Topic Objectives

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1. Integrate the nature of infection process and its disease

prevention.

2. Trace the chain of infection.

H E R E

3. Discuss the movement of microbes into a new host

T E X T
E X T R A

4. Identify the different vaccines to eliminate and

I N S E R T

treat infectious disease in the body

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Unit III. Understanding

Infection and Host Resistance
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Infection: The invasion and multiplication of

microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and
parasites that are not normally present within the body.
Infection occurs when viruses, bacteria, or other
microbes enter your body and begin to multiply.
H E R E
T E X T

Disease, which typically happens in a small

E X T R A

proportion of infected people, occurs when the

cells in your body are damaged as a result
I N S E R T

of infection, and signs and symptoms of an illness

appear.
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Types of infection
1. Colonization means microbes are present in
the body, but the person will have no signs or
symptoms.
H E R E

The microbes propagate at a rate sufficient

T E X T

to maintain its numbers without producing

E X T R A

identifiable evidence of any reaction in the

I N S E R T

host.
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2. Inapparent or subclinical infection. The

causative agent is not only multiplying
but also causes a measurable reaction
that is not clinically detectable
H E R E

(nearly undetectable).
T E X T

3. Symptomatic infection. The causative

E X T R A

agent causes clinically detectable

I N S E R T

reaction.
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Disease. Any deviation from a condition of good

health
Infectious Disease. A disease condition caused
by presence of growth of infectious
microorganisms or parasites.
H E R E

Acute infection. An infection characterized by

T E X T

sudden onset, rapid progression, and often with

E X T R A

severe symptoms.
I N S E R T

Chronic infection. An infection characterized by

delayed onset and slow progression.
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Primary infection. An infection that develops in a

healthy individual

Secondary infection. An infection that develops

in an individual who is already infected with a
different pathogen.
H E R E

Localized infection. An infection that is

T E X T

restricted to a specific location or grown within

E X T R A

the body of the host.

I N S E R T

Systemic infection. An infection that has spread

to several regions or areas in the body of the
host.
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Clinical infection. An infection with obvious

observable or detectable symptoms

Subclinical infection. An infection with few or no

obvious symptoms
H E R E

Opportunistic infection. An infection caused by

T E X T

microbes that are commonly found in the host

E X T R A

environment.
I N S E R T

This is term used to refer infections caused by

organisms in the normal flora.
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The suffix “-emia”. A suffix meaning “presence of

an infectious agent”.

Bacteremia – presence of infectious bacteria.

H E R E

Viremia – presence of infectious virus.

T E X T
E X T R A

Fungemia – presence of infectious fungus

I N S E R T

Septicemia – presence of an infectious agent in

the bloodstream
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The suffix “-itis”. A suffix meaning “inflammation of”

Communicable disease. A disease that can be
transmitted from one person to another.
Epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people
within a community, population, or region.
H E R E
T E X T

Pandemic is a disease that is spread over multiple countries

E X T R A

or continents.
I N S E R T

Endemic is a disease that belongs to a particular people or

country.
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H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T

the period at which the symptoms of a

disease (as a febrile disease) are most
pronounced
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The spread of an infection within a community is

described as a “chain,” several interconnected
steps that describe how a pathogen moves about.
H E R E

Infection control and contact tracing are meant to

T E X T
E X T R A

break the chain, preventing a pathogen from

I N S E R T

spreading.
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an
infection
spread of
 Infectious or Causative Agent
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These are microorganism that can cause a disease such

as bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa and parasites.
The reasons that the organism will cause an infection are
the following:
H E R E

1. Virulence (ability to multiply and

T E X T

grow or the intensity of a pathogen

E X T R A

to cause disease) and Pathogenicity

I N S E R T

(ability to cause disease.

The term virulence is originated from the
Latin word vīrulentus, which means “full of poison”,
“toxin”.
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2. Pathogenicity define as the potential of a

pathogen to cause disease whereas virulence
defines as the ability of
the pathogen to infect or damage a host.
Pathogenicity follows the virulence whereas
virulence represents the initial stage of host-
H E R E

pathogen interaction.
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
 The virulence factor helps an
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organism to invade a
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susceptible host and cause

disease.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Enzymes
3. Invasiveness (ability to enter tissue)
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3. Invasiveness (ability to enter tissue)

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H E R E
T E X T

large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the

E X T R A

tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at

I N S E R T

sites of infection.
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Microorganism are present inside, on

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us and around us

Resident flora. The microorganisms that usually occupy

a particular body site.
H E R E

Transient flora. Microorganisms that colonize people for

T E X T

hours to weeks but do not establish themselves

E X T R A

permanently (“bacteria which we get from the

I N S E R T

environment”)
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Types of Activity / Relations of a Normal Flora in

Humans (Symbiosis)

1. Mutualism. A symbiotic relationship in which

both species
benefit with each other.
H E R E
T E X T

Humans have a mutualistic

E X T R A

relationship with the bacterium,

which lives in the intestinal tract.
I N S E R T
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2. Commensalism.
A type of
relationship
between two
H E R E

living organisms
T E X T

in which one Humans are host to a variety

E X T R A

of commensal bacteria in
organism their bodies that do not
I N S E R T

harm them but rely on them

benefits from for survival (e.g. bacteria
the other that consume dead skin).
without causing
harm.
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3. Parasitism. A type of relationship in which one
species benefits, and the other species is
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harmed.
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Examples of human parasites include roundworms,

leeches, ticks, lice, and mites.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Reservoir
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It is any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance (or combination

of these) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies.

The infectious agent depends on the reservoir for survival, where it can
H E R E

reproduce itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible

T E X T

host.
E X T R A
I N S E R T

Animate reservoirs include people, insects, birds, and other

animals. Inanimate reservoirs include soil, water, food, feces, intravenous
fluid, and equipment.
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Latent Period Incubation Period Period of Communicability

The period
between exposure and
infection is called 'latent
period', since the pathogen
is present in a 'latent' stage,
H E R E
The period
between exposure and onset
of clinical symptoms is
called 'incubation period'.
Period of communicability is
the time during which an
infectious agent may be
transferred directly or
indirectly from an infected

without clinical symptoms or person to another person,

T E X T

signs of infection in the host. from an infected animal to

E X T R A

humans, or from an infected

person to animals. Also
I N S E R T

known as the ‘infectious

period’.
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Portal of Exit
It is the place where
the microorganism
leaves the reservoir,
such as the respiratory
H E R E

tract (nose, mouth),

T E X T

intestinal tract (rectum

E X T R A

via stool), urinary tract,

I N S E R T

or blood and other

body fluids.
 Mode of Transmission
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It is the means by which an organism

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transfers from one carrier by either direct

or indirect transmission.
H E R E
T E X T
E X T R A
I N S E R T
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Mode of
Transmission
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Portal of Entry

Infectious agents get into the body to an uninfected person through

various portal of entry.
H E R E

This includes mucous membranes, open wound, respiratory,

T E X T

gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts.

E X T R A
I N S E R T

Pathogens often enter the body of an uninfected host through the same
route they exited the reservoir.
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Entry
Portal of
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Susceptible Host
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It is the person who is at risk for developing an

infection from the disease.
H E R E

Host factors that influence the outcome of an exposure

T E X T

include the presence or absence of natural barriers, the

E X T R A

functional state of the immune system, and the presence or

I N S E R T

absence of an invasive device, presence of comorbidities,

elderly & children.
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All for Listening 