CHEMISTRY

Class II IIT-JEE Achiever 2022-23

COMPOUND/ELEMENT
Cis platin and Taxol
AZT (Azidothymidine)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen peroxide
Heavy water
Tanks of metal alloy like NaNi5 Storage of dihydrogen in small quantities.
, Ti–TiH2 , Mg–MgH2 etc
Li
Na
K Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer.
USES
Cancer therapy
Helping AIDS patients
Rocket fuel in space research
As a hair bleach and as a mild disinfectant.
As an antiseptic it is sold in the market as
perhydrol.
Manufacture of chemicals like sodium perborate
and per -carbonate, which are used in high
quality detergents.
Green chemistry
Used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
In exchange reactions for the study of reaction
mechanisms.
Alloy of Li & lead to make ‘white metal’
bearings for motor engines.
Alloy of Li & aluminium to make aircraft parts.
Alloy of Li & magnesium to make armour
plates.
Used in thermonuclear reactions.
Used to make electrochemical cells.
Sodium is used to make a Na/Pb alloy needed to
make PbEt4 and PbMe4 . These organolead
compounds were earlier used as anti-knock
additives to petrol, but nowadays vehicles use
lead-free petrol.
Liquid sodium metal is used as a coolant in fast
breeder nuclear reactors.
Potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture
of soft soap & as an excellent absorbent of
carbon dioxide.
They activate many enzymes.

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Along with Na ions they are responsible for the

transmission of nerve signals.
Participate in the oxidation of glucose to
produce ATP.
Caesium In devising photoelectric cells.
Sodium hydroxide The manufacture of soap, paper, artificial silk
and a number of chemicals
In petroleum refining
In the textile industries for mercerising cotton
fabrics,
For the preparation of pure fats and oils
Sodium hydrogen carbonate Mild antiseptic for skin infections.
Used in fire extinguishers.
Beryllium Used in the manufacture of alloys.
Cu -Be alloys are used in the preparation of
high strength springs.
Metallic beryllium is used for making windows
of X-ray tubes
Magnesium Mg-Al alloys being light in mass are used in air-
craft construction.
Mg (powder and ribbon) is used in flash
powders and bulbs, incendiary bombs and
signals.
Magnesium hydroxide A suspension of it in water (called milk of
magnesia) is used as antacid in medicine.
Magnesium carbonate Is an ingredient of toothpaste.
Calcium In the extraction of metals from oxides which
are difficult to reduce with carbon.
Calcium used to remove air from vacuum tubes
due to its reactivity with oxygen and nitrogen at
elevated temperatures
Radium salts used in radiotherapy (in the treatment of
cancer).
CaO Important primary material for manufacturing
cement and is the cheapest form of alkali.
In the manufacture of sodium carbonate from
caustic soda.
It is employed in the purification of sugar and in
the manufacture of dye stuffs.
Ca (OH)2 In the preparation of mortar, a building material.
In whitewash due to its disinfectant nature.
It is used in glass making, in tanning industry.

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For the preparation of bleaching powder

For purification of sugar.
CaCO3 Used as a building material in the form of
marble and in the manufacture of quick lime.
Calcium carbonate along with magnesium
carbonate is used as a flux in the extraction of
metals such as iron.
Specially precipitated CaCO3 is extensively
used in the manufacture of high-quality paper.
It is also used as an antacid, mild abrasive in
toothpaste, a constituent of chewing gum, and a
filler in cosmetics.
Plaster of Paris The largest use of Plaster of Paris is in the
(2CaSO4 .H2O) building industry as well as plasters.
Used for immobilising the affected part of organ
where there is a bone fracture or sprain.
Employed in dentistry, in ornamental work and
for making casts of statues and busts
Cement Used in concrete and reinforced concrete, in
plastering and in the construction of bridges,
dams and buildings.
Boron Used as refractory solid.
Boron fibres are used in making bullet-proof
vest and light composite material for aircraft.
The boron-10 (10B) isotope has high ability to
absorb neutrons and, therefore, metal borides
are used in nuclear industry as protective shields
and control rods.
Borax and boric acid is in the manufacture of
heat resistant glasses (e.g., Pyrex), glass-wool
and fibreglass.
Borax is also used as a flux for soldering
metals, for heat, scratch, and stain resistant
glazed coating to earthenware and as constituent
of medicinal soaps.
An aqueous solution of orthoboric acid is used
as a mild antiseptic.
Aluminium Aluminium is a bright silvery-white metal, with
high tensile strength.
It has a high electrical and thermal conductivity.
On a weight-to-weight basis, the electrical
conductivity of aluminium is twice that of

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copper.
Aluminium is used extensively in industry and
everyday life.
Aluminium and its alloys can be given shapes
of pipe, tubes, rods, wires, plates or foils and,
therefore, find uses in packing, utensil making,
construction, aeroplane and transportation
industry.
Graphite Graphite fibres embedded in plastic material
form high strength, lightweight composites. The
composites are used in products such as tennis
rackets, fishing rods, aircrafts and canoes.
Being good conductor, graphite is used for
electrodes in batteries and industrial
electrolysis.
Crucibles made from graphite are inert to dilute
acids and alkalies.
Graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines
running at high temperature, where oil cannot
be used as a lubricant.
Amorphous carbon Being highly porous, activated charcoal is used
in adsorbing poisonous gases; also used in water
filters to remove organic contaminators and in
air-conditioning system to control odour.
Carbon black is used as black pigment in black
ink and as filler in automobile tyres.
Coke is used as a fuel and largely as a reducing
agent in metallurgy
Diamond It is a precious stone and used in jewellery. It is
measured in carats (1 carat = 200 mg).
It is used as an abrasive for sharpening hard
tools, in making dyes.
In the manufacture of tungsten filaments for
electric light bulbs.
Carbon dioxide Dry ice is used as a refrigerant for ice-cream
and frozen food.
Gaseous CO2 is extensively used to carbonate
soft drinks.
Being heavy and non-supporter of combustion it
is used as fire extinguisher.
A substantial amount of CO2 is used to
manufacture urea.

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Zeolites Widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical

industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and
isomerisation, e.g., ZSM-5 (A type of zeolite)
used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline.
Hydrated zeolites are used as ion exchangers in
softening of “hard” water.
Silicones They are used as sealant, greases, electrical
insulators and for water proofing of fabrics.
Being biocompatible they are also used in
surgical and cosmetic plants
Si Used as a piezoelectric material; it has made
possible to develop extremely accurate clocks,
modern radio and television broadcasting and
mobile radio communications.
Silica gel is used as a drying agent and as a
support for chromatographic materials and
catalysts.
Kieselghur, an amorphous form of silica is used
in filtration plants.
Seven metals of antiquity gold, copper, silver, lead, tin, iron and mercury
Ammonia Used to produce various nitrogenous fertilisers
(ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium phosphate
and ammonium sulphate)
In the manufacture of some inorganic nitrogen
compounds, the most important one being nitric
acid.
Liquid ammonia is also used as a refrigerant
Nitric acid In the manufacture of ammonium nitrate for
fertilisers and other nitrates for use in
explosives and pyrotechnics.
It is also used for the preparation of nitro-
glycerine, trinitrotoluene and other organic nitro
compounds.
In the pickling of stainless steel, etching of
metals and as an oxidiser in rocket fuels.
Phosphine Used in Holme’s signals. Containers containing
calcium carbide and calcium phosphide are
pierced and thrown in the sea when the gases
evolved burn and serve as a signal.
Used in smoke screens.
Ozone Used as a germicide, disinfectant and for
sterilising water.

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It is also used for bleaching oils, ivory, flour,

starch, etc.
It acts as an oxidising agent in the manufacture
of potassium permanganate.

Sulphur dioxide In refining petroleum and sugar

In bleaching wool and silk
As an anti-chlor, disinfectant and preservative.
Manufacture of Sulphuric acid, sodium
hydrogen sulphite and calcium hydrogen
sulphite
Liquid SO2 is used as a solvent to dissolve a
number of organic and inorganic chemicals.
Sulphuric acid Sulphuric acid is a very important industrial
chemical. A nation’s industrial strength can be
judged by the quantity of sulphuric acid it
produces and consumes.
Used in the manufacture of fertilisers (e.g.,
ammonium sulphate, superphosphate).
(a) petroleum refining (b) manufacture of
pigments, paints and dyestuff intermediates (c)
detergent industry (d) metallurgical applications
(e.g., cleansing metals before enameling,
electroplating and galvanising (e) storage
batteries (f) in the manufacture of nitrocellulose
products (g) as a laboratory reagent.
Chlorine For bleaching woodpulp (required for the
manufacture of paper and rayon), bleaching
cotton and textiles
In the extraction of gold and platinum
In the manufacture of dyes, drugs and organic
compounds such as CCl4 , CHCl3 , DDT,
refrigerants, etc.
In sterilising drinking water
Preparation of poisonous gases such as
phosgene (COCl2 ), tear gas (CCl3NO2 ),
mustard gas (ClCH2CH2SCH2CH2Cl).
Noble gases Helium is a non-inflammable and light gas.
Hence, it is used in filling balloons for
meteorological observations.
He used in gas-cooled nuclear reactors.
Liquid helium (b.p. 4.2 K) finds use as

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cryogenic agent for carrying out various

experiments at low temperatures.
He used to produce and sustain powerful
superconducting magnets which form an
essential part of modern NMR spectrometers
and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
systems for clinical diagnosis.
He used as a diluent for oxygen in modern
diving apparatus because of its very low
solubility in blood.
Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent
bulbs for advertisement display purposes.
Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in
green houses.
Argon is used mainly to provide an inert
atmosphere in high temperature metallurgical
processes (arc welding of metals or alloys) and
for filling electric bulbs.
Ar used in the laboratory for handling
substances that are air-sensitive.
d& f block Iron and steels are the most important
construction materials. (their production is
based on the reduction of iron oxides, the
removal of impurities and the addition of carbon
and alloying metals such as Cr, Mn and Ni.)
TiO for the pigment industry
MnO2 for use in dry battery cells. (battery
industry also requires Zn and Ni/Cd.)
The contemporary UK ‘copper’ coins are
copper-coated steel. The ‘silver’ UK coins are a
Cu/Ni alloy
V2O5 catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the
manufacture of sulphuric acid.
TiCl4 with A1(CH3 )3 forms the basis of the
Ziegler catalysts used to manufacture
polyethylene (polythene).
Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for
the production of ammonia from N2/H2
mixtures.
Nickel is used in the hydrogenation of oils.
In the Wacker process the oxidation of ethyne
to ethanal is catalysed by PdCl2.

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Nickel complexes are useful in the

polymerisation of alkynes and other organic
compounds such as benzene.
Light-sensitive AgBr is used in the
photographic industry
Lanthanoids Lanthanoids is for the production of alloy steels
for plates and pipes. A well-known alloy is
mischmetall which consists of a lanthanoid
metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ 5%) and traces of S,
C, Ca and Al. Mischmetall is used in Mg-based
alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint.
Mixed oxides of lanthanoids are employed as
catalysts in petroleum cracking.
Ln oxides are used as phosphors in television
screens and similar fluorescing surfaces.
Metallurgy The fine dust of the Al is used in paints and
lacquers.
Aluminium, being highly reactive, is also used
in the extraction of chromium and manganese
from their oxides.
Wires of aluminium are used as electricity
conductors.
Copper is used for making wires used in
electrical industry and for water and steam
pipes.
Zinc is used for galvanising iron.
Zn is used in large quantities in batteries.
Zinc dust is used as a reducing agent in the
manufacture of dye-stuffs, paints, etc.
Cast iron, which is the most important form of
iron, is used for casting stoves, railway sleepers,
gutter pipes , toys, etc.
Cast iron used in the manufacture of wrought
iron and steel.
Wrought iron is used in making anchors, wires,
bolts, chains and agricultural implements.
Nickel steel is used for making cables,
automobiles and aeroplane parts, pendulum,
measuring tapes.
Chrome steel is used for cutting tools and
crushing machines, and stainless steel is used
for cycles, automobiles, utensils, pens,

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Adsorption Production of high vacuum: The remaining

traces of air can be adsorbed by charcoal from a
vessel evacuated by a vacuum pump to give a
very high vacuum.
Gas masks: Gas mask (a device which consists
of activated charcoal or mixture of adsorbents)
is usually used for breathing in coal mines to
adsorb poisonous gases.
Control of humidity: Silica and aluminium gels
are used as adsorbents for removing moisture
and controlling humidity.
Removal of colouring matter from solutions:
Animal charcoal removes colours of solutions
by adsorbing coloured impurities.
Heterogeneous catalysis: Adsorption of
reactants on the solid surface of the catalysts
increases the rate of reaction.
Separation of inert gases: Due to the difference
in degree of adsorption of gases by charcoal, a
mixture of noble gases can be separated by
adsorption on coconut charcoal at different
temperatures.
In curing diseases: A number of drugs are used
to kill germs by getting adsorbed on them.
Adsorption indicators: Surfaces of certain
precipitates such as silver halides have the
property of adsorbing some dyes like eosin,
fluorescein, etc. and thereby producing a
characteristic colour a colour at the end point.

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COLLOIDS Electrical precipitation of smoke: Smoke is a

colloidal solution of solid particles such as
carbon, arsenic compounds, dust, etc., in air.
Purification of drinking water: The water
obtained.
Purification of drinking water: The water
obtained from natural sources often contains
suspended impurities. Alum is added to such
water to coagulate the suspended impurities.
Medicines: Most of the medicines are colloidal
in nature.
Argyrol is a silver sol used as an eye lotion.
Colloidal antimony is used in curing kalaazar.
Colloidal gold is used for intramuscular
injection.
Milk of magnesia, an emulsion, is used for
stomach disorders.
Tanning: Animal hides are colloidal in nature.
When a hide, which has positively charged
particles, is soaked in tannin, which contains
negatively charged colloidal particles, mutual
coagulation takes place. This results in the
hardening of leather. This process is termed as
tanning. Chromium salts are also used in place
of tannin.
Photographic plates and films: Photographic
plates or films are prepared by coating an
emulsion of the light sensitive silver bromide in
gelatin over glass plates or celluloid films.
Rubber industry: Latex is a colloidal solution of
rubber particles which are negatively charged.
Rubber is obtained by coagulation of latex.
Industrial products: Paints, inks, synthetic
plastics, rubber, graphite lubricants, cement,
etc., are all colloidal solutions.

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Coordination compounds Coordination compounds find use in many

qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis.
Colour reactions are given by metal ions with a
number of ligands (especially chelating ligands
such as EDTA, DMG (dimethylglyoxime), α–
nitroso–β–naphthol, cupron, etc.
Hardness of water is estimated by simple
titration with Na2EDTA. The Ca2+ and Mg2+
ions form stable complexes with EDTA.
Rhodium complex, [(Ph3P)3RhCl], a Wilkinson
catalyst, is used for the hydrogenation of
alkenes.
Articles can be electroplated with silver and
gold much more smoothly and evenly from
solutions of the complexes, [Ag(CN)2] – and
[Au(CN)2 ] – than from a solution of simple
metal ions.
In black and white photography, the developed
film is fixed by washing with hypo solution
which dissolves the undecomposed AgBr to
form a complex ion, [Ag(S2O3 )2 ] 3– .
Excess of copper and iron are removed by the
chelating ligands D–penicillamine and
desferrioxime B via the formation of
coordination compounds.
EDTA is used in the treatment of lead
poisoning.

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