BIO 136/186​

Microbiology and Parasitology​

Second Semester 2022 ​
Cluster 2​

Clinical Instructors​​
Dr. Cyrille Y. Panimdim​​
Ms. Jessica S. Simporios​​
Dr. Deborah G. Gemao​​
Mrs. Ana Lou B. Navaja​

A p r i l 2 1 , 2 0 2 2
 Topic Objectives
1. Discuss and explain about microbial control.
2. Recognize and explain the techniques to control
pathogenic microorganisms thru physical and chemical
methods.
3. Differentiate medical and surgical asepsis and its
application to nursing practice.
4. Identify antimicrobial agents and treatment of infectious
disease.
5. Enumerate the common infectious diseases and its
etiologic agent.
A p r i l 2 1 , 2 0 2 2
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TERMINOLOGIES
Sterilization: Destruction or killing of all
microorganisms in a material or an object.
Heating is the most commonly used method of
H E R E

sterilization.
T E X T

Disinfection: Reducing the number of pathogenic

E X T R A

microorganisms to the point where they no longer cause

I N S E R T

diseases. The use of soap or alcohols.

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Disinfection may use physical or chemical methods.

* Disinfectant - applied to inanimate objects.
* Antiseptic – applied to living tissue (antisepsis).
* Degerming – mechanical removal of most
microbes in limited area like alcohol swab on the
H E R E

skin before injection.

T E X T

* Sanitation – use of chemical agent on food-

E X T R A

handling equipment to meet public health

I N S E R T

standards and minimize chances of disease

transmission. Example: Use of soap and water.
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Aseptic refers to an environment or procedure where there

is free of pathogenic contaminants. Examples: preparation
of surgical field, doing handwashing, sterilization of
laboratory equipment.
-cide or -cidal are suffixes indicating destruction of a type
H E R E

of microbe. The bactericidal antibiotics include

T E X T

fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. Bacteriostatic

E X T R A

antibiotics include tetracyclines and streptogramins.

I N S E R T

Pasteurization refers to the use of heat to destroy

pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage in foods and
beverages like pasteurized milk or juices.
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Bacteriostatic Agent: An agent that inhibits the growth of

bacteria, but does not necessarily kill them.
Germicide: An agent that kills certain microorganisms.
* Bactericide - an agent that kills most bacteria but not
H E R E

kill totally the endospores.

T E X T

* Viricide - an agent that inactivates viruses.

E X T R A

* Fungicide - an agent that kills fungi

I N S E R T

* Sporicide - an agent that kills bacterial endospores of

fungal spores
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RATE OF MICROBIAL DEATH

When bacterial populations are heated or treated
antimicrobial agents or chemicals, they usually die at a
constant rate.
H E R E

Factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial

T E X T

treatment:
E X T R A

1. Number of microbes
I N S E R T

The more microbes present, the more time is

needed to remove, kill or eliminate the population.
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2. Type of Microbes. Endospores are very difficult to destroy.

Endospores or "spores" are sturdy
structures formed by some bacteria to
survive in unfavorable conditions like
H E R E

high heat or freezing temperatures.

T E X T
E X T R A

The Firmicutes phylum is composed of more than 200

I N S E R T

different genera such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Clostridium,

Enterococcus, and Ruminicoccus.
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Lactobacillus are "friendly" bacteria that

normally live in the digestive, urinary, and
genital systems without causing disease.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Bacillus are rod-shaped, gram-

positive, aerobic or (under some
conditions) anaerobic bacteria
widely found in soil and water.
Transmitted through infected
H E R E

animals or samples.
T E X T

Infections attributed to Bacillus include wound and

E X T R A

burn infections, ear infections, endocarditis,

meningitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis,. However,
I N S E R T

these infections were found in patients in

compromised immune states.
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Clostridium is a genus of
Gram-positive bacteria. This
genus includes several
H E R E

significant human pathogens,

including the causative agents
T E X T
E X T R A

of botulism, tetanus,
foodborne disease, gangrene.
I N S E R T
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3. Physical Influences or factors

Temperature is the most important factor that
determines the rate of growth, multiplication
H E R E

and death of all living organisms.

T E X T
E X T R A

At very low temperatures membranes also

I N S E R T

solidify and enzymes do not function properly.

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Microorganisms multiply
based on minimum (lowest
temperature at which
microbes grow), optimum
(temperature at which the
H E R E

most rapid rate of

T E X T

multiplication occurs) and

E X T R A

maximum (highest
I N S E R T

temperature at which growth

occurs) growth temperature.
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Psychrophiles or cryophiles are extremophilic organisms that are

capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging
from −20 °C to +10 °C.

They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the
H E R E

polar regions and the deep sea.

T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Chlamydomonas, is a genus of unicellular green algae

(Chlorophyta). These algae are found all over the
world, in soil, fresh water, oceans, and even in snow
on mountaintops.
H E R E

Cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), such as

T E X T

Oscillatoria are a group of bacteria found in

E X T R A

freshwater systems. Exposure to cyanobacteria

I N S E R T

occurs via ingestion of contaminated water or food-

products.
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Mesophiles are microorganisms which grow both soil and

water environments; species are found in the Bacteria,
Eukarya, and Archaea kingdom
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Some notable mesophiles include Listeria monocytogenes

(sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, intrauterine infections
and spontaneous abortions in pregnant women).
H E R E

Staphylococcus aureus (skin infections, gastroenteritis)

T E X T

and Escherichia coli (cholecystitis, bacteremia,

E X T R A

cholangitis, urinary tract infection, and traveler's

I N S E R T

diarrhea).
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Thermophile a type of extremophile—that thrives at

relatively high temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106
and 252 °F). Many thermophiles are archaea, though they
can be bacteria. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested
H E R E

to have been among the earliest bacteria.

T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Some of the bacteria could be implicated as the etiological

agents for meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia.
Hyperthermophilic
('superheat-loving') bacteria
H E R E

and archaea are found within

T E X T

high-temperature
E X T R A

environments, representing
I N S E R T

the upper temperature border

of life. meningitis,
endocarditis, and septicemia.
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pH refers to the level of hydrogen ion

concentration.

Microbial growth is strongly affected

by the pH of the medium.
H E R E
T E X T

Drastic variations in cytoplasm, pH

E X T R A

disrupt the membrane or inhibit the

I N S E R T

activity of enzymes and membrane

transport.
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Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to

a solution to prevent the inward flow of microbes to cause the disease.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Radiation is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied

to a solution to prevent the inward flow of microbes to cause
the disease.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T

4. Concentration and Dosage of agent

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METHODS OF CONTROL
1. Physical Agents
1.1 Heat
1.1.1 Dry heat
H E R E
T E X T

1.1.1.1 Incineration - a way to treat waste or

E X T R A

contamination through controlled burning.

I N S E R T

Used to sterilize disposable items like paper,

cups or dressings.
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1.1.1.2 Dry oven – a hot air sterilization, where

objects to be sterilized are placed inside an oven
which requires at least 2hours of sterilization.

1.1.2 Moist heat

H E R E
T E X T

1.1.2.1 Boiling: Kills vegetative forms of bacterial

E X T R A

pathogens, all viruses and fungi with their

I N S E R T

spores. However, brief boiling will kill some of

the pathogens like Hepatitis virus (survive up
to 30 minutes).
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1.1.2.2 Autoclaving: A chamber which is filled with

hot steam under pressure. This is the
preferred method of sterilization.
H E R E

1.1.2.3 Pasteurization is a process that kills the

pathogenic bacteria by heating to a certain
T E X T
E X T R A

temperature for a set period of time.

I N S E R T

Used to reduce microbes responsible for

spoilage of beer, milk, juices etc.
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1.2 Radiation - the emission or transmission of
energy in the
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form of waves or particles through space or

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through a
material medium. There are three types of
radiation that
kill microbes.
H E R E

1.2.1 Ionizing radiation (Gamma rays,

T E X T

x-rays beams). Used to sterilize

E X T R A

pharmaceuticals and disposable

I N S E R T

medical supplies. However,

it penetrates human tissues and
may cause genetic mutations in humans.
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1.2.2 Nonionizing radiation. Ultraviolet rays. Used to

disinfect OR, nurseries, cafeterias. Damages skin,
eyes but does not penetrate paper, glass and cloth.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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2. Chemical Agents
2.1 Phenols and Phenolics
Phenols (carbolic acid) was first used by Lister as a
disinfectant. Rarely used today because it is a skin
H E R E

irritant and has strong odor. Used in some throat sprays

T E X T

and lozenges. Acts as local anesthetics.

E X T R A

Phenolics are chemical derivatives of phenol.

I N S E R T

Cresols, derived from coal tar (Lysol).

Biphenols (phisohex), used in nurseries but
excessive use may cause neurologic damage.
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2.2 Halogens (effective alone or in compounds)

Tincture of iodine (alcohol solution) was one of the first
antiseptics used. Stains skin and clothes and somewhat
irritating.
H E R E

Iodophors. Compounds with iodine that are slow releasing

T E X T

meaning it takes several minutes to act. Used as skin

E X T R A

antiseptic in surgery but not effective against bacterial

I N S E R T

endospores.
Betadine.
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Chlorine Used to disinfect drinking water, pools and

sewage.
Sodium hypochlorite – is active ingredient of bleach.
Chloramines – consist of chlorine and ammonia. Less
H E R E

effective as germicides.
T E X T

2.3 Alcohols: Kill bacteria, fungi but not the endospores.

E X T R A

Act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell

I N S E R T

membranes. Easily evaporates leaving no residue.

Used to mechanically wipe microbes off skin before
injections or blood drawing.
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2.4 Heavy metals: Include copper, selenium, mercury, silver,

and zinc. Very tiny amounts are effective.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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2.5 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

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2.6 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

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Aldehydes are versatile compounds that can help make

resins, dyes and organic acids, as well as perfumes for
cologne, detergents and soaps.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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2.7 Gaseous sterilizers. Chemicals that sterilize in a chamber

similar to an autoclave.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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2.7 Peroxygens. Are strong oxidizing agents that can be used

as disinfectants or antiseptics.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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3. Mechanical Agents
Filtration is the first and
only sterilization method that eliminates
bacteria by separating the microorganisms
H E R E

from the sterilized medium, but unlike

T E X T

other sterilization methods, it doesn't kill or

E X T R A

stop the bacteria's ability to reproduce

I N S E R T

Used to sterilize heat sensitive materials like

vaccines, enzymes, and antibiotics.
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4. Medical handwashing
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5. Antimicrobial drugs to treat infections

Antibacterial – is an agent/drugs that
inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria.

Often used synonymously with the term

H E R E

“antibiotic”. The term antibiotic was first

T E X T

used in 1942 by Selman Waksman.

E X T R A
I N S E R T

They are classified as bacteriostatic and

bactericidal.
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Antifungal – are drugs used for the
treatment of fungal infections (mycoses).
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Fungal infections (mycoses) can be both

superficial and systemic.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Antiviral drugs are

prescription medicines
(pills, liquid, an inhaled
powder, or an intravenous
H E R E

solution) that fight against

T E X T

viruses in the body.

E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Antiprotozoal drugs
Protozoal infections are common among people in
underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries,
where there are
* unsanitary conditions
H E R E

* unhygienic practices, and

T E X T

* inadequate control of vectors of transmission

E X T R A
I N S E R T

However, with the increased world travel, protozoal

diseases are no longer confined to specific
geographical locality.
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Pneumocystosis is an infection of
the lungs caused by the
microorganism
Toxoplasmosis is an infection as a
result of eating undercooked
H E R E

contaminated meat, exposure from

T E X T

infected cat feces, or mother-to-child

transmission during pregnancy.
E X T R A

Leishmaniasis infection due to bite of

I N S E R T

an infected sand flies.

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Common Infectious Disease

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious
bacterial infection, Mycobacterium tuberculusis
that involves the lungs. It may spread to other
organs.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Chickenpox is an infection caused by the

I N S E R T

varicella-zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash

with small, fluid-filled blisters.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Measles is a highly contagious viral infection of

the respiratory system caused by Morbillivirus in
the Paramyxoviridae family..
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Influenza is caused by infection of the

I N S E R T

respiratory tract with influenza viruses, RNA

viruses of the Orthomyxovirus genus
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Common Infectious Disease

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Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known

as whooping cough, is a very contagious disease
caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella
pertussis.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by

I N S E R T

Plasmodium malariae that are transmitted to

people through the bites of infected female
Anopheles mosquitoes .
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Common Infectious Disease

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Filariasis or elephantiasis.is a parasitic disease

caused by an infection with roundworms of the
Filarioidea type, Wuchereria bancrofti and
Brugia malayi. These are spread by blood-
feeding insects such as black flies and
mosquitoes. They belong to the group of
H E R E

diseases called helminthiases.

T E X T
E X T R A

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection from the

I N S E R T

food the person eats with urine of dogs, rodents,

and farm animals called Leptospira interrogans.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused

by Clostridium tetani, that affects the nervous
system and causes muscles throughout the
body to tighten.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) is an infection

I N S E R T

caused by slow-growing bacteria called

Mycobacterium leprae.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Rabies is a viral disease that causes

inflammation of the brain in humans and other
mammals from deadly virus called Lyssavirus
spread to people from the saliva of infected
animals.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening

I N S E R T

disease caused by the Poliovirus, common

among less than 5 years old.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by

strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholera
manifested with large amounts of watery
diarrhea, severe vomiting, abdominal pain and
muscle cramps.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi

bacteria.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can

transmitted through ingestion of
contaminated food and water or through
direct contact with an infectious person
called hepatovirus.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Hepatitis B infection is caused by the Hepatitis

I N S E R T

B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person

to person through blood, semen or other body
fluids.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Botulism is a disease caused by the

bacterium scientifically known as
Clostridium botulinum. Botulism food
poisoning occurs when a toxin produced
by the bacteria is consumed in improperly
preserved foods.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A

Hookworm infection is an infection of the

intestines causing itchy rash, respiratory and
I N S E R T

gastrointestinal problems, and iron deficiency

anemia due to ongoing loss of blood. People
can become infected when walking barefoot.
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Common Infectious Disease

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Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a

sexually transmitted bacterium, Neisseria
gonorrhoeae that infects both males and
females.
H E R E
T E X T

AIDS is a chronic, life-threatening condition

E X T R A

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV). HIV damage immune system and
I N S E R T

interferes with the body's ability to fight

infection and disease.
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All for Listening 