English reviewer

Lesson 5
Enumeration
ORAL- This includes listening and speaking skills. This mode of communication may be done through
face-to-face interaction with a person or a group, or through electronic means.

WRITTEN-This is sending and receiving messages through written symbols, such as language. It uses
traditional pen and paper or electronic gadgets.

Principles of Effective Written Communication

The 7Cs

1. Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your purpose in communicating.

2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat around the bush. Be brief by focusing on your
main point.

3. Be concrete. Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily know if you are bluffing
or deceiving them because there is nothing to substantiate your claims.

4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing. Always have time
to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors may easily distract your readers.

5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey logical message. The ideas should
be connected to each other and related to the topic. Use transitional or cohesive devices so that the
ideas cohere with one another.

6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will not be left
wanting of any information. Always place yourself in the shoes of the readers, who are always interested
to receive new information.

7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.

KINESICS – study of body movements. In particular, kinesics includes three categories of body
movement: gesture, facial expression, and posture.

Gesture. A gesture is a non-vocal bodily movement intended to express meaning. They may be
articulated with the hands, arms, or body, and also include movements of the head, face, and eyes.

Emblems. are substitutes for words; these body movements have specific verbal translations: for
example, the nonverbal signs for “OK”, “peace”, “come here”, “go away”, “be quiet”, "it’s cold” and
“who me?”
Illustrators. accompany and literally illustrate the oral messages which make communications more
vivid and help to maintain other’s attention. They also help to clarify and intensify messages, such as
saying, “Let’s go up”, while moving the head and perhaps the finger in an upward direction
Affect displays. are body movements which reveal people’s affective, or emotional, state. Facial cues are
the primary way they reveal their feelings nonverbally.

Regulators. monitor, maintain, or control the speaking of another individual. When listening to another,
a person may nod, purse lips, adjust eye focus, and make various paralinguistic sounds such as “mm-
mm” or “tsk”.

Adaptors. are movements that satisfy personal needs and help adapt to the environment. Adaptors may
also be behaviors or objects that are manipulated for purpose. In regular social situations, adaptors
result from uneasiness, anxiety, or a general sense that people are not in control of their surroundings.

Facial Expression. Human facial expressions are one of the most important non-verbal ways to
communicate.  Below are seven universal emotions shown by the face:

Eye gaze. Eye contact, gazing directly into someone’s eyes, is a special type of facial expression. The
study of the role of eyes in nonverbal communication is sometimes referred to as “oculesics.”

Posture. Posture can be used to determine a person’s degree of attention or involvement, the difference
in status between communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator.

CHRONEMICS – study of the role of time in communication. Chronemics can be defined as “the
interrelated observations and theories of man’s use of time as a specialized elaboration of culture” - the
way in which one perceives and values time, structures time, and reacts to time frames communication.
Across cultures, time perception plays a large role in the nonverbal communication process.

HAPTICS – study of touching as nonverbal communication. Touches that can be defined as

communication include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slap, "high-five",
shoulder pat, brushing arm, etc. Each of these give off nonverbal messages as to the touching person's
intentions/feelings.

PARALANGUAGE – study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Things such as tone, pitch, loudness, duration,
intonation and tempo, voice quality, speaking style and speech clarity, and accent can all give off
nonverbal cues.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS – study of physique or body shape. These influential nonverbal cues
emanate from physique or body shape, general attractiveness, body or breath odors, height, weight,
hair color, to skin tone, among others.

ARTIFACTS – objects or things in contact with people that may serve as nonverbal stimuli. Perfume or
scent, clothes, bags, shoes, wigs or hairpieces, lipstick, eye glasses, tattoos or piercings, jewelries, and
other objects worn and used by people.

Lesson 4
Intrapersonal- The Latin prefix intra- means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means
talking to oneself. Some label it as self-talk or inner talk, or inner monologue. Psychologists call it with
other names such as self-verbalization or self-esteem. The sender and receiver is the same person
talking to him/herself.

Interpersonal- As opposed to intra-, the Latin prefix inter- means between, among, and together. An
interactive exchange takes place. Interpersonal communication is a face-to-face interaction between or
among people with the potential of immediate feedback. It is a process of discovering the uniqueness of
another person; it is learning what sets the individual apart from all other individuals. Getting to know
someone makes that person more predictable.

Interpersonal communication is inescapable. “we cannot not communicate.” The very attempt to
communicate tells something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and through gesture,
posture, facial expression, we constantly communicate to those around us. Through these channels, we
constantly receive communication from others. Remember a basic principle of communication, in
general, people are not mind readers. Another way to put it is that people judge you by your behavior,
not your intent.

Interpersonal communication is irreversible. You cannot really take back something once it has been
said. The effect must inevitably remain. A Russian proverb says, “Once a word goes out of your mouth,
you can never swallow it again.”

Interpersonal communication is complicated. No form of communication is simple.

Interpersonal communication is contextual. Communication does not happen in isolation.

Organizational, or group, communication occurs when from three to about fifteen or twenty persons
meet, and by exchanging views, attempt to accomplish some mutually agreed upon task or goal.

Downward communication happens when leaders and managers share information with lower-level
employees. In other words, communication from superiors to subordinates in a chain of command is a
downward communication.

Upward communication is the transmission of information from lower level positions to higher ones;
the most common situation is employees communicating with managers.

Horizontal communication, also called lateral communication, involves the flow of messages between

individuals and groups on the same level of an organization, as opposed to up or down.

External communication happens when an organization communicates with people or organizations

outside the business.

Mass communication are tools or instruments of communication that permit us to record and transmit
information and experiences rapidly to large, scattered, heterogeneous audience.

Public communication is generated by one individual and directed toward an audience.

Intercultural communication is defined as the “sending and receiving of messages across languages and
cultures (Arent, 2009).”

How can you improve your public speaking skills?