Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638

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Thin-Walled Structures
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The shear capacity assessment of steel plate shear walls with peripheral
circular holes
Hadi Valizadeh a ,∗, Bahman Farahmand Azar a , Hedayat Veladi a , Mohammad Reza Sheidaii b
a
Civil Engineering Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
b
Civil Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The behavior of the steel plate shear walls with peripheral perforated web plate was investigated experi-
Steel plate shear wall mentally and numerically. Initially, two samples with a 1:3 scale were constructed. The first specimen was
Peripheral holes considered a conventional steel plate shear wall with a solid web plate, while the second one consisted of eight
Shear strength
circular holes with a diameter of 80 mm on each side. Both samples were tested using a cyclic loading protocol,
Ductility
and the results were compared. The experimental results revealed that the sample with peripheral holes while
Energy dissipation
decreasing the boundary conditions loads behaved about 44% more ductile and presented a 28% greater
damping ratio without significant fracture up to 5% drift. Then, with verification of numerical modeling, a
series of specimens with 60, 80, and 100 mm hole diameter, 0.8, and 1 mm web plate thickness, and various
hole numbers were analyzed using the nonlinear finite element method. Finally, a simple analytical equation
was proposed to estimate the shear strength of the steel plate shear wall with peripheral circular holes as
the percentage of solid web plate. The results of the proposed equation showed acceptable accuracy of the
analytical model.

1. Introduction
Structural engineers have considered conventional steel plate shear
walls (SPSWs) for many years as a lateral load resisting system. This
well-designed structural system has high initial stiffness and high ul-
timate strength along with excellent ductility and energy dissipation
capacity [1]. Thus, AISC 341 Code [2] has devoted one chapter to
the development of seismic design criteria for SPSWs. A conventional
SPSW consists of a web plate (as the primary lateral bearing element),
attached to vertical boundary elements (VBEs) and horizontal boundary
elements (HBEs) [3]. In these types of walls, the development of the
diagonal tension field action on the web plate has the main task of
resisting lateral load [4]. The diagonal tension field causes significant
axial forces and flexural moments in boundaries. Particularly in multi-
story structures, the design of columns with high internal forces is
challenging [5]. The web plate thickness is determined by considering
the design force based on the seismic design provisions of the code [2].
Then, the boundary elements are designed to be elastic under the
maximum force due to the diagonal tension field in the web plate [4].
The thickness of the web plate is often determined based on the factors
other than resistance control, such as installation, implementation, and
welding conditions. This usually results in a thicker web plate that
increases the force transmission to the boundary elements and the
required section size. Thus, various forms of SPSWs such as perforated
SPSWs [6–9], light-gauge SPSWs [10], low yield point SPSWs [11,12],
SPSWs with slits [13,14], and SPSWs with partially connected web
plate [15,16] have been proposed so far to weaken the web plate.
The perforated SPSW has been the most interesting subject to
researchers. In a series of experimental and numerical studies on the
cyclic behavior of perforated shear panels, Sabouri and Robert pro-
𝑉
posed 𝑉𝑜𝑝 = (1 − 𝐷𝑑
) to predict the ultimate strength and initial stiffness
of shear panels with a circular hole in the center of the plate [6]. Where,
𝑉op and V represent the resistance of the perforated plate and the solid
plate, while D and d denote the diameter of the hole and the height of
the panel, respectively. Sabouri later modified the proposed equation
using the ratio of the plate and hole area.
Valizadeh et al. [17] performed a series of finite element analyses,
which showed that panel geometry is one of the effective parameters in
the reduction coefficients of stiffness and strength, which overlooked in
previous research. In 2005, Vian and Bruneau conducted experiments
to evaluate the performance of a perforated steel plate shear wall [8].
They proposed a reduction coefficient to calculate the strength of the
𝑉
steel plate shear wall with a regular hole arrangement ( 𝑉𝑜𝑝 = (1− 𝑆 𝐷 )).
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔
Where, D and 𝑆diag are the hole diameter and the diagonal distance
between each perforation line, respectively (Fig. 1). In 2007, Purba

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: h.valizadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir (H. Valizadeh), b-farahmand@tabrizu.ac.ir (B.F. Azar), hveladi@tabrizu.ac.ir (H. Veladi),
m.sheidaii@urmia.ac.ir (M.R. Sheidaii).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.107638
Received 15 July 2020; Received in revised form 26 November 2020; Accepted 5 March 2021
Available online xxxx
0263-8231/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al. Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638

and Bruneau modified the shear strength coefficient presented by Vian

𝑉
in 𝑉𝑜𝑝 = (1 − 𝛼 𝑆 𝐷 ) by developing finite element analyses [18].
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔
The calibration factor, 𝛼, was considered to be 0.7. Limiting the hole
diameter to less than 60% of the strip width was also suggested to offer
a more accurate estimation of the analytical relationship ( 𝑆 𝐷 ≤ 0.6).
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔
Further, Bhowmick et al. (2014) performed a series of finite element
analyses in the form of single-story frames to estimate the ultimate
strength of SPSWs with circular holes. These researchers proposed
𝑉𝑜𝑝
𝑉
= (1 − 𝛽𝑁𝑟 𝐿 𝐷cos 𝛼
) to evaluate the ultimate strength by examining
𝑝
circular holes with different diameters and arrangement patterns [9].
Where, 𝐿𝑝 , 𝛼, Nr, and 𝛽 are the width of the panel, the angle of the
diagonal tension field, the number of diagonal stripes with the hole,
and the coefficient of correction, respectively. The correction factor of
0.7 was obtained while performing a series of finite element analyses
Fig. 1. Schematic detail of perforation layout [8].
of specimens with different hole arrangements.
Koppal and Eatherton (2013) carried out a series of finite element
analyses on SPSWs with cut-outs [19]. The results showed that by Table 1
Samples geometric specification.
controlling the parameters based on the opening geometry and the
Sample Explanation Thickness Slenderness ratio D D/S
plate thickness, they could obtain a structure with sufficient stiffness
(mm) (L/t) (mm)
(affected by the plate thickness) and reasonable strength (influenced by
SPSW-1 Solid web plate 0.80 1212 – 0.00
the geometry of the openings) to use economical sections as boundary SPSW-2 Plate with peripheral 0.80 1212 80 0.76
elements. circular holes
Valizadeh et al. [20] performed a series of experimental modeling
on the SPSWs with peripheral butterfly-shaped links as a novel lateral
resisting system. Then, the buckling restrainers were investigated to
improve the cyclic behavior and energy dissipation capacity of the slenderness factor (b/t) was 1212. The slenderness ratio (L/t) was
butterfly-shaped Links SPSWs [21]. selected based on laboratory limitations such as the capacity of the
hinged frame, its bolted connection, and rigid truss. In the second
Accordingly, it is observed that the design of conventional SPSWs
specimen, eight circular holes were created on each side of the plate.
following the rules of the code results in the use of a thin web plate that
The hole diameter (D) and center to center hole distance (S) were 80
buckles at small lateral loads, and exhibits severe pinching behavior.
and 105 mm, respectively. The 970 × 970 mm edge-to-edge boundary
Pinching causes a remarkable drop in dissipated energy. On the other
elements were considered as plate dimensions. An L50 × 50 × 5 mm
hand, the thickness of the web plate of SPSWs consumed, especially
angle profile was used to attach the web plate to the boundary elements
in low or medium-rise buildings, is often excessive due to installation
by 𝑎3 corner welding. The web plate was attached to the boundary
and performance conditions. This increases the force exerted to the
elements by sixteen M12 screws of grade 8.8, according to the DIN
boundary elements causing the project to become uneconomical [2].
standard. These screws were pre-tensioned up to 55% of their ultimate
Creating holes is an easy way to reduce the thick plate’s shear strength.
stress. Table 1 reports the geometric properties of the specimens [22].
Moreover, AISC 341 code [2] prefers adding a regular grid of per-
forations to the web plate to reduce the strength. In this study, the
2.2. Test setup and instrumentation
behavior of SPSWs with peripheral circular holes pattern as an infill
plate weakened method is investigated by experimental modelings and
The experimental setup of the SPSW and loading system is shown
numerical analyses. In this type of SPSWs, the middle solid plate supply
in Fig. 2b. Boundary elements of IPE 200 profile strengthened with
elastic stiffness in the system, while the peripheral hole geometry
web stiffener were connected by M30 Grade 8.8 screw. The cyclic load
controls strength and ductility [19]. The plate yielding at the vicinity
was applied to the frame by an actuator with a capacity of 1000 kN.
of peripheral holes in lower drifts increases the ductility and damping
For lateral bracing of the frame, the plate girder attached to the jack
parameters significantly. There is no failure in the bolted connections, was restrained by the lateral truss (Fig. 2b) [22]. The displacement
unlike the conventional SPSWs that makes it more acceptable as a values and their equivalent force were obtained by the load cell and
structural fuse. Hence, finding a simple formula to assess the shear the transducer connected to the actuator. Three Linear Variable Differ-
strength of SPSWs with a particular perforated web plate could be ential Transformers (LVDTs) were also used to measure displacement.
practical for the design approach. First of all, the behavior of a con- LVDT #1 was installed to measure the frame displacement in the
ventional SPSW sample and an SPSW with peripheral circular holes middle of the horizontal boundary element (to control the overall
were compared experimentally. Then, by finite element modeling veri- frame displacement); LVDT #2 was employed to measure the out-of-
fication and developing, an analytical equation is proposed to estimate plane deformation, and LVDT #3 was installed to measure the probable
the shear strength ratio of SPSWs with peripheral circular holes to the displacement of the rigid support truss [22].
SPSWs with a solid plate.
2.3. Material properties and loading protocol
2. Experimental program
The standard tensile coupon test was performed according to ASTM
2.1. Test samples E8 [23]. This specimen was prepared with a 52 mm length gauge and
0.8 mm thickness. An extensometer of 50–60 mm intervals was used
In this study, two laboratory samples of SPSWs with a 1:3 scale to determine the elongation of the specimens up to 2% strain. The
were made and loaded at Urmia University Research Center for Crisis mechanical properties of the sample are listed in Table 2. The displace-
Management (RCCM) to compare the hysteresis behavior and failure ment control loading was applied according to the SAC protocol [24]
modes (Fig. 2a). The first one was a conventional SPSW with a solid to investigate the sample’s cyclic behavior. The displacements started
infill plate (SPSW-1) while the second one was made with peripheral from 0.38% drift values and gradually applied to 5% drifts, as shown
circular holes (SPSW-2). The thickness of both was 0.8 mm, and the in Fig. 3.

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H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al.
Fig. 2. Experimental setup; (a) Details of specimens; (b) loading system [22].
Fig. 3. Displacement history according to SAC protocol.
Table 2
Mechanical properties of the material.
Sample Thickness Modulus of elasticity
(mm) (GPa)
Coupon 01 0.8 200
2.4. Samples behavior
In the SPSW-1 sample, the global buckling of the web plate in the
first mode was observed in the cycles of 0.38% drift. The equivalent
plate buckling force derived from theoretical equations is about 1
kN [7], which is far lower than the plate capacity at 0.38% drift (about
5 kN). Thus, in the initial loading cycles, the plate was buckled, and
a diagonal tension field was created in the panel. Despite the square
shape of the panel, the angle of the tension field was 53 degrees
(Fig. 4a). Then, by increasing drift, the diagonal tension field was
expanded throughout the web plate. During the loading process, the
slip began earlier and more severe in the plate connection to the
boundary on the rigid truss side. Hence, the screws were tightened
again in the 2% drift. After a 4% drift, the diagonal tension field in
the web plate was generated with five waves (one wave in the primary
diameter and at least two sub-waves on each side) (Fig. 4b). At the end
of loading, severe bearing, cracking, and fracture of the screw joints
were observed (Fig. 4c).
In the SPSW-2 sample, as loading started, the web plate global
buckling was observed at 0.38% drift (Fig. 5a). At the beginning of
loading, the plate was folded at the corners. As the loading continued
Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638
Poisson Yielding stress Ultimate stress Tensile elongation
ratio (MPa) (MPa) (%)
0.3 383 523 27.9
in the end cycles of 0.38% drift, the compressive buckling of the links
between holes was seen on the rigid truss side (Fig. 5b). By increasing
the displacement, close to 1% drift, the lateral–torsional buckling of the
links began (Fig. 5c). Given the initiation of lateral–torsional buckling,
the shape of the circular holes gradually became oval, and the links
between the holes acted in tension mode. Fig. 5d shows the crack
initiation position at the 5% drift. The link failure at the end of the
loading is evident in Fig. 5e. Finally, Fig. 6 illustrates the hysteresis
curves of the laboratory samples.
2.5. Discussion of test results
In the SPSW-1 specimen, despite the square shape of the panel, the
tension field angle in the main diameter was higher than 45 degrees
(Fig. 4a), which was affected by the slip of the rigid support connection.
In spite of the slippage of the connectors, the diagonal tension field
on the entire web plate was created up to 4% drift (Fig. 4b). The
failure severity of the bolted joints was remarkable in the corners,
especially on the rigid support side (Fig. 4c). Examination of the
hysteresis curve of the SPSW-1 sample showed severe pinching caused
by plate slenderness and slippage of connections (Fig. 6). In the SPSW-2
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H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al.
Fig. 4. Buckling and the diagonal tension field action: (a) diagonal buckling in 0.38% drift; (b) development of the tension field at 5% drift; (c) bearing and fracture in bolted
connection [20,22].
Fig. 5. The behavior of SPSW-2 specimen during loading: (a) Overall plate buckling at 0.38% drift; (b) Compressive buckling of the links in the last 0.38% drift cycle; (c) Starting
lateral–torsional buckling at drift 1%; (d) Tension mode of links and crack start position at 5% drift; (e) Crack initiation of the link [22].
sample with increasing displacement and starting the lateral–torsional
buckling of the links, the plate yielding was concentrated in the links,
and the diagonal tension field did not develop in the middle plate.
Unlike the SPSW-1 sample, the SPSW-2 did not show any failure in the
bolted connections that make it more acceptable as a structural fuse.
However, cracking was initiated and extended at one of the links at
5% drift, with no strength degradation in the hysteresis diagram until
the end of loading. In this sample, the pinching was also observed in the
hysteresis curve concerning the plate slenderness (Fig. 6). The strength
degradation in the second cycle of each drift at the post-yielding stage
in conventional (SPSW-1) and SPSWs with peripheral holes (SPSW-2)
can be seen. This phenomenon occurs when the web plate’s yielding
and plastic displacement happens due to diagonal tension field action
or in links due to tension stress. Therefore, SPSW during unloading and
reloading in the second cycle at the same drift cannot achieve former
strength. But in the next cycle with greater drift, tension fields can
develop again, and shear strength increases up to fracture mechanism.
This phenomenon in SPSWs with a hinged frame is more apparent [25].
In the SPSW-1 sample, strength degradation at the second cycle of drift
5% intensifies because of undesirable crack initiation at the welded
connection of laboratory set up (Fig. 7). Therefore, the loading process
was ceased.
2.5.1. Stiffness and strength
The stiffness of structures is one of the most fundamental parameters
in their elastic design. The structure must have a specific stiffness to
prevent damage due to the large deformations and to reduce the P-𝛥
effects. Fig. 5 reveals the ideal bilinear curve along with the load–
displacement diagram of the laboratory specimens, according to FEMA
4
Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638
356 [26], based on the equivalent energy method. According to the
definition of the equivalent energy curve, the area under the load–
displacement curve (backbone curve) and the bilinear curve must be
equal (Fig. 6). The stiffness is obtained from the ideal bilinear curve by
Eq. (1):
𝑉𝑦
𝑘= (1)
𝛥𝑦
where, 𝑉y and 𝛥y are the forces equivalent to yielding and the yielding
displacement, respectively. The ultimate strength is obtained directly
from the hysteresis curve at the 5% drift, which is equal to the max-
imum load the specimen could tolerate during loading cycles. Also,
the equivalent strength of the yield is extracted from the ideal bilinear
curve (Fig. 8). The results of the elastic stiffness and strength of the
samples are presented in Table 3.
As mentioned, the stiffness is a factor to control the drift. The
results show that by creating holes in the SPSW-2, the elastic stiffness
has decreased by about 45%. Also, the secondary stiffness of the
specimens has diminished by 66%. The yield and ultimate strengths
in the conventional SPSW sample (SPSW-1) indicate a 69% increase
after the yielding. In SPSW-2, the yield and ultimate strengths show
a 51% growth after the yielding point. Strength controls the size of
the boundary elements. According to the results of Table 3, with the
creation of peripheral circular holes, the yield and ultimate strength
have dropped by 61 and 65, respectively. The inability to develop the
diagonal tension field in the web plate of the SPSW-2 sample caused
a severe drop in stiffness and strength of the specimen with peripheral
holes.
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al. Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638

Table 3
Stiffness and strength results.
Sample Elastic stiffness (kN/mm) Post yielding stiffness (kN/mm) Yield strength (kN) Ultimate strength (kN)
Neg. cycles Pos. cycles Neg. cycles Pos. cycles Neg. cycles Pos. cycles Neg. cycles Pos. cycles
2.45 2.65 2.28 2.25 79.8 75.2 133.7 128.7
SPSW-1
2.55 2.26 77.50 131.2
1.30 1.48 0.73 0.82 29.9 30.2 43.1 47.7
SPSW-2
1.40 0.77 30.05 45.40

Fig. 6. The hysteresis curve of the samples along with the ideal bilinear curve.

Fig. 7. Crack initiation in the frame to truss welded connection [22]. Fig. 8. Drawing a bilinear curve by FEMA 356.

2.5.2. Ductility and energy dissipation
The capacity of a structure to endure the displacement after initial
yielding without a decrease in the ultimate strength or failure is defined
as ductility. The displacement ductility is obtained with the ideal
bilinear curve, according to Eq. (2):
𝛥𝑢
𝜇=
𝛥𝑦
where, 𝛥u is the maximum plastic displacement, and 𝛥y is the yield
displacement of the structure (Fig. 8). The ductility of the samples
has been defined based on the results obtained from the ideal bilinear
load–displacement curve and presented in Table 4. The displacement
ductility values of the SPSW-1 and SPSW-2 samples were 1.88 and
2.71, respectively. Then, the sample with peripheral holes showed
44.1% higher ductility. As mentioned, this sample experienced yielding
around the holes at lower displacement, which significantly increased
the ductility parameter.
The enclosed area of each hysteresis loop shows the dissipated
(2) energy during the loading. Table 5 reports the dissipated energy at 1%–
5% drift as well as the cumulative dissipated energy of the specimens
at the end of loading. As can be seen, the dissipated energy values
of the SPSW-2 up to 1.5% drift are higher than those of the SPSW-
1. However, when displacement increased by more than 2% drift the
diagonal tension field developed in the whole web plate, and the

5
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al. Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638

Table 4
Ductility results.
Sample Yield Dis. (mm) Ultimate Dis. (mm) Dis. ductility Average ductility
Neg. cycles Pos. cycles Neg. cycles Pos. cycles Neg. cycles Pos. cycles
SPSW-1 32.8 28.3 58.4 57.1 1.77 2.00 1.88
SPSW-2 22.9 20.3 58.7 58.2 2.56 2.87 2.71

Table 5
Dissipated energy results.
Sample Dissipated energy (kN mm) Cumulative dissipated energy
Drift 1% Drift 1.5% Drift 2% Drift 3% Drift 4% Drift 5%
SPSW-1 85.45 297 663.03 1467.59 3125.03 5213.86 10 851.96
SPSW-2 127.81 303.96 475.78 918.56 1282.88 1471.12 4580.11

Table 6
Cumulative viscous damping results of laboratory samples.
Drift SPSW-1 SPSW-2
𝐸𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠 (kN mm) 𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜 (kN mm) 𝜁𝑒𝑞 𝐸𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠 (kN mm) 𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜 (kN mm) 𝜁𝑒𝑞
1% 85.45 204.66 0.0332 127.81 103.66 0.0982
1.5% 297.00 422.80 0.0559 303.96 222.78 0.1086
2% 663.03 687.80 0.0768 475.78 347.36 0.1091
3% 1467.59 1551.20 0.0753 918.56 684.41 0.1069
4% 3125.03 2398.41 0.1037 1282.88 1042.75 0.0980
5% 5213.86 3252.16 0.1276 1471.12 1389.20 0.0843
AVG 0.0780 0.1000

energy absorption of the SPSW-1 rose significantly. The initiation of

meaningful energy dissipation at low drifts indicates early yield around
the holes.
At the end of the loading, the cumulative dissipated energy of
the SPSW-1 and the SPSW-2 were 10 856.96 and 4580.11 kN mm,
respectively, representing a notable amount of 137% more energy
dissipation.

2.5.3. Equivalent viscous damping

The viscous damping ratio, according to Eq. (3), is derived from two
parts [27]:

𝜁𝑒𝑞 = 𝜁0 + 𝜁ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡 (3)

where, 𝜁0 and 𝜁hyst , are the initial damping in the elastic region and the
equivalent viscous damping ratio respectively indicating the dissipation
caused by the hysteretic behavior. The value of 𝜁hyst is obtained from
Eq. (4) [27,28].
1 𝐸𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠
𝜁ℎ𝑦𝑠 =
4𝜋 𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜
where, 𝐸Diss is the area of the hysteresis loops and 𝐸Sto represents the
strain energy (Fig. 9). Table 6 reports the viscous damping values for
each drift and the average viscous damping value. The results show the
early yielding mechanism and more energy dissipation in the sample
with peripheral holes up to a 3% drift. However, the viscous damping
in SPSW-2 has decreased at 4 and 5% drifts due to the reduction of
strength in unloading stages. Afterward, the average viscous damping
for the SPSW-1 sample is 7.8%, and for the SPSW-2 is 10%, indicating
a 28% increase over the conventional SPSW. The plumpness of the
hysteresis loop is effective on the equivalent viscous damping results.
Thus, contrary to the result of cumulative dissipated energy (Table 5),
the average viscous damping ratio of SPSW-2 is higher than that of
SPSW-1 (Table 6).
3. Numerical investigation
3.1. Finite element modeling verification
ABAQUS finite element software was used to simulate the labora-
tory samples [29]. Web plate and boundary elements were modeled
(4)
Fig. 9. Viscous damping parameters.
in software using the S4R shell element, which is a two-curved, four-
node element with reduced integration, with each node of the element
having six degrees of freedom (three transitions and three rotations).
According to the laboratory conditions, Coupling Constraint with the
only rotational degree of freedom on the 𝑧-axis (out-of-plane axis) was
modeled at the connection of boundary elements. Also, the upper beam
was restrained in the out-of-plane direction.
A bilinear material model with the kinematic hardening based
on the true stress–strain relationships was defined to consider the
Bauschinger effect of the steel material under cyclic loading. The
Young’s modulus of 200 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 for all the
steel components were selected. The yield and ultimate stresses were
considered according to the results of the tensile test (Table 2). Von-
Mises yield criterion was used to simulate the plastic deformation,
while low-cycle fatigue and fracture were not considered in the nu-
merical modeling. Cyclic loading was applied to the upper beam of the
specimens. First, linear buckling analysis was performed to extract plate

6
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al.
Table 7
Comparison of strength values of experimental and numerical results.
Sample Experimental
Elastic stiffness
(kN/mm)
SPSW-1 2.55
SPSW-2 1.40
Fig. 10. Translator element configuration [28].
buckling modes, and then the nonlinear cyclic analysis was performed
with dynamic implicit solver. Initial imperfection was performed under
the first-order buckling mode of the web plate with a maximum out-
of-plane displacement of h/1000 as the amplitude (h is the height of
the web plate) [30]. The maximum mesh size was considered 25 mm,
and in the specimen with peripheral holes, a finer mesh size was used
around the holes because of the stress concentration. For modeling the
slippage in the plate to boundaries bolted connection, the application
of Axial Connector with linear behavior was investigated [31]. In this
study, the Translator Connector (with available U1 and constrained
U2, U3, UR1, UR2, and UR3 degrees of freedom [29]) was used with
a linear stiffness due to the reliable performance in unloading cycles
Fig. 11. Comparison of experimental and numerical hysteresis curves: (a) SPSW-1; (b) SPSW-2.
Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638
Numerical
Ultimate strength Elastic stiffness Ultimate strength
(kN) (kN/mm) (kN)
131.20 3.07 136.10
45.40 2.09 49.80
(Fig. 10). The connector stiffness of 1000 kN/mm was obtained via the
trial-and-error method based on the experimental results. Use of the
linear springs instead of the Tie constraint reduced the elastic stiffness
and caused the convergence of the elastic stiffness and ultimate strength
results of numerical and experimental modeling. Fig. 11 compares the
hysteresis curve of laboratory samples and numerical modeling.
The elastic stiffness and ultimate strength of the specimens were
compared with the experimental results to evaluate the accuracy of
the numerical modeling (Table 7). As seen, the stiffness of the SPSW-1
specimen, obtained from the experimental results and numerical mod-
eling, is 2.55 and 3.07 kN/mm. Also, the stiffness results in the SPSW-2
specimen are 1.4 and 2.09 kN/mm. Further, according to experimental
and numerical modeling results, the ultimate strengths of the SPSW-1
were 131.20 and 136.10 kN, and in the SPSW-2, the ultimate strengths
were 45.40 and 49.80 kN, respectively. As observed, unlike the elastic
stiffness results, the difference between the ultimate strength of the
specimens obtained from the experimental and numerical results is 4
and 9% for SPSW-1 and SPSW-2.
Although the elastic stiffness of the SPSWs is significantly affected
by the infill plate initial imperfections [31], The ultimate strength of
the SPSWs derived from diagonal tension field action or other plastic
mechanisms is less affected by initial imperfections. The main aim
of the numerical modeling is to assess the shear capacity of SPSWs
with peripheral holes. Therefore, the samples’ ultimate capacity can
be considered the acceptance criteria of numerical modeling [32].
The slight differences between the ultimate strength of numerical and
experimental results could be due to the simplification of material
properties.
3.2. Fracture strain
The actual failure strain, 𝜀f , (Eq. (5)) can be defined based on the
initial cross-section (𝐴0 ) and the post-failure cross-section (𝐴f ) of the
7
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al. Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638

Fig. 12. Failure position in the web plate obtained by numerical analysis.

Table 8
Failure strain characteristics of web plate material [22].
Sample 𝐴𝑜 (mm2 ) 𝐴𝑓 (mm2 ) True fracture strain (%)
Coupon 01 9.84 5.69 54.62

tensile test specimen [33]:

𝐴𝑜
𝜀𝑓 = 𝐿𝑛( ) (5)
𝐴𝑓
This parameter shows the maximum actual strain value tolerated by the
steel plate before failure. Table 8 reports the failure strain value of the
web plate at 54.62% [22]. The standard ASTM E8 [23] criteria were
used to calculate the cross-sectional area of the post-failure tensile test
specimen.
To investigate the potential failure situations of the specimens, the
values of equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) obtained from ABAQUS finite
element software were compared with the plate failure strain value
(Eq. (5)). According to Eq. (6), the equivalent plastic strain, 𝑡+𝛥𝑡 𝑒𝑝 ,
represents the accumulated plastic damage [34]. Values greater than
zero for PEEQ indicate the initiation of plastic displacement in the
element.
𝑡+𝛥𝑡
√( )
𝑡+𝛥𝑡 𝑝 2 𝑝 𝑝
𝑒 = 𝑑𝑒 .𝑑𝑒 (6)
∫0 3
Fig. 13. Schematic detail of eliminated diagonal strip.
where, 𝑑𝑒𝑝 is the development of plastic strain. Fig. 12 depicts the PEEQ
values for SPSW-1 and SPSW-2 numeric specimens at the end of the
cyclic loading. The maximum PEEQ in the first one was about 0.49
and less than the failure strain. However, the failure of the SPSW-1 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 , the capacity of the perforated plate is calculated using Eq. (8) [9]:
experimental model was observed in bolted connections, which was
not considered in the numerical modeling. The maximum PEEQ in 𝑉𝑜𝑝 = 0.5 𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 sin(2𝛼) (8)
the perforated specimen occurred around the holes and above the
failure strain value. In Fig. 12, elements with plastic strain greater than According to Fig. 13 by eliminating the diagonal strips at the holes
0.54 were removed to determine the probable location of the failure situation, for the hole numbers (𝑁r ) in the square panel side, the 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 is
initiation. It is observed that the plate failure in the SPSW-2 laboratory obtained by Eq. (9):
sample is comparable to the predicted position by ABAQUS software. 𝑁𝑟 𝐷
𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 = 𝐿𝐶𝐿 − (9)
cos 𝛼
4. Analytical formulization
The angle of the diagonal tension field (𝛼) is considered 45◦ because
of the square shape of the web plate (𝛼 = 44◦ , according to AISC
The plastic yield strength of a plate loaded in shear with rigid
341-16 [2]). Thus, the strength ratio of the square web plate with
boundary elements, the hinged connections of the boundary elements, 𝑉
peripheral circular holes to the solid plate strength, 𝑉𝑜𝑝 is calculated
and the angle of diagonal tension field (𝛼) is calculated by Eq. (7) [35]: 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙
as 𝐿𝐶𝐿
according to Eq. (10):
( )
𝑉 = 0.5 𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐿𝑐𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝛼) (7) 𝑉𝑜𝑝 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 𝑁𝑟 𝐷
= = 1−𝛽 (10)
where, 𝐹y , 𝑡w , and 𝐿cl are the plate yield stress, plate thickness, and 𝑉 𝐿𝐶𝐿 cos 𝛼𝐿𝐶𝐿
spacing between the columns, respectively. For the infill plate with reg- where D, 𝐿cl , 𝑁r , and 𝛽 represent the diameter of the hole, the clear
ular pattern holes, by modifying the clear distance between columns, distance between the columns, the number of eliminated diagonal

8
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al.
Fig. 14. Von Mises stress distribution in web plate (specimens with D = 80 mm and t = 0.8 mm).
Fig. 15. Force–displacement curve of numerical specimens with 0.8 mm thickness: (a) D = 60 mm; (b) D = 80 mm; (c) D = 100 mm.
strips (hole numbers on each side), and the suggested correction factor,
respectively. 𝛽 factor is calibrated by the numeric analysis of a series
of single-storey SPSWs.
4.1. Calibration process
In this section, the accuracy of the proposed analytical equation
(Eq. (10)) was evaluated to predict the shear strength of SPSWs with
peripheral circular holes. A series of square-shaped specimens with the
hole diameter of 60, 80, and 100 mm and the hole numbers of 3 to 8
per panel side were analyzed to calibrate the 𝛽 factor. The samples were
modeled with two different plate thicknesses equal to 0.8 (L/t = 1212)
and 1 mm (L/t = 970), with the mechanical properties considered the
same as the laboratory samples. The nonlinear monotonic analysis was
used to compare these numerical specimens. Fig. 14 reveals the Von
Mises stress distribution of the specimens with an 80 mm hole diameter
and 0.8 mm thickness. It is observed that by increasing the number of
holes, the performance of the plate changes from the diagonal tension
9
Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638
field through the web plate to the concentrated yielding around the
holes. Elimination of the steel in the hole places and the lack of the
diagonal tension field in the infill plate causes a significant loss of
stiffness and strength. The increase of holes diameter intensifies this
matter (Fig. 15).
Fig. 15 compares the load–displacement curve of numerical speci-
mens with 60, 80, and 100 mm hole diameters and 0.8 mm thickness.
By creating peripheral holes, the ultimate strength of the web plate is
reduced, where the increase of the number and diameter of the holes
intensifies the reduction of value. Fig. 16 evaluates the 𝛽 factor for
the specimens by comparing the results of the numerical analysis. The
median of the 𝛽 parameter for the specimens with 0.8 mm thickness
of the web plate and hole diameter of 60, 80, and 100 mm was
0.55, 0.60, and 0.63, respectively. This value for the specimens with
1 mm thickness was 0.55, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. By comparing
the difference of the specimen’s strength ratio derived from numerical
analysis, and the strength taken from the proposed equation (Eq. (10)),
𝛽 factor equal to 0.6 was determined. Subsequently, 𝛽 equal to 0.7
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al. Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638

Table 9
The analytical and numerical result for samples with 0.8 mm thickness.
# Sample 𝑁𝑟 D/S 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 (Eq. (9)) 𝑉𝑝 (Eq. (8)) 𝑉𝑜𝑝 /V𝑝 𝑉𝑝 (FEA) 𝑉𝑜𝑝 /V𝑝 Difference
ID (mm) (kN) (Eq. (10)) (kN) (FEA) (%)
1 FULL 0 0.00 970.00 148.60 1.00 136.10 1.00 0.00
2 a R603 3 0.16 791.78 121.30 0.82 123.28 0.91 −9.00
3 R604 4 0.24 732.38 112.20 0.76 115.75 0.85 −9.00
4 R605 5 0.33 672.97 103.10 0.69 105.29 0.77 −8.00
5 R606 6 0.41 613.56 94.00 0.63 94.15 0.69 −6.00
6 R607 7 0.49 554.16 84.90 0.57 85.70 0.63 −6.00
7 R608 8 0.57 494.75 75.80 0.51 76.12 0.56 −5.00
8 R803 3 0.22 732.38 112.20 0.76 116.93 0.86 −10.00
9 R804 4 0.33 653.17 100.07 0.67 104.30 0.77 −10.00
10 R805 5 0.44 573.96 87.93 0.59 90.70 0.67 −8.00
11 R806 6 0.54 494.75 75.80 0.51 77.50 0.57 −6.00
12 R807 7 0.65 415.54 63.66 0.43 64.66 0.48 −5.00
13 R808 8 0.76 336.34 51.53 0.35 49.80 0.37 −2.00
14 R1003 3 0.27 672.97 103.10 0.69 109.31 0.80 −11.00
15 R1004 4 0.41 573.96 87.93 0.59 94.22 0.68 −9.00
16 R1005 5 0.54 474.95 72.76 0.49 72.45 0.53 −4.00
17 R1006 6 0.68 375.94 57.59 0.39 55.73 0.41 −2.00
18 R1007 7 0.82 276.93 42.43 0.29 38.03 0.29 0.00
a
R603, means sample with D = 60 mm and three holes at each side.

Table 10
The analytical and numerical result for samples with 1 mm thickness.
# Sample 𝑁𝑟 D/S 𝐿∗𝑐𝑙 (Eq. (9)) 𝑉𝑝 (Eq. (8)) 𝑉𝑜𝑝 /V𝑝 𝑉𝑝 (FEA) 𝑉𝑜𝑝 /V𝑝 Difference
ID (mm) (kN) (Eq. (10)) (kN) (FEA) (%)
19 FULL 0 0.00 970.00 185.76 1.00 177.56 1.00 0.00
20 R603 3 0.16 791.78 151.63 0.82 162.75 0.92 −10.00
21 R604 4 0.24 732.38 140.25 0.76 148.69 0.84 −8.00
22 R605 5 0.33 672.97 128.87 0.69 136.36 0.77 −7.00
23 R606 6 0.41 613.56 117.50 0.63 123.69 0.70 −6.00
24 R607 7 0.49 554.16 106.12 0.57 108.57 0.61 −4.00
25 R608 8 0.57 494.75 94.75 0.51 97.94 0.55 −4.00
26 R803 3 0.22 732.38 140.25 0.76 151.30 0.85 −10.00
27 R804 4 0.33 653.17 125.08 0.67 135.07 0.76 −9.00
28 R805 5 0.44 573.96 109.91 0.59 118.07 0.66 −7.00
29 R806 6 0.54 494.75 94.75 0.51 101.64 0.57 −6.00
30 R807 7 0.65 415.54 79.58 0.43 82.49 0.46 −4.00
31 R808 8 0.76 336.34 64.41 0.35 66.16 0.37 −3.00
32 R1003 3 0.27 672.97 128.87 0.69 132.21 0.74 −5.00
33 R1004 4 0.41 573.96 109.91 0.59 120.18 0.68 −9.00
34 R1005 5 0.54 474.95 90.95 0.49 97.25 0.55 −6.00
35 R1006 6 0.68 375.94 71.99 0.39 72.49 0.41 −2.00
36 R1007 7 0.82 276.93 53.03 0.29 50.80 0.29 0.00

was recommended to estimate the strength ratio of the specimens with

peripheral circular holes to the solid web plate (𝑉op /V) conservatively
and satisfy the boundary conditions.
Tables 9 and 10 compare the proposed analytical equation with
the results of nonlinear numerical analysis of specimens with hole
diameters of 60, 80, and 100 mm and 0.8 mm and 1 mm thicknesses.
The last column of the table has presented the difference of strength
ratio (𝑉op /V) of the proposed equation with finite element results in
percentage. As observed, the differences in the results with the 𝛽 factor
equal to 0.7 are between −10 to 0% for both 0.8 and 1 mm plate
thicknesses. The negative sign indicates the conservative prediction
of strength. By examining the D/S ratio of the specimens (D, the
diameter of hole and S, the center-to-center distance of the holes), it is
observed that the proposed analytical procedure is efficient and reliable
to evaluate the strength of the specimens with peripheral circular holes,
for ratios (0.4 < D/S < 0.7).
As mentioned earlier, by decreasing the hole distance, the load-
bearing performance of the web plate changes from the development
of the diagonal tension field over the plate to the lateral–torsional
buckling and the tension field at the links. This causes the accumulation Fig. 16. Evaluation of 𝛽 factor.
of plastic strain and probable failures within the links. However, the
fracture initiation is observed in the perforated experimental sample
(SPSW-2) at 5%drift and did not affect the strength degradation. with acceptable accuracy. The strength ratio of the laboratory samples
As illustrated, Eq. (10) can predict the strength of square panels
with the peripheral circular holes as a percentage of solid web plate (𝑉op /V = 0.35 or 35%) was compared with the result of the proposed

10
H. Valizadeh, B.F. Azar, H. Veladi et al.
equation for the R808 specimen to investigate the accuracy of the
proposed reduction coefficient. The analytical formula has predicted
the strength of the SPSW with peripheral circular holes 35% of the
solid plate strength, which shows conformity between the analytical
and experimental results.
5. Conclusion
In the present study, two laboratory samples were constructed and
loaded to investigate the cyclic behavior of the SPSW with peripheral
circular holes. Then, via finite element modeling validation, the impact
of the peripheral holes was investigated on the shear capacity. Finally,
an analytical equation was proposed to estimate the strength of the
studied structure. The results are summarized as follows:
The elastic stiffness, post yielding stiffness, and ultimate strength
of the SPSW-2 sample with the peripheral circular holes were 55, 34,
and 35% of the sample with a solid plate (SPSW-1). Mitigated ulti-
mate strength decreased the forces conveyed to the boundary elements
causing an economical design.
The yielding expansion around the holes in the SPSW-2 sample
occurred more quickly than the plate yielding at the diagonal tension
field in SPSW-1. The examination of samples’ ductility showed that the
sample with peripheral holes was 44.1% more ductile due to the early
yielding around the holes.
Despite the significant energy dissipation of the specimen with holes
(SPSW-2) at lower drifts, considering the earlier yielding, the dissipated
energy of the SPSW-1 rose in upper drifts. Furthermore, the cumulative
dissipated energy of the SPSW-1 at the end of the loading showed a
significant increase of 137% compared to the SPSW-2. Note that the
samples’ dissipated energy was calculated and compared up to a 5%
drift. Practically, the lateral drift of structures was induced regarding
the system’s specification.
The average viscous damping of the SPSW-1 and SPSW-2 sample
was 7.8 and 10% indicating a 28% increase. The plumpness of the
hysteresis loop affects the equivalent viscous damping results. Then,
contrary to the result of cumulative dissipated energy, the average
viscous damping ratio of SPSW-2 was higher than that of SPSW-1.
The SPSW-2 sample did not show any failure in the bolted connec-
tions, unlike the SPSW-1. However, cracking started in one link at the
5% drift, with no strength degradation in the hysteresis diagram until
the end of loading.
Proposing a formula to assess the shear strength of SPSWs with
the peripheral circular holes is beneficial for the design approach.
Then, Eq. (10) was proposed to determine the shear capacity of square
panels with peripheral circular holes as a percentage of solid web
plate accurately. By developing the numerical results, the 𝛽 factor
was recommended as 0.7. Additionally, the ratio of hole diameter to
the spacing was proposed between 0.4 to 0.7 (0.4 < D/S < 0.7) to
obtain reasonable values of the strength ratio. It is noticed that the
proposed shear strength equation for SPSW with peripheral circular
holes has been derived based on the analysis of a limited number of
experimental and numerical models. It is suggested that the proposed
formula be re-evaluated with more study on SPSWs with a wider variety
of parameters.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published.
11
Thin-Walled Structures 163 (2021) 107638
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