gain in pipes. The second is to prevent
condensation on the chilled water pipes, which can lead to rusting of the
pipes that can incur significant capital cost to replace.

More information on chilled water pipe insulation is available at:

• Hulin, Stanley Quentin. 2010. Insulation Saves Energy, Complies.
with Building Codes (http://www.facilitiesnet.com/energyefficiency/
article/Insulation-Saves-Energy-Complies-with-Building-
Codes--11686)
• Armacell UK Ltd. How to Guide Insulating Pipes & Fittings with
Armaflex. (http://www.armacell.com/WWW/armacell/ACwwwAttach.
nsf/ansFiles/ArmaflexHowToPipeWorkPocketGuide.pdf/$File/
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

ArmaflexHowToPipeWorkPocketGuide.pdf)
• Best Practice Manual. Fluid Piping Systems & Insulation. (http://
www.energymanagertraining.com/bee_draft_codes/best_practices_
manual-PIPING.pdf) (see Chapter 6)

17
Source: SNI 03-6390-2011 (Table 8.5.a).

14
 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 6

Refrigerants used for air conditioning should not contain

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). (Article 18.5)

I M P A C T Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a compound of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine

and fluorine that depletes the stratospheric ozone layer. Because of their
stable nature, they do not break up easily, and are able to rise up into the
stratosphere, where they can reduce the ozone. Depletion of the ozone
layer can lead to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation on earth, which can
cause skin cancer, cataracts, impaired immune systems, reduced crop
yields etc. Most countries in the world have banned the use of CFCs,
including Indonesia since 2008. However, chillers with banned refrigerants
are still available in many countries.

As a replacement for CFCs, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is now

often used as a refrigerant. However, HCFCs also deplete stratospheric
ozone although to a lesser extent than CFCs. They are also considered as
green house gases, which contribute to climate change due to their high
global warming potential (GWP). Recognizing this, Indonesian government
has put together an HCFC phase out plan, according to which HCFC
consumption in air-conditioning and refrigeration sectors will be completely
phased out by 201518.

It is recommended that chillers with non-HCFC refrigerants be used wherever

feasible. The following graphic shows some safe alternatives to HCFC.

F I G U R E . 0 9
Safe Refrigerant Alternatives
to CFCs and HCFC19

Stand Alone Equipment Condensing Units Centralized Systems

R-744
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

R-744
R-744 R-404A R-404A R-717
R-404A
R-12 R-717 R-12
R-600a R-22 R-507A R-22 R-507A R-1270
R-22 R-1270 R-502
R-134a
R-290 R-407C R-407C R-290
R-290
New
HFCs/
HFOs

Solid Arrows represent alternatives already vailable in the market.

Dashed Arrows indicate those likely to be available in the future.

18
United Nations Environment Programme. Project Proposal: Indonesia. (http://www.
multilateralfund.org/62/English%20Document/1/6235.pdf)
19
United Nations Environment Programme. Project Proposal: Indonesia. (http://www.
multilateralfund.org/62/English%20Document/1/6235.pdf)

15
 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 7

Mechanical system should be designed to provide the minimum

ventilation rates per Section 4.4 of SNI 03-6572 2001 (Article 7.3)

For spaces served by a central air conditioner system, mechanical

ventilation system shall be designed to provide the minimum fresh air
supply rate per Section 4.4 of SNI 03-6572 2001 (tables below). Table 4
provides an average ventilation rate based on the building type, whereas
Table 5 provides ventilation rates for specific building functions in the
building. Either of these tables can be used for code compliance. In case
an air duct is supplying air to multiple spaces with different functions, the
highest required ventilation rate among those spaces should be used.

T A B L E . 0 4
M INIM UM F R E S H A IR S UP P LY
Fresh Air Requirements
T YP E
for Building Types20 Air Exchange/Hour M3/Hour/Person

Office 6 18
Restaurant 6 18
Shop, Supermarket 6 18
Factory, Workshop 6 18
Class, Cinema 8
Lobby, Corridor, Stairs 4
Bathroom, Toilet 10
Kitchen 20
Parking Area 6

T A B L E . 0 5
Fresh Air Requirements BU I L DI N G UNIT OUT S ID E A IR
for Space Types21 F U N CT I O N R E Q U IR E M ENT
Non-Smoking Spaces

L A U N D R Y

Laundry (m3/min)/person 0.46

AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

R E S T A U R A N T

Dining Room (m3/min)/person 0.21

Kitchen (m3/min)/person 0.30
Fast Food (m3/min)/person 0.21
C A R S E R V I C E

Closed Garage (m3/min)/person 0.21

Workshop (m3/min)/person 0.21

H O T E L , M O T E L , E T C .

Sleeping Room m3/min/person 0.21

Living Room m3/min/person 0.75
Lobby m3/min/person 0.15
Small Meeting Room m3/min/person 0.21
Meeting Room m3/min/person 0.21

20
SNI 03-6572 2001 (Table 4.4).
21
SNI 03-6572 2001 (Table 4.4.2).

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 T A B L E . 0 5
Fresh Air Requirements BU I L DI N G UNIT OUT S ID E A I R
for Space Types F U N CT I O N R E Q U IR E M E NT
(continued) Non-Smoking Spaces

O F F I C E

Working Room (m3/min)/person 0.15

Meeting Room (m3/min)/person 0.21

P U B L I C R O O M

Public Toilet (m3/min)/WC 2.25

Locker Room (m3/min)/person 0.45
S H O P P I N G A R E A

Basement & Ground Floor (m3/min)/person 0.15

Upper Floor (m3/min)/person 0.15
Mall & Arcade (m3/min)/person 0.15
Elevator (m3/min)/person 0.45
B E A U T Y R O O M

Parlor & Barber (m3/min)/person 0.60

Sport Room (m3/min)/person 0.42
Florist Shop (m3/min)/person 0.15
Pet Shop (m3/min)/person 0.30
E N T E R T A I N M E N T R O O M

Disco & Bowling (m3/min)/person 0.21

Moving Floor & Gym (m3/min)/person 0.60
Playing Room (m3/min)/person 0.21
Swimming Pool (m3/min)/person 0.21
T H E A T E R

Counter (m3/min)/person 0.15

Lobby & Lounge (m3/min)/person 0.21
Stage & Studio (m3/min)/person 0.30
T R A N S P O R T A T I O N

Waiting Room, Platform, m3/min/person 0.21

etc.
W O R K I N G R O O M

Food Processing (m3/min)/person 0.15

Treasury Bank (m3/min)/person 0.15
Pharmacy (m3/min)/person 0.21
Photography Studio (m3/min)/person 0.21
Dark Room (m3/min)/person 0.60
Photo Printing Room (m3/min)/person 0.15
S C H O O L
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

Class Room (m3/min)/person 0.15

Laboratorium (m3/min)/person 0.30
Library (m3/min)/person 0.15
H O S P I T A L

Patient Room m3/min/bed 0.21

Examine Room (m3/min)/person 0.21
Operating & (m3/min)/person 1.20
Delivery Room
Emergency Room (m3/min)/person 0.45
Autopsy Room (m3/min)/person 3.00

H O U S E

Living Room (m3/min)/room 0.30

Sleeping Room (m3/min)/room 0.30
Kitchen (m3/min)/room 3.00
Toilet (m3/min)/room 1.50
Garage (m3/min)/car 3.00
Joint Garage (m3/min)/m2 0.45

17
 T A B L E . 0 5
Fresh Air Requirements BU I L DI N G UNIT OUT S ID E A IR
for Space Types F U N CT I O N R E Q U IR E M ENT
(continued) Non-Smoking Spaces

I N D U S T R Y

High Activity (m3/min)/person 0.60

Medium Activity (m3/min)/person 0.30
Low Activity (m3/min)/person 0.21

I M P A C T Primary benefits of this code requirement are improved occupant health and
comfort. Appropriate ventilation rates result in improved indoor air quality
which can often increase the health and productivity of people in that space.

A study of performance in call centers and simulated office work with

increased ventilation rates shows significant improvement22. Metric
used for performance was the time required to interact with clients via
telephone and perform related information processing on a computer. The
data shows that performance (speed and accuracy) of typical office tasks
improves with increased ventilation rate (see Figure 10 below). For initial
ventilation rates between 0.4 m3/min/person (14 cfm per person) and 0.85
m3/min/person (30 cfm per person), the average performance increases
by approximately 0.8% per 0.28 m3/min/person (10 cfm per person)
increase in ventilation rate. At higher ventilation rates, the average
performance increase is smaller, approximately 0.3% per 0.28 m3/min/
person (10 cfm per person) increase in ventilation rate.

F I G U R E . 1 0
Average Office Worker Minimum Ventilation Rate
Performance at Various often in building codes for offices
Ventilation Rates23 1.04

Reference = 1.03

15 cfm/person
Relative Performance

1.02
Reference =
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS

20 cfm/person
1.01
Reference =
30 cfm/person
1.00

0.99

0.98

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Ventilation Rate (cfm per person)

22
Seppänen, O., W.J. Fisk, and Q.H. Lei, “Ventilation and performance in office work”.
Indoor Air, 2006. 16(1): p. 28-36.
23
Seppänen, O., W.J. Fisk, and Q.H. Lei. Ventilation and performance in office work
Indoor Air, 2006.

18