Mussie TT

ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND THECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT ONE
TITLE: PRESSURE VESSELE
PREPARED BY; MUSSIE TILAHUN
ID NO; RU0517/12
SUBMITTED TO INSTRUCTOR:DESALEGN A.
SUBMISSION DATE:29/05/2015 E.C
ASSOSA, ETHIOPIA
DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL 2015
Fig 1.1 sample of Bracket support pressure vessel
ACKNOLODGMENT
First of all I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my almighty GOD for his
unrestricted power and grace on doing the design. Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the
support and encouragement from a number of people in this effort. Many individuals contribute
their knowledge and ideas for the accomplishment of this project work, then primarily I would
like to express my great gratitude to my instructor Mr. DESALEGN.A, For his great effort and
contribution to help us to did our project by giving different helpful material that I need for my
project and gave us guidelines on the way how to handle this basic and essential project. Beside
of this he has shown a great enthusiast in order to give us the desired knowledge and finally we
get a better knowledge even better than last year students.
DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 2

ABSTRACT
This project paper is based on the ASME (American society of mechanical engineering) section
VIII Division 2. It deals with introduction, classification, different component of the pressure
vessels. Pressure vessel is the most important and mainly occurs in the worlds of different
containers and a horizontal pressure vessel component full designed to contain the medium
paraffin oil with design pressure of 0.25Mpa and with bottom leg. According to qualitative
studying, mechanical specifications such as dimensions, temperature and weight and also the
dimensions of foundation must determine after selection of proper materials for each component
of pressure vessel. The analysis will be done and the stress set up (induced) in the body of the
vessel will be determined and then compared to the allowable values of the selected
material .This project done through each detailed component of pressure vessel and it is
incorporates a detailed design procedure of pressure vessel. Specifically it deals with, a vessel
which can hold or store paraffin oil and its numerical analysis of different component of pressure
vessel; some of those are shell, head, flange, manhole, plates etc.
Table of Contents
ACKNOLODGMENT..........................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................3
NOMENCLATURES AND ABBREVIATION.................................................................................................4
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION TO PRESSURE VESSLE....................................................................................................6
1.1 overview of pressure vessel..........................................................................................................6
1.2 Background for Pressure Vessel....................................................................................................7
1.3 Problem Statement......................................................................................................................7
1.4 Purpose of pressure vessel...........................................................................................................8
1.5 Objective......................................................................................................................................8
1.5.1 General objective...................................................................................................................8
1.5.2 Specific objective...................................................................................................................8
1.6 scopes...........................................................................................................................................9
1.7 Classification of pressure vessel....................................................................................................9
1.7.1 According to dimension.........................................................................................................9
1.7.2 According to end construction.............................................................................................9

1.7.3 According to geometrical shape...........................................................................................10

1.7.4 According to material...........................................................................................................11
1.7.5 According to the position arrangement................................................................................11
1.8 Design criteria.............................................................................................................................12
1.9 Design loads................................................................................................................................13
1.10. Main Components of Pressure Vessel......................................................................................13
1.11 Determining The Diameter And Length Of A Pressure Vessel....................................................19
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................................21
MATERIAL SELECTION...........................................................................................................................21
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................21
2.2 Material Selection Factors..........................................................................................................21
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................30
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL...............................................................................................................30
3.1 DESIGN OF SHELL WALL THICKNESS............................................................................................30
3. 2 Review different type of head....................................................................................................33
3.3 Calculation On Required Head Thickness....................................................................................35
3.4 Selection of Flange Based On the Temperature and Pressure Rating..........................................36
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................48
N0ZZLE DESIGN.....................................................................................................................................48
4. INTRODUCTIONS...........................................................................................................................48
4.1 Calculating Wall Thickness of the Nozzle....................................................................................48
4.2 Reinforcement of Opening..........................................................................................................49
4.3 Design Of Manhole Or Inspection...............................................................................................51
4.3.1. Dimensions for manhole.....................................................................................................52
4.3.2. Design of cover plate for manhole......................................................................................52
4.4 Design of bolts............................................................................................................................53
4.5 Support Design And Checking Of Pressure Vessel......................................................................53
4.6 Fabrication and Welding Method...............................................................................................64
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................65
Recommendation.................................................................................................................................66
REFERENCE BOOKS...............................................................................................................................67

NOMENCLATURES AND ABBREVIATION

T: design temperature, °C
P=design pressure, or maximum an allowable working Pressure welded -joint efficiency
C: corrosion allowance, mm
Di: inside diameter of the vessel, mm
Do: outside diameter of the vessel, mm
Ri: inside radius of the vessel, mm
Ro: outside radius of the vessel, mm
S: maximum allowable stress, kg/cmA2
E: Joint efficiency, %
tn: minimum thickness provided for the nozzle, mm
N: Number of bolts
Ba: required area of one bolt, mm
I: width of the base plate, mm
t = minimum required thickness of the shell exclusively of Corrosion allowance
S=maximum allowable design stress
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
ASNT: American Society for Nondestructive Testing
Design Specifications
type of pressure vessel , Vertical
Medium, Paraffin oil

Type of support , Supporting bracket
Inner service pressure , p= 25Mpa
The maximum service temperature, T= 350℃.
nominal volume, v= 2.5m 3
Two longitudinal pipe with, 1lateral D= 65mm.
support discharge nominal diameter , D= 25mm.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO PRESSURE VESSLE

1.1 overview of pressure vessel
Vessel: a container or structural envelop in which materials are proposed, treated, or stored.
Pressure vessel: is container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure. A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold
gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure. There is no strict definition of
what constitutes a pressure vessel, but it is generally accepted that any closed vessel over 150
mm diameter subject to a pressure difference of more than 0.5 bars should be designed as a
pressure vessel. A metal container generally cylindrical or spherical capable of withstanding
various loadings. This pressure may be obtained from an external source or by the application of
the heat from a direct source as a result of a process, or any combination.
The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel in case of steam
boiler or it may combine with other reagent as in chemical reaction provide a temperature and
pressure control environment.
Vessel tanks and pipe lines that carry store or receive fluids are called pressure vessel. A
pressure vessel is designed as a container with a pressure deferential between inside and
outside. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside .The exception is for some isolated
situation for the fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam
boiler or may combine with other regents as in the case of chemical reactor.
Pressure vessels often have combination of high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids
highly radioactive materials because of such hazards it is imperatives that the design be such that
no linkage can occur. In addition this vessels have designed carefully to cope with the operating
temperatures are pressure .It should be born in mind that the rupture of a pressure vessel has a
potential to cause extensive physical injury, and property change.

The pressure differential is dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of
pressure vessel development and operation consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture,
and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons,
the definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country, but involves parameters such
as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, and are engineered with a safety factor,
corrosion allowance, minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture), and
involve nondestructive testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests, usually
involving water, also known as a hydro test, but could be pneumatically tested involving air or
another gas.
1.2 Background for Pressure Vessel

Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to enact
rule and regulations regarding the construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels
following several catastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century
that resulted in large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and users of
boilers and pressure vessels that the lack of uniformity in these regulations between states
made it difficult to construct vessels.
Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in the spring of 1915. The first
Code rules for pressure vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure
Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple beginning the Code has now evolved into the
present eleven Section document, with multiple subdivisions, parts, subsections, and Mandatory
and non-mandatory.
Almost all pressure vessels used in the process industry are designed and constructed in their
accordance.
1.3 Problem Statement

The medium properties and its relatively affects the material even though it may create
expulsions. Extra loading-large dimension of the vessel should be avoided in order to prevent the
pressure vessel from bending (for horizontal) and back ling (for vertical).the way of coupling or
joining the shell with other components it may also be riveting or welding. Uneven distribution
of weight of pressure vessel due of the over length of pressure vessel these can be avoided by

limiting the length proportional .Any minor failure in one component has significant effect on
the design process and redesign of the component should be necessary. The pressure vessels that
not follow any standard codes can be very dangerous. In fact many fatal accidents have occurred
in the history of their operation and development. They are many the flanges. When unbolted it
allows access to the inside of the vessel.
Standards and codes that vary from country to country. The common standards and codes that
have been used are ASME Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes, API Standards, PD5500, British
Standards, European Codes and Standards and other International Codes. Even though there are
computer aided pressure vessel design available in the market, but due to business benefit, the
system may not be saleable or pricey. In addition the formulas and concepts applied in the
system are always unknown by the users.
1.4 Purpose of pressure vessel

The purpose of this project is a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector.
They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water
storage tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers,
distillation towers, pressure reactors, autoclaves, and many other vessels and mining
operations, oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessels, submarine and
spaceship habitats, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle
airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle air brake reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquefied gases
such as ammonia, chlorine, propane, methane, LPG and so on.
1.5 Objective
1.5.1 General objective
The general objective of this project is to design vertical pressure vessel with the given data i.e.
Internal Pressure=25MPa, medium of Paraffin oil and its support is supporting bracket having a
material of stain less steel.
1.5.2 Specific objective

 To analyze the component design of pressure vessel
 To design the parts of pressure vessel components
 To Prepare a detail drawing for each component

 To prepare assembly drawings depicting the main features revealed
 Determine the safe pressure in the vessel as per the design stress
 To select the design stress from a table for the flange and bolts for the given maximum
tensile strength of the material of the flange if it is appropriate and acceptable.
1.6 scopes
This project focuses on design and analysis of unfired vertical Pressure Vessel with
supporting bracket. The ASME Code is construction code for pressure vessel and contains
mandatory Requirements, specific prohibitions; and non-mandatory guidance for pressure vessel
materials, design, welding and testing. To ensure the objective is achieved, some of the important
elements must be consideration. There is: Designing main components of unfired vertical
Pressure Vessel by refer to ASME Code.
1.7 Classification of pressure vessel

1.7.1 According to dimension
According to dimension to dimension pressure vessel may be classified as;
 Thick shell
 Thin shell
The ratio of internal diameter and wall thickness is the factor which differentiates between thin
and thick shell. If the ratio of diameter/thickness (d/t) more than 1/10, then it is called thick shell
and if this ratio is less than 1/10, then it is called thin shell.
Thin shell is used in boilers, thanks and pipes whereas thick shells are used in high pressure
cylinders, thanks gun barrels.
1.7.2 According to end construction

According to end construction pressure vessel classified as;
 Open end: - A simple cylinder with a piston is an example of open-end vessel and also
open end pressure vessel includes tubes and pipes that links one to one another. Open-end
pressure vessel is designed to stand up substantial amount pressure moving with them.
Due to the Fluid pressure circumferential or hoop stress induced. They have amours-
coated sides for extra protection.

 Closed end: - Closed end pressure vessel includes tankers containing liquid nitrous
oxides, and other gases. Longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stress are
induced in the case of closed end vessel.
1.7.3 According to geometrical shape

According to geometrical shape Pressure vessel can be divided in to;
 Spherical vessel
 Rectangular vessel
 Cylindrical vessel
 Combined vessel
 Spherical Pressure Vessel: These pressure vessels are thin walled vessels. This forms
the most typical application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common
engineering problems involving stress in a thin plate. It can also be called as simplified
2D problems. Spherical vessels have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given
pressure and diameter than the equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas
or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant,
and so on.
Fig (1.2) spherical pressure vessel

 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
This a vessel with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal gage pressure. The vessel
has an axial symmetry. The cylindrical vessels are generally preferred, since they present simpler
manufacturing problems and make better use of the available space. Boiler drums, heat
exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on, are generally cylindrical.
1.7.4 According to material

According to material pressure vessel can be divided in to;
 Steel vessel: - Steel vessels (ferrous vessels) are those which contain iron. Example mild
steel, carbon steel, stainless steel.
 Nonferrous vessel: - Are vessels which do not have iron content. Example aluminum,
copper, brass, silver, leads.
 Nonmetallic vessel
1.7.5 According to the position arrangement

According to the position of arrangement pressure vessel can be divided in to;
 Vertical vessel: - Vertical vessel is used for a variety of operational needs, mainly as
reservoirs of compressed air – air chamber, pressurized water tanks or expansion tanks to
compensate for the volume of hot water stations with air or steam cushion aquanaut, and
as releasers called expanders.
Fig 1.2 Sample of vertical pressure vessel

 Horizontal pressure vessel are generally structures having complex geometry

comprising of various geometrical discontinuities and are commonly required to work
under high loading conditions such as external forces, thermal loads, internal pressure
etc. The designing and manufacturing of such products are done by the guidelines and
codes as per the international standards. Common pressure vessel codes used for
designing are ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code section VIII, European committee
for Standardization and British Standards Institution (unfired fusion Welded Pressure
Vessels). Horizontally kept cylindrical pressure vessels are generally supported on twin
Saddle supports. In some cases vessel and saddle support contact is of loose-fitting type.
In this case there is a narrow gap or space between the saddle support and vessel, due to
which it becomes very difficult for maintenance at that part which causes corrosion. The
metal temperature of the pressure vessel is usually different to the ambient conditions
during its installation. The differential displacement between the supports due to the
Temperature change should be considered in design. In a large number of cases the
design of support requires adequacy to operate in a severe thermal environment during
normal Operation as well as to sustain some thermal transients. Usually saddles are
welded to the Outer periphery of the pressure vessel.
Fig (1.3) vertical pressure vessel

1.8 Design criteria

The code design criteria consist of basic rules specifying the design method,
designload,allowable, stress, acceptablematerial, and fabrication inspection certification
requirements for vessel construction. The design method known as “design by rule” uses design
pressure, allowable stress, and a design formula compatible with the geometry of the part to
calculate the minimum required thickness of the part. This procedure minimizes the amount of
analysis required to ensure that the vessel will not rupture or undergo excessive distortion. In
conjunction with specifying the vessel thickness, the code contains many construction details
that must be followed. Where vessels are subjected to be performed,this method is known as the
“design by analysis” method. Amore complete background of both methods can be found in be
retain, 1988. The ASME code [1994] is included as a standard by the American standards
institute (ANSI). The American petroleum (API) has also developed codes for low-pressure
storage tanks, and also part of the ANSI standards The ASME boiler and pressure vessel code
has been used worldwide, but many other industrialized countries have also developed boiler and
pressure vessel codes. Differences in these codes sometimes cause difficulty in international
trade.
1.9 Design loads

The forces that influence pressure vessel design are internal/external pressure; dead loads due to
the weight of the vessel and contents; external loads from piping and attachments, wind , and
earthquakes; operating- type loads such as vibration and sloshing of the contents; and startup and
shutdown loads. The code considers design pressure, design temperature, and, to some extent,
the influence of other loads that impact the circumferential or hoop and longitudinal stresses in
shells. It is left to the designer to account for the effect of the remaining loads on the vessel.
Various national and local building codes muse be consulted for handling wind and earthquake
loadings.
1.10. Main Components of Pressure Vessel

A. Shell:-The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells
are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel
shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.

B. Head:-All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section).Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow
the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside
Fig1. 4 Sample of head
The most common heads are:
 Elliptical heads: - The 2:1 semi elliptical head is the most commonly used head type
Half of its minor axis (i.e., the inside depth of the head minus the length of straight flange
Section) equals one-fourth of the inside diameter of the head. The thickness of this type
of head is normally equal to the thickness of the cylinder to which it is attached.
Figure (1. 5) Elliptical head

 Hemispherical head: - The required thickness of a hemispherical head is normally one
half the thickness of an elliptical or troy spherical head for the same design conditions,
material and diameter. Hemispherical heads are economical option to consider when
expensive alloy material is used.

Fig1. 6. Hemispherical head
 Tori spherical head: - A tori spherical (or flanged and dished) head is typically
somewhat flatter than an elliptical head and can be the same thickness as an elliptical
head for identical design condition and diameter. The minimum permitted knuckle radius
of atori spherical is 6% of the maximum inside crown radius.
 Intermediate heads: - An intermediate head may be installed inside a pressure vessel to
separate two sections that can have different design conditions. Most head types can be
used as intermediate heads. Intermediate head are evaluated for internal pressure in the
same way as external heads.
Ellipsoidal would be the most common type of heads, which is used during the designing
of pressure vessels.
C. Nozzles:-A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary
connections and to permit easy disassembly for maintenance or access.
Fig 1.7 Sample of nozzle
Applications of Nozzles:
 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
 Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges).
 Provide access to the vessel interior at main ways.
 Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or mixer).
Nozzles are also sometimes extended into the vessel interior for some applications, such as for
inlet flow distribution or to permit the entry of thermo wells.
Support:-The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied weight,
wind, and earthquake loads. The design pressure of the vessel is not a consideration in the design
of the support since the support is not pressurized. Temperature may be a consideration in
support design from the standpoint of material selection and provision for differential thermal
expanse.
Typical kinds of supports are as follow:
 Skirt:-Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A
support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the
vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).Skirts for spherical vessels are
welded to the vessel near the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to
provide enough flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause
high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.
 Leg:-Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower
portion of the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is number
of legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also
typically used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small
vertical drums and spherical pressurized storage vessels may be made from structural
steel columns or pipe sections, whichever provides a more efficient design. Cross bracing
between the legs is typically used to help absorb wind or earthquake loads.
 Saddle:-Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports.
A saddle support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an
excessive local stress in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among
other design details, is determined by the specific size and design conditions of the
pressure vessel. One saddle support is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation.

The other support is normally free to permit unrestrained longitudinal thermal

expansion of the drum.
Figure 1.8.. Typical model of saddle

D. Flange
used for coupling the pipe which the fluid enter or live the pipe to the pressure vessel
flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole
covers ,and for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required.
 Welding – neck flange: - these types of flanges have a long tapered hub
between the flange rings and the welded joints. This gradual transition of the
section reduces the discontinuity stress between the flange and branches, and
increase the strength of the
flange assembly. Welding - neck flanges are suitable for extreme services conditions; where the
specified for the connection and nozzle on process equipment flange is likely to be subjected to
the temperature, shear and vibration loads. They will norm be specified for the connection and
nozzle on process equipment
Figure1.9. Typical model of welding-neck flanges

 Slip – on flanges: - slip over the pipes or nozzle and are welded externally and usually
also internally. The end of pipes is set back from 0 to 20 mm. The strength of a slip –

on flange is from one-third to two-third that of the corresponding standard welding-

neck flanges. Slip-on flanges are easier to align, but have poor resistance to shock and
vibration load. Slip-on flanges are gradually used for pipe work
Figure1.10 Typical model of slip on flange

 Lap-joint flanges: - are used for piped work. They are economical when used with
expensive alloy pipes, such as stainless steel, as the flange can be made from inexpensive
carbon steel. Usually a short lapped nozzle is welded to the pipes, but with some
schedules of pipes the lap can be formed on the pipes itself, and this will give a cheap
method of pipe assembly. Lap flanges are sometimes known as van-stone flanges.
 Blind flanges (blanked flanges):- are flat plates, used to blank off flanges
connections, and covers for manhole and inspection ports.
Fig1. 11 model of blind flange
E.Manhole
Identical to a nozzle except it not bolted to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind flange),
which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel.
Manholes are made for vessel diameter greater than 90cm
Given Parameters: - Specification

 Medium=Paraffin oil
 Inner service pressure=25MPa
 Nominal volume=2.5m3
 Service temperature=3500C
 Position=vertical
 Supporting element=Supporting bracket
 Connecting Pipes=2 longitudinal and1 lateral Nominal diameter =25mm
 Bottom discharge nominal diameter=65mm
1.11 Determining The Diameter And Length Of A Pressure Vessel

We know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 4m3 and the volume is equal to the sum of
the volume of the head/bottom (hemispherical) and the volume vessel shell (which is in
cylindrical in shape).
According to process equipment design, brown ell and young suggest that the ratio of L/D
can be determined by according to their presser value. And the ratio of L/D is given blow. The
pressure that was given for my operating pressure is 0.25MPaMPa.
 Operating pressure: is a pressure which required for the process, served by the
vessel, at which the vessel is normal operated.
 Design pressure: is the pressure used in the design of a vessel. It recommended to

design a vessel and its parts for higher pressure than the operating pressure.
Design pressure=operating pressure + 5 to 10 percent operating pressure
I select 10 percent for more safety purpose
=25MPa + 0.1*25Mpa=27.5Mpa
Table 1the ratio of L/D
L/D ratio Pressure(PSI) Pressure MPa

3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
Therefore The L/D ratio is 3 since the given pressure is 25MPA
L/D=3 => L=3D
The total volume of the pressure vessel can be found using this simple formula:
V = Vh+ Vs
Where V = total volume
Vh = Volume of head
Vs = Volume of the shell
Volume of the head
Vh=4/3 π r3=4/3 π (D/2)3 where (r=D/2) r is internal radius of shell and head.
Vh=1/6 π D3 ………………………………………….D is internal diameter of the shell and head

volume of the shell.
Vs= π r2L= π (D/2)2L=1/4 π D2L…………………..L is length of the shell.
Vs=1/4 π D23D L=3D
Vs=3/ 4 π D3
The volume of the pressure vessel is given 2.5m3
Therefore
V= Vh+ Vs=1/6 π D3+3/ 4 π D3
v=3.14x3D3/8

D3=8x2.5/3x3.14
D3=2.123
D=1.285
L=3D
L=3x1.285
L=3.855
CHAPTER TWO
MATERIAL SELECTION
2.1 Introduction
This section discusses the primary factor that influences material selection for pressure vessels
and the maximum allowable material stresses specified by the ASME code. The mechanical
design of a pressure vessel can proceed only after the material has been specified. The ASME
code does not state what materials must be used in each application. It specifies what material
may be used for ASME code vessel, plus rules and limitation on their use. But, it is up to the end
user to specify the appropriate material for each application considering various material
selection factors in conjunction with ASME code requirements.
2.2 Material Selection Factors

In order to select appropriate material for the intended design,the mechanical and physical
properties are very important. For the selection of the material by using different kind
standard such as ASMS.
 strength

 corrosion resistance
 resistance to hydraulic attack
 fracture toughness
 fabric abilities
Other factors that influence material selection are availability, and ease of maintenance. Let us
see in detail how the above factors affect material selection.
A Strength: is the ability of a material to resist deformation. The strength of a

component is usually considered based on the maximum load that can be borne before
failure is apparent.
The strength of the material are based on the mechanical propriety of the material that
used for the most easy ,fast ,strong and low cost of production .some of the mechanical
properties are(yield strength ,ultimate tensile strength ,creep strength and rupture
strength).
 Yield strength
Yield strength is the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic deformation.
Some of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown below and there yield
strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.
Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Yield 35 69 138 197 205

strength(Map)
Table2.1 Yield strength of alloys
 Ultimate tensile strength(UTS)

The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the
material .it is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard
tensile tes.
Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast iron Copper Nickel

18Cr/8Ni(304)
UTS(Map) 90 510 414 200 520
Table2.2 Ultimate tensile strength
 Creep strength
Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature and exposed to static
mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The
time dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a
constant load and stress.
 Rupture strength
Is the material resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure of the fluid
that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile strength(UTS) which
means the material have high UTS and it have good rupture strength
B) Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion: Corrosion is the deterioration of a material due to interaction with its environment.
It is the Process in which metallic atoms leave the metal or form compounds in the presence of
water and gases. Metal atoms are removed from a structural element until it fails, or oxides build
up inside pipe until it is plugged. All metals and alloys are subject to corrosion. Even the noble
metals, Such as gold, are subject to corrosive attack in some environments.

The corrosion of metals is a natural process. Most metals are not thermodynamically stable in
the metallic form; they want to corrode and revert to the more stable forms that are normally
found in ores, such as oxides. Corrosion is of primary concern in nuclear reactor plants.
Corrosion occurs continuously throughout the reactor plant, and every metal is subject to it.
Even though this corrosion cannot be eliminated, it can be controlled. Corrosion is also partial or
complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any substance by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with its environment. The term corrosion specifically applies to the
gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt water, on metals.
The most familiar example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a complex chemical reaction in
which the iron combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron oxide. The oxide is a
solid that retains the same general form as the metal from which it is formed but, porous and
somewhat bulkier, is relatively weak and brittle.
Chemical Cast iron Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Oil G G C C G
Table 2.3 corrosion property
G-good and c-caution-depending on the martial
C) Resistance to hydraulic attack
The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing temperature.
The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 3000C (572F) hydrogen attack cause
irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damaged carbon and low alloy steel.
Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less

iron steel
18Cr/8Ni(304)

Tensile 90 520 200 510

strength(ULT)Ma
p
Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6
temperature
(2500C)Map
Table2.4 temperature effect on UTS
D) Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion is
very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and yield stress related
with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress consternation (K). And stress
consternation facer is shown blow.
Material Stain less steel Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast iron

18Ni/8Cr
Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low
toughness(K),MPa
Table 2.5 fracture toughness
F) Fabric ability is a measure of the ease with which a material can be worked and made into
desirable shapes and forms.
Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of
common metals and alloys are shown blow.
S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed
U -Unsatisfactory.

Martial Mashing Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work temperate(co)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Stainless steel(18Cr,8Ni)304 S S S D S 1050
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700
Table2.6fabri ability
2.3 WeldingType
Welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metal are joined together
by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. There are several methods to make
welded joints? In a particular case the choice of a Type from the numerous alternatives depends
on:
1. The circumstances of welding.
2. The requirements of the code.
3. The aspect of economy.
 The Circumstances Of Welding:
In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small
diameter vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using
backing strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used,
thelast (closing) joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be
determined also by the equipment of the manufacturer.
 Code Requirements:

Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels
are also restricted by the Code.
The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the titles:
(a).Types Of Welded Joints:
(Joints permitted by the code, their efficiency and limitations of their applications.) Table UW-
12
Type-1 Type-4
Type-2 Type-5
Type-3 Type-6
(b). Design Of Welded Joints:
(Types of joints to be used for vessels in various services and under certain design conditions.)
UW-2, UW-3
(c).Joint Efficiencies And Stress Reductions:
(Efficiency of joints at certain locations and reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations
of vessel components.)
The data of the table are based on the following Code regulations:
Full spot, partial radio graphic examination or no radiography of A, B, and C joints. UW-11
For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the same as
for spot radio graphed joints.
Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt joints that are spot radio
graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value equal to 85% of the
allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b)

When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of table
“Types of welded joints” are used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of
the allowable stress value of material shall be used except for unstated flat heads, etc. UW-12(c)
 The Economy Of Welding:

If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the
deciding factor.
Some consideration concerning the economy of welding:
V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more economical than
the use of J or U preparation.
Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V
preparation.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion, while the deposited
weld metal increases with the square of its size.
Lower quality welding makes necessary the use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using
stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical, depends on the size of
vessel, welding equipment, etc. this must be decided in each particular case.
There are different kind of welding based on IS-28-25 it categorized in to 4 select
A) category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating
Chambers, nozzles and any welded joints within a formed or flat Head.
B) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell
Communicating chambers, nozzles and transitions in diameter
Including joints between the translations and a cylinder at either

The large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting from heads to main shells to
nozzles and to communicating chambers.
C) Category c: welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and flat heads
To main shells, to formed heads, to nozzles or to communicating
Chambers and any welded joints connecting one side plate to another side plate of a flat sided
vessel.
D) Category d: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells, to

heads and to flat sided vessels and those joints
Fig2.1.weld joints –typical location and category of welds.
Conclusion About Welding
I select Category a (type 1) and butt joint for the shell and head. And its radiographic
examination (full), joint efficiency is (E=1).


CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

3.1 DESIGN OF SHELL WALL THICKNESS
To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to internal design pressure
of P=2.75MPa there are different equations and its corrosion allowance for stainless steel
18Cr/8Ni is (2mm) from the table. There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure
that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.
a) Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the
long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE .In which case we shall
use the following formula for thickness of shell
t = PR/ (SE -0.6P) + C.A. where:
t=Thickness of shell
p= internal design pressure
R= inside radius of shell,
S=max allowable stresses
E=joint efficiency,
CA=corrosion allowance
Given
P=0.275MPa
R=0.558m
S= 105MPa

E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
t = PR/ (SE -0.6P) + C.A
t=0.275(0.558)/ (105*1-0.6*0.275) +0.002m
t=0.153/(104.835)+0.002
t=0.00146+0.002
t=0.00346m
t=3.46mm
b) Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints)
It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the
circumferential joint. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE. OR if the
circumferential joint efficiency is less than ½ the longitudinal joint efficiency. In which case we
use the formula for thickness is
t = PR/ (2SE +0.4P) + C.A
Given P=0.275MPa
R=0.558m
S= 105MPa
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
let’s use these two equation to find the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the smallest
value of them because safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can affect the support
leg.
 Case1 using
(a) Circumferential stress(longitudinal joint)

P ≤ 0.385SE
P ≤ 0.385*105MPa*1
0.275MPa ≤ 40.425MPa ---------------- (satisfied)
Therefore t=PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A
= (0.275MPa*0.558m)/ (105MPa*1 - 0.6*0.275MPa) + 0.002m
=0.153/ (104.835) + 0.002
=0.001287+0.002
t=0.003287m =3.287mm
t=3.287mm --------------------------------------- (answer)
 case 2 using
(b) Longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)
P ≤ 1.25SE
P ≤ 1.25*105MPa*1
0.275MPa ≤ 131.25MPa ------------------ (satisfied)
Therefore t=PR/ (2SE+0.4P) + C.A
= (0.275MPa*0.558)/ (105MPa*1 + 0.558*0.275MPa) + 0.002m
=0.153/ (105.153) +0.002
=0.001455+0.002
t=0.003455m = 3.455mm
t=3.455mm--------------------------- (answer)
And the smallest value is t=3.287mm.
To change it to standard form t=8mm

Finally let’s find the external radius and diameter

Ro =R + t=0.558m+0.008m
Ro =0.566m. And
Do=2*Ro=2*0.566m
Do=1.132m
3. 2 Review different type of head

There are different kinds of pressure vessel closed heads. Some of them are listed blow
a) Flanged head
b) Hemispherical head
c) Elliptical head
d) Tori spherical head
e) Conical head
f) Tori conical head
Where P=internal design pressure
E=joint efficiency
R0= external radius
Ri=internal radius
S= allowable shear
Th=thickness of the head
A) Flanged head
Formed domed heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a flange or skirt.
This ensures that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the head and the
cylindrical section of the vessel.
B) ASMS hemispherical
The design thickness of hemispherical head is given by

t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P)
C) ASMS elliptical head
The design thickness of elliptical head is given by
t=PDK/(2SE-0.2P) where D-shell diameter,
K-stress intensity factor
K= [1/6 + (a/b)2] a and b semi-major, semi-miner axes of ellipse
D) ASMS Tori spherical head
The design thickness of Tori spherical head is given by
t=PLM/ (2SE-0.2P) where spherical cross radiuses
M=1/4[1/3 + (L / r) 1/2] M-shear intensity factor
r-knuckle radius
E) ASMS conical head
The design thickness conical head is given by
t=PD/2cosα (SE-0.6P) where α-seim-apex angel
f) ASMS toriconical head
The design thickness toriconical head is given by
For conical region tc=PD/2cosα (SE-0.6P)
For Torispherical region tk=PLM/ (2SE-0.2P)
M=1/4[1/3 + (L/R) 1/2] M- shear intensity factor

3.3 Calculation On Required Head Thickness

My pressure vessel is hemispherical head in shape and 0.275MPa internal design pressure
is applied on it and it’s thickness is given blow
According on the two theory
1) thin-shell theory
S= (PR)/ (2t)
2) ‘’exact’’ theory
S= [PRi3/R30-R3i] [1+R30/2R3i]
Given values RI =0.558m
Ro=0.566m
P=0.275MPa
t=3.46mm=0.00346m
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
1) thin-shell theory
S= (PR)/ (2t)
S= (0.275MPa*0.558m)/ (2*0.00346m)
S=22.17MPa
2) ‘’exact’’ theory
S= [PRi3/ (R30-R3i)] [1+R30/2R3i]
S= [(0.275MPa*(0.558m)3)/ (0.5663-0.5583) m3] *[1 + (0.5663/2*0.5583)]

S=9.6MPa
There for lets defined the head thickness and take the largest value for S=22.17MPa.

t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P) + C.A

= (0.275MPa*0.558m)/ (2*22.17MPa*1 – 0.2*0.275MPa) + 0.002m
t= 0.005465m=5.465mm
To change it to standards form t=8mm
3.4 Selection of Flange Based On the Temperature and Pressure Rating

For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the American
National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating. The given
temperature is 300oC (572oF) and pressure is 0.25MPa. And I can’t find the Machu value
there for design pressure lets change in to standard value which is 3.10275MPa(450Psi).
Class 150lb.
Hydro static test/design pressure Mpa(Psi) 3.10275(450)
Temperature ,co(of) Maximum allowable non-shock pressure,

Mpa(Psi)
300(572) 1.0232(148.4)
Table 3.1.Temperature pressure rating
We know that the flange is class 150lb and the material is Forged steel SA 105 .I select
Welding-neck flanges, because has a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded
joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange
and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable
for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear
and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process
vessels and process equipment.
There are 3 flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is shown blow.
 Two longitudinal pipe with D=40mm

 One lateral pipe with D=40mm

 One bottom discharge D=65mm

Table 3.2. 150lb. Flanges standard ANSI B16.5
Nomin Diamet Length Diameter Diameter Outside Thicknes Outside bolting
al pipe er of through the of the hub of the hub diameter s of the diameter
size, the hub [C] at the at the base flange [H] flange the raised
mm(in) bore, point of [G] [J] face [K
mm(in) welding ]
[A] [E]
40(1.57 42.646 62.15(2.446 50.088(1.9 66.99(2.64) 130.8(5.15) 17.7(0.69 75.88(2.988 M9
5) 6(1.679 8) 72) 7) )
)
65(2.55 64.3(2. 69.85(2.75) 74.73(2.94) 92.2(3.63) 179.07(7.0 22.4(0.88) 106.9(4.21) M9
9) 53) 5)
Fig 3.1.welding neck flange
3.5 Flange and Gasket Design
A) Flange Applied Lode and Flange Moment

The lode on the flange can be given as fallow
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange
Pi=1.0232MPa
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe
B=A/2
b=effective gasket selling width
2b=effective gasket pressure width
tf=thickness of flange
tf=J
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
hg= (H - G)/4
ht= (G + H)/4
G’=mane diameter of gasket
=B + (ht-hg)
Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)
=πG’ (2b) mPi
H=total pressure
= (π/4)G’2Pi
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
= (π/4) B2Pi

Ht=pressure for a flange face
=H - Hd
The moment on the flange is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
Let’s calculate the lode and moment
There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same
m=2.5, b=10mm and Pi=1.0232MPa
y=44.8Mpa
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
For 40mm = (2.6375+5.15-2*1.972)in/4=0.961in (24.409mm)
For 65mm = (3.63+7.05-2*2.942)in/4=1.199in (30.4546mm)
hg= (H - G)/4
For 40mm= (5.15-2.6375)in/4 =0.628in (15.97mm)
For 65mm= (7.05-3.63)in/4=0.855in (21.717mm)
ht= (G+H)/4
For 40mm= (5.15+2.64)in/4=1.95in (49.53mm)
For 65mm= (7.05+3.63)in/4=2.67in (67.818mm)
tf=j
For 40mm=17.7mm
For 65mm=22.4mm
B=A/2

For 40mm=1.679in/2=0.84in (21.36mm)
For 65mm=2.53in/2=1.265in (32.13mm)
G’=B + (ht - hg)
For 40mm = 0.84in + (1.95-0.6828) in=2.107in (53.5178mm)
For 65mm =1.265in+ (2.67-0.855) in= 3.08in (78.232mm)
H= (π/4) G’2Pi
For 40mm= (π/4) (53.5178mm) 2*1.0275MPa=2311.363N
For 65mm= (π/4) (78.232mm) 2*1.0275MPa=4939.0176N
Hd= (π/4) B2Pi
For 40mm= (π/4) (21.36mm) 2*1.0275MPa=368.1918N
For 65mm = (π/4) (32.13mm)2*1.0275MPa=833.0923N
Ht=H-Hd
For 40mm= (2311.363-368.1918) N=1943.17N
For 65mm= (4939.0176-833.0923) N=4105.93N
Hg=πG’ (2b)mPi
For40mm=π (53.5178mm) (2*10mm)*3.5*1.0232MPa=12092.83N
For65mm=π (78.232mm) (2*10mm) 3.5*1.0232MPa=17677.23N
The moment is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
For 40mm pipe
Mop=(368.1918N)*(24.409mm)+(1943.17N)*(49.53mm)+(12092.83N)*(15.97mm)

=298354.899Nmm=298.354899Nm
For 65mm pipe
Mop= (833.0923N) (30.455mm)+(4105.93N)(67.818mm)+(17677.23N)(21.717mm) =

687724.1906Nmm=687.7242Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 40mm=12092.83N + 2311.363N=14404.193N=14.0404293KN
Wm1, 65mm=4939.017N + 17677.23N=22616.25N=22.6163KN
The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The
moment is given by
Matm=Wm2*hg
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required tosat the gasket, given by
Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress)=44.8MPa
Wm2, 40mm=44.8MPaπ*53.5178mm*10mm=75322.75N=75.32375KN
Wm2, 65mm44.8MPaπ*78.232mm*10mm=110106.338N=110.106338KN
Matm, 40mm=75322.75N*15.97mm=1202904.318Nmm=1202.90432Nm
Matm65mm=110106.338N*21.717mm=2391179.35Nmm=2391.17935Nm
B) Flange stress
Flange stress are given by

Longitudinal hub stress
σhb=F1M
Radial flange stress
σrd=F2M
Tangential flange stress
σtg=F3M - F4σrd
where M is taken as Mop/B’ or Matm/B’, whichever is the greater; and the factors F1, F2, F3
and F4 are functions of the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained as followed
F1= 1/λ gt2 gt= (G-A)/2

λ=δ + γ δ=t3/d and γ=α/T α=te+1
d= (u/v)hogo2 go=J and ho= (B’go)1/2= (B’J)1/2
= (u/v) (B’J)1/2J2 B’= (G-A)/2
F2=β/λt2 t=thickness of the flange=J
β=1.333te+1
F3=y/t2 y= (1-v2)u
F4=z z=k-factor
K=A’/B’ A’= (H-G)/2 and B’= (G-A)/2
= (H-G)/ (G-A)
K40mm= (130.8-66.99) mm/ (66.99-42.65) mm
=2.62
65mm= (179.07-92.2) mm/ (92.2-64.3) mm= 3.11 `
And from value of K we find this table
Nominal pipe K T Z Y, MPa(Psi) U

Dia.(mm)
40 2.62 1.324 1.598 2.656 2.918
65 3.11 1.18 1.23 1.81 1.99

Table 3.3 value of (K, T, Z, Y and U)

Y-gasket seating design stress
 Let’s find the value of (e)
e=F/ho =F/ (B’J)1/2
Let’s find the value of F (in y-axis) by using ASME code, section viii, Dev1.in x-axis g1/go(or
B’/J) and
h/ho (or (C-J)/ (B’*J)1/2)
After calculating of this value I fined F for each flange
And the values are shown blow.
F1= 1/λ gt2

F40mm= 0.92
F65mm=0.95
e40mm=0.92/14.7mm=0.063mm
e65mm=0.95/17.7mm=0.05/mm
And let’s find (α and β)
=17.7mm (0.063mm) +1=2.115
α40mm
α65mm=22.4mm (0.05mm) +1=2.12

β 40mm=1.333*17.7mm (0.063mm) +1=2.486
β65mm=1.333*22.4mm (0.05/mm)+1=2.492
And γ will be
γ40mm=2.115/1.324=1.597

γ65mm=2.12/1.18=1.7966
Let’s find the value of v from ASME code Viii Div. 1 using by the value of (**) and it will
v40mm=0.5503
v65mm=0.5608
d will be
d40mm= (2.918/0.5503) (12.1717mm*17.7mm)1/2(17.7mm)2
=24383.3444mm3
D65mm= (1.99/0.5608) (13.95mm*22.4mm)1/2(22.4mm)2
=31473.835mm3
The value of δ will be
δ40mm= (17.7mm)3/24383.3444mm3
=0.2274
δ65mm=(22.4mm)3/31473.835mm3
=0.357
Let’s find the value of λ
λ40mm=1.597+0.2274=1.8244
λ65mm=1.7966+0.357=2.1537
Y will be
y40mm= (1-55032)2.92=2.036
y65mm= (1-56082)1-99=1.364
gt=G-A/2
gt will be
for40mm=12.1717mm

f0r65mm=13.95mm
Nominal Dia. F1(1/mm2) F2 (1/mm2) F3(1/mm2) F4

(mm)
40 0.0037 0.00435 0.0065 1.598
65 0.0024 0.0023 0.0027 1.23
Table 3.4.value of the constant

To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment Mand it is the largest of them
(Mop/B’ or Matm/B’). And it is given blow
Nominal diameter(mm) Mop,( Nm) Matm(Nm)
40 298354.899 1202.9043
65 687724.2 2391.17935
There for M=Mop/B’ the stress is
σhb=F1M
For 40mm=0.0037(1/mm2) (298354.899Nmm/12.1717mm)
=90.67MPa
For 65mm=0.0024(1/mm2) (687724.2Nmm/13.95mm)
=118.32MPa
σrd=F2M
For 40mm=0.00435(1/mm2) (29835.899Nmm/12.1717mm)
=106.62MPa
For 65mm=0.0023(1/mm2) (687724.2Nmm/13.95mm)
=113.38MPa
σtg =F3M-F4σrd
For 25mm=0.0065(1/mm2) (298354.899Nmm/12.1717mm)-
1.598*106.62MPa

=11.05MPa
For 40mm=0.0027(1/mm2) (687724.2Nmm/13.95mm)-
1.51*695.99MPa
=139.32MPa
The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy the following
criteria: when ffo=1.0232MPa (148.4PSi) is the maximum allowable design stress for the flange
material at the operating conditions.R [1] and
σhb> 1.5ffo
For 40mm 90.67MPa >1.533MPa ------- (satisfied)
For 65mm 118.32MPa > 1.533MPa---- (satisfied)
σrd>ffo
For 40mm 106.62MPa >1.0232MPa ------- (satisfied)

For65mm 113.38MPa > 1.0232MPa ------ (satisfied)
0.5(σhb+σrd) >ffo
For 40mm 98.65MPa > 1.0232MPa --- (satisfied)

For 65mm 115.85MPa8 > 1.0232MPa --- (satisfied)
0.5(σhb+ σtg) >ffo

From the table and the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress (fb) for the bolt is
172.37MPa (25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by

Abf= Wm/fb
Where Wmgreatest of Wm1or Wm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)
40 14.0403 75.32375
65 22.6163 110.10634
Table3.5
Abf=Wm/fb
For 40mm =14.0403KN/172.37MPa=81.45mm2
For 65mm =22.6163KN/172.37MPa=131.208mm2
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will
not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening
with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt
spacing:
Pb=2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)
Where Pb- bolt pitch (spacing), mm
db- bolt diameter, mm
tf- flange thickness, mm
m- Gasket factor, 3.5
Pbwill be
For 40mm
=2*10mm+6*17.7mm / (3.5+0.5) = 31.55mm
For 65mm
=2*10mm+6*22.4mm / (3.5+0.5) = 38.6mm

CHAPTER FOUR
N0ZZLE DESIGN
4. INTRODUCTIONS
Nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or accessnozzles are also sometimes extended into the vessel
interior for some applications, such as for inlet flow distribution or to permit the entry of thermo
wells..
A narrow or tapering part at the end of a tube or pipe, used to direct or control the flow of a
liquid or gas. Used to coupling the pipe which the fluid enter or live the pipe to the pressure
vessel. Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole
covers, and for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required.
4.1 Calculating Wall Thickness of the Nozzle

To find the thickness of the nozzle
tn=PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A
Where
tn-thickness of the flange
P-maximum allowable
E-joint efficiency (E=1)
S-maximum allowable stress
R-internal radius of the pipe

C.A-corrosion allowance
For my nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S=103.425MPa (15.0KPSi).
Given E=1
S=103.425Mpa
Table 4.1
Nominal Dia. (mm) P, MPa(PSi) C.A, mm(in) Radius(mm)
40 27.056(5924) 3.175(1/8) 20
65 13.59(1971) 1.6(1/16) 32.5
tn will be
tn, 40mm= [(27.056MPa*20mm)/(103.425MPa*1- 0.6*27.056MPa)]+3.175mm
=9.4mm
tn, 65mm= [13.59MPa*32.5mm)/(103.425MPa*1- 0.6*13.59MPa)]+1.6mm
=6.2mm
4.2 Reinforcement of Opening

The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of
reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle
Used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area
removed in forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the vessel wall is greater than the
minimum required to resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into account when
estimating the area of reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch connection, if the wall
thickness of the branch or nozzle is greater than the minimum required, the excess material in the
branch can be taken into account. Any corrosion allowance must be deducted when determining
the excess thickness available as compensation. The standards and codes differ in the areas of the
branch and shell considered to be effective for reinforcement, and should be consulted to
determine the actual area allowed and the disposition of the various types of reinforcement. For
branch connections of small diameter the reinforcement area can usually be provided by
increasing the wall thickness of the branch pipe. Some design codes and standards do not require
compensation for connections below 89 mm (3 in.) diameter. If anything, the equal area method

tends to over-estimate the compensation required and in some instances the additional material
can reduce the fatigue life of the vessel. More sophisticated methods for determining the
compensation required have been introduced into the latest editions of the codes and standards.
The equal-area method is generally used for estimating the increase in thickness required to
compensate for multiple openings.
First calculate the reinforcement area
A=D*t*F where tr-shell thickness=0.64((D+tn) tn)1/2
F-correction factor=1
D-diameter of the pipe
tn-nozzle material thickness
E-joint efficiency=1
t-Shell material thickness= (for shell 10mm or for head 5mm)
A=D*t*F-
A40mm=40mm*8mm*1=320mm2
A65mm=65mm*8mm*1=520mm2
By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the reinforcement area of the vessel
A11= (F*tr-Et) D and A12=2(F*tr-Et)*(t + tn)

A11, 40mm= (1*13.8mm-1*8mm) 40mm=232mm2
A12, 40mm=2(1*13.8mm-1*8mm) (8mm+9.4mm) =201.8mm2
A11, 65mm = (1*13.4mm-1*8mm) 65mm=351mm2
A12, 65mm =2(1*13.4mm-1*8mm) (8mm+6.2mm) =153.4mm2
There for A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A11 or A12)
A1, 40mm=232mm2
A1, 65mm=351mm2
By taking A2 as the smaller of A11 or A22 and calculate the available nozzle wall.
A21= (tr-tn) 5t and A22=2(tr-tn) (2.5tn-te) , te=0(no pad)
A21, 40mm= (13.8mm-9.4mm) 5*8mm=176mm2
A22, 40mm=2(13.8mm-9.4mm) (2.5*9.4mm-0) =206.8mm2
A21, 65mm= (13.4mm-6.2mm) 5*8mm=288mm2
A22, 65mm=2(13.4mm-6.2m) (2.5*6.2mm-0) =223.2mm2
A2 will be
A2, 40mm=176mm2
A2, 65mm=223.2mm2
Atotal=A1+A2
A40mm, total = (232+176) mm2=408mm2
A65mm, total = (351+223.2) mm2=574.2mm2
4.3 Design Of Manhole Or Inspection

All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion
or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or other inspection

openings for examination and cleaning. The required inspection openings shown in the table
below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be
the most economical. The inside diameter of my pressure vessel is 1.116m (43.9in).
According to the diameter its manhole recommended is 381mm (15in).

Di mm(in) Inspection opening required, mm(in)
1115.06(43.9) 381(15)
Table 4.2
4.3.1. Dimensions for manhole

To resist the applied load on the manhole it must be designed from a material having enough
strength to resist the applied load, having low cost, easy to manufacture, and etc. low alloy steel
is a material which satisfy, all these, so it is selected.
The diameter of manhole must allow to get in to the vessel who wants to clean its internal
part. So, we take the minimum internal diameter of manhole as = 381mm=0.381m.
 the thickness of manhole is given by:
t= pdi/(2s-p) = 0.275Mpa*381mm/(2*103.425-0.275Mpa)
t= 104.77/206.57= 0.5mm,
When corrosion allowance is added, therefore
t=0.5+ 2mm= 2.5≈ 3mm.
And we have outer diameter of the manhole
= +2t
= 381mm + 2*3mm
= 387mm
4.3.2. Design of cover plate for manhole

In order to find the size and number of bolts for manhole consider the shown below.
Let = inner diameter of manhole
P= internal pressure
= core diameter of bolts
n= no of bolts
= permissible tensile strength for the bolt material.
= bolt circle diameter
= + 2*t + 2(1.5 )
= nominal plate diameter= + 3*

= bolt hole diameter

t= thickness of manhole wall
=thickness of manhole cover plate
= thickness of manhole flange
d= nominal diameter of bolt
= Cp*De
Where: Cp= design constant
De= nominal plate diameter
σc= design stress
Assuming bolted cover with a full face gasket, take
Cp= 0.4 and De=bolt circle diameter= Dp
Taking the bolt hole diameter as 12mm, (d1=12mm)
De= = + 2*t + 2(1.5 )
= 381 + (2*3) + (3*9)
= 423mm
= 0.275*423*(0.275Mpa/103.425Mpa)1/2
= 6mm,
When the corrosion allowance is added, thickness of cover plate
t= 6mm + 2mm= 8mm
4.4 Design of bolts

 Upward facing acting on the manhole cover
F=π/4 *p
F=π/4(558)2 *0.275mpa
F=67.24 KN, is the force resisted by n number of bolts provided on the cover.
 Resisting force offered by n number of the bolts,
F= π/4 * *n
Where, = core diameter of the bolt
 Assume the nominal diameter of the bolt as 20mm (M20) which have 16.933mm core
diameter from machine design text book table 11.1.
Resisting force offered by n number of bolts is:
F=π/4 * *n

n= = 4*67240/(3.14*16.9332*103.425 = 3.1
Therefore take n as 4, no of bolts, n= 4
4.5 Support Design And Checking Of Pressure Vessel

Stresses In Response To Different Loads
a) Due To Internal Pressure
As we are treating ethane +methane as a thin cylinder so the values of hoop stress &
longitudinal stress are calculated as under
Therefore radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we consider the following primary
membrane stresses
(a)Hoop Stresses and (b) Longitudinal Stresses
 Hoop Stresses (S 1)
S1= PiDi /2t
= (0.25MPa) (1116mm) / 2(8mm)
= 17.44MPa
 Longitudinal Stress (S 2)
S2= PiDi/ 4t
= (0.25MPa) (1116mm) / 4(8mm)
=8.7MPa
As hoop stress is greater so design is based on hoop stress.
B) Stress Due To Weight Of Vessel &AttachmentIt is assumed that weightof the vessel and
its attachments results in compressive stress only & eccentricity doesn’t exist and the resulting
force coincides with the axis of the vessel.
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows.

• Erection weight
• Operating weight
• Test weight
The compressive stress due to the weight is given by
S = W / ct --------------------------------------------- (a)
Where S = unit stress, MPa
W = weight of vessel above the section under consideration, N
c = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, mm
t = thickness of shell or skirt, mm
The weights of different vessel elements are given in the tables attached.
Weight
A) Erection Weight
 SHELL=ρ shell*V shell*g
=8,000Kg/m3*3.677m3*9.81m/s2=288.57KN
 HEADS = ρ head*V head*g
=8,000Kg/m3*0.727m3*9.81m/s2=57.055KN
 FLANGES (6) = n* (SIZE) = 7*m flange*g=7*4350Kg*9.82m/s2
=229KN
ERECTION WEIGHT=640.1KN---------------(ANS)
B) Operating Weight
Which include the weight of the erection + operating liquid
ERECTION WEIGHT = 640.1KN
WEIGHT FOR OPERATING LIQUID = ρ liquid*v pressure vessel*g

= 800Kg/m3*4m3*9.81m/s2
=31.42KN
Total weight=31.42KN + 640.1KN=671.52KN------ (ans)
Stress Due To Weight
Putting values in the formula (a)
Where, c = π * D mean = 3.14 *1116mm =3504.24mm
t = 8mm
Sw = 671.52KN/ (3140mm*8mm) =26.7MPa (compressive) ---------- (1)
c) Stress Due To Wind Load:
Towers under wind pressure are considered as uniformly loaded cantilever beams. The
computation of wind is based on standard ANSI A58.1-1982. Where terrain features and local
records indicate that 50 years at standard height are higher than those shown in the map, those
higher values shall be the minimum basic wind speed.
The minimum basic wind speed for determining design wind pressure shall be taken from the
map of wind speed. Design wind pressure shall be determined by the following formula:-
F=wind load=q*G*Cf* A
P = qs*G*CfA/A=q*G*Cf
Where, P= Design wind pressure, MPa
q = Wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 9.144m (30 feet) as tabulated:
Basic wind speed, 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

mph, V
Pressure PSf, q 13 17 21 26 31 37 44

Table 4.3.wind pressure
Cf = Pressure coefficient (shape factor):
Round or elliptical towers----------------------------0.8
G = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as tabulated:
Coefficient G
Height above ground, ft. Exposure C Exposure B
0-20 1.2 0.7
20-40 1.3 0.8
40-60 1.5 1.0
60-100 1.6 1.1
100-150 1.8 1.3
150-200 1.9 1.4
Table 4.4 .Coefficient of C and B
Exposure C---------------------The most severe exposure
Exposure B ---------------------Intermediate exposure
For the methanator we will take a wind speed of 112.7Km/hr(70mph), so the value of
qs =0.0896MPa (13psf)
Cf= 0.8-------------------------For circular vessel
G = 1.3 ---------------Intermediate exposure & vessel height of 3.348m (10.98ft)
There for the value of wind pressure using the above formula will be;

P = 0.089MPa
We will take the wind pressure 0.089MPa.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Shear V= Pw*D1*H
Moment at base M=Pw*D1*H*h1
Moment at height h(t) Mt = M- ht{V-0.5PwD1ht}
Stress S= 12M / R2*π*t
Table 4.5.Formula
Where, D1= width of the vessel with insulation, 1.06m=1060mm
E = Efficiency of the welded joints = 1.0
h1= lever arm, ft = H / 2 = 1.674m=1674mm
ht= distance from base to section under consideration, 1.52m=1520mm
H = length of vessel section, 3.348m=3348mm
M = Maximum moment (at the base), Nm
Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm
Pw= Wind pressure, 0.089MPa

R = Mean radius of vessel, 0.557m=557.85mm
S = Stress due to wind, MPa =?
V = Total shear, N
t = Thickness of shell excluding corrosion, 8mm
The values of shear, moment at base & moment at skirt joint are calculated as under and then the
stress developed in response to the moment M(t) using the formulae listed in the table above. By
putting the values of the parameters listed above for methanator
Shear, V = 0.089MPa*1.116m*3.348m
V = 0.33MN
Moment (at base) M = 0.089MPa*1.116m*3.348m*1.674m
=0.56MNm
Moment at head to skirt joint
Mt = 0.56MNn – 1.52m {0.33MN – 0.5*0.089MPa*1.52m*1.116m}
Mt = 0.244MNm
Stress due to wind = 12*M / (R) 2*π*t

=12*0.56MNm/ (1.116m) 2*π*0.008m
= 214.68MPa------------ (tensile)
D) Stress Due To Seismic Load
a) PERIOD OF VIBRATION
As a result of wind tall towers develop vibration. The period of vibration should be limited,
since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable period has
been computed from the maximum permissible deflection.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Period of vibration, T sec T=0.0000265(H / D)2*(w*D /t)½
Maximum allowable period of vibration, Ta Ta=0.80(WH /Vg) ½s

sec
Table 4.6 .Formula for time of vibration
Where, D = Outside diameter of vessel, 1.132m=1132mm
H = Length of vessel including skirt, 3.348m=3348mm
g = 9.81m / sec2 gravitational acceleration
t = Thickness of skirt at the base, 10mm
V = Total shear = ZICW/Rw (calculated ahead) =1038.6N
W= Weight of tower, =671.52KN
w= weight of tower per mater of height, = 200.58KN
Putting values to get period of vibration for methanator
T = 0.0000265(3.348/1.116) 2*(200.58*1.116/0.01) ½
T = 0.0356 sec

Now allowable period of vibration
Ta = 0.80 {W*H / V*g} 1/2 =0.8{(671.52*1.116*3.348)/ (9.81*1038.6)}1/2
Ta= 0.396sec
As ‘T’ is less than ‘Ta’ hence the condition is satisfied
Stress Due To Earthquake
The loading condition of the tower under seismic forces is similar to that of the cantilever
beam when the load increases uniformly towards the free end
FORMULAS
Shear Moment
V=ZICW/Rw M=[FtH+(V-Ft)(2H /3)]
Mx= M(x/H)
Table 4.7
Where C= Numerical coefficient=1.25S/T2/3
= 1.25*1/ (0.28)2/3 =2.62
=2.62(should not be more than 2.75)
Rw=Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 for vessels)
E = Efficiency of welded joints = 1.0
Ft= Total horizontal seismic force at the top of the vessel, 0N(because T < 0.7)
= 0.07TV (Ft shall not exceed 0.25V)
= 0, for T < 0.7
H =Length of vessel including skirt, 6.524m=6524mm

I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels)
K = Horizontal force factor (use 2.0 for vessels)
M = Maximum moment at the base, Nm
Mx= Moment at distance x, Nm
S = Numerical coefficient for site structure resonance
= 1.0
The product CS shall not exceed 0.14
W = Weight of the vessel, 671.52KN
Z = Seismic factor
= 0.15
Shear = (0.15*1*0.0299*671.52KN)/2.9
V = 1038.6N
Ft = 0.07*T*V =0.07*0.0356*1038.6N=25.88N
0.25V = 259.65N
As condition is that Ft should not exceed 0.25V so it is satisfied for methanator
Therefore Moment
M = [25.88*3.348 + (1038.6-25.88)*(2*3.348/3)]
M =2347.04Nm
Moment at skirt to head joint
Mt = M(x/H) where x=H/3=3.348m/3=1.674m
=2347.04Nm*(1.674m/3.348m)

=1,173.52Nm
Therefore stress due to earthquake
Seq = 12* Mt / R2 *π* t
= 12*1,173.52/ (0.558)2*π*0.008
=1.79MPa
Combination of Stresses
The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in

combination to establish the governing stresses.
It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously
Thus the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load
Whichever is greater?
In case of methanator the stress due to internal pressure is the hoop stress (membrane stresses),
the stress due to earthquake (greater) & stress due to weight (compressive) is considered

Combination of stresses will be as follows
+stress due to earthquake
+stress due to internal pressure
-stress due to weight
From the previous calculations putting the values of stresses
+1.79MPa
+105.83MPa
-26.7MPa
Combined stress at the head to skirt joint on the vessel in operating conditions =98.58MPa
Comparison
The governing stress will be tensile as shown by the positive sign, which is lesser than
allowable stress of the given material at that particular temperature
Therefore the design is safe.
4.6 Fabrication and Welding Method

Fabrication and welding method of the pressure vessel is based on the economic aspects of the
shell and the head. I used for the fabrication of the head and the shell by using but joint welding
for the contacting of the shell and head. We know that the martial for the pressure vessel is
stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni type 304 and its length is 2m by 1m and this stainless steel are join by
but welding joint.
Shell fabrication
Shell is fabricated by rolling the sheet of stainless steel and welds it together to get the
cylindrical shape of the vessel by using but weld joint.
Head fabrication

Head shall is fabricated by making it in to different parts and by using but weld joint.And finally
support joining with the shell by using but joint welding.
Conclusion
I conclude that the design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in
terms of standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden
from the market. The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its
components to be more precise rather designing each and every component. Regarding storage of
fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better sensitivity,
higher reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity. The storage of fluid at
high pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and is the first step towards
the Design. The pressure vessel components are merely selected, but the selection is very critical,
a slight change in selection will lead to a different pressure vessel altogether from what is aimed
to be designed. It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of
available ASME standards and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while
manufacturing the components. So that leaves the designer free from designing

Recommendation
In sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high pressure,
extremes of temperature and severity of functional performance requirements pose exciting
design problems. The word "DESIGN" does not mean only the calculation of the detailed
dimensions of a member, but rather is an all-inclusive term, incorporating: 1. The reasoning that
established the most likely mode of damage or failure 2. The method of stress analysis employed
and significance of results; 3.The selection of materials type and its environmental behavior. The
increasing use of vessel has given special emphasis to analytical and experimental methods for
determining their emphasis to analytical and experimental methods for determining their
operating stresses. Of equal importance is the appraising the significance of these stresses. This
appraisal entails the means of determining the values and extent of the stresses and strains,
establishing the behavior of the material is involved, and evaluating the compatibility of these
two factors in the media or environment to which they are subjected. Knowledge of material
behavior is required not only to avoid failures, but also equally to permit maximum economy of
material choice and amount used.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1-Coulson And Richardson’s, Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
2-Pressure Vessel Handbook, 11th Edition
3-Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 3rd Edition, By Dennis Moss
4-Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, Robert H.Berry and Don W.Geern
5-Material Science And Engineering, 7th Edition, By William D.Callister Jr.
6-Standard Handbook Of Machine Design, By (Joseph
E.Shigley, Charles R.Mischke and Thomas.Brown)
7-Pressure Vessel Design And Practice

8-Textbook Of Machine Design

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ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND THECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT ONE

TITLE: PRESSURE VESSELE

PREPARED BY; MUSSIE TILAHUN

SUBMISSION DATE:29/05/2015 E.C

Fig 1.1 sample of Bracket support pressure vessel

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 2

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 3

1.7.3 According to geometrical shape...........................................................................................10

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 4

NOMENCLATURES AND ABBREVIATION

type of pressure vessel , Vertical

Medium, Paraffin oil

support discharge nominal diameter , D= 25mm.

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 5

INTRODUCTION TO PRESSURE VESSLE

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 6

1.2 Background for Pressure Vessel

1.3 Problem Statement

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 7

1.4 Purpose of pressure vessel

1.5.2 Specific objective

 To design the parts of pressure vessel components

 To Prepare a detail drawing for each component

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 8

 To prepare assembly drawings depicting the main features revealed

1.7 Classification of pressure vessel

1.7.2 According to end construction

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 9

1.7.3 According to geometrical shape

Fig (1.2) spherical pressure vessel

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 10

 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

1.7.4 According to material

1.7.5 According to the position arrangement

Fig 1.2 Sample of vertical pressure vessel

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 11

 Horizontal pressure vessel are generally structures having complex geometry

Fig (1.3) vertical pressure vessel

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 12

1.8 Design criteria

1.9 Design loads

1.10. Main Components of Pressure Vessel

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 13

Fig1. 4 Sample of head

The most common heads are:

Figure (1. 5) Elliptical head

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 14

Fig1. 6. Hemispherical head

Fig 1.7 Sample of nozzle

 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

 Provide access to the vessel interior at main ways.

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 16

The other support is normally free to permit unrestrained longitudinal thermal

Figure 1.8.. Typical model of saddle

Figure1.9. Typical model of welding-neck flanges

DESIGNED BY MUSSIE Page 17

on flange is from one-third to two-third that of the corresponding standard welding-

Figure1.10 Typical model of slip on flange

Fig1. 11 model of blind flange