MTH165

Lecture-23

Partial Derivatives, Total Differential

And
Derivatives of composite Functions
Unit 4: Multivariate Functions

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics By Jain and Iyengar, Chapter-2)

Learning Outcomes:

1. To use partial derivatives to prove some identities .

2. Total Differentials

3. Derivatives of composite functions using chain rule.

 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 1. If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 , then show that 𝑏 −𝑎 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution. Here 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
⟹ = 𝑓′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑓′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
and = 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑏 𝜕𝑦

Comparing (1) and (2), we get:

1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= ⟹ 𝑏 = 𝑎
𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⟹ 𝑏 − 𝑎 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Hence proved.
 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 2. If 𝑧 = log , then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution. Here 𝑧 = log 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 4𝑥𝑦 2
⟹ = − = =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

𝜕𝑧 −2𝑦 2𝑦 −2𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −4𝑦𝑥 2

and = − 2 2 = =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 4𝑥𝑦 2 −4𝑦𝑥 2
L.H.S. 𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= = 0 R.H.S.
𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

Hence proved.
Problem 3. If 𝑤 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣,
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢
then show that 𝑢 − 𝑣 =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1+𝑣 2

Solution. Here 𝑤 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

⟹𝑤= 𝑢 cos 𝑣 2 + 𝑢 sin 𝑣 2 + 𝑢𝑣 2

= 𝑢2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣) + 𝑢2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢 1 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣
= 1 + 𝑣 2 and =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1+𝑣 2

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣 𝑢
L.H.S. 𝑢 − 𝑣 =𝑢 1 + 𝑣2 −𝑣 = R.H.S.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1+𝑣 2 1+𝑣 2
 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 4. If 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑢 , 𝑢 = , then show that 𝑢 + = 1.
𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥
Solution. Here 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑓
𝑦

𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝑥 1 ′ 𝑥 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = 𝑦 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝑥 −𝑥 ′ 𝑥 𝑦2 𝜕𝑧
=1 +𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = 1 − (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Comparing (1) and (2), we get:

𝜕𝑧 𝑦2 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = 1− ⟹ + =1
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⟹ 𝑢 + =1 Hence proved.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Polling Quiz
The value of 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 for the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) at (0,0) is:
(A) (2,2)
(B) (3,2)
(C) (2,3)
(D) (3,3)
 𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 5. If 𝑧 = 𝑓 , then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0.
𝑏𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥
Solution. Here 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑓
𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓′ ⟹ 𝑓′ = (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥 −𝑏𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Comparing (1) and (2), we get:

𝑏𝑦 𝜕𝑧 −𝑏𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
=
𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0 Hence proved.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Differentiability of 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
A function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) in
domain 𝐷, if 𝑓 has continuous first order partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 .
Total Differential
For a function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), total differential is written as:
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦
 −1 𝑥
Problem 1. Find the total differential of the function 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
−1 𝑥
Solution. Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
1 1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
=
1+ 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 𝑥 −𝑥
and 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 2
− 2 =
1+ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

So, total differential is given by:

𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 − 2 2 (𝑑𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 +𝑦
1
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦) Answer.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Problem 2. Find the total differential of the function 𝑧 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Solution. Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝑥
⟹ 𝑓𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2𝑦
and 𝑓𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

So, total differential is given by:

𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑑𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 2

2
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) Answer.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 Derivatives of composite functions

Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function of two independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Let variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 themselves are the functions of a variable 𝑡.

𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑧 𝑡 2 −1 𝑡
Problem 1. Find if 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = at 𝑡 = 1.
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 2 +1

𝜕𝑧 𝑡 2 −1
Solution. 𝑧𝑥 = = 2𝑥 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑡

𝜕𝑧 𝑡
𝑧𝑦 = = 2𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑡 2 +1

𝑑𝑥 𝑡 2𝑡 −(𝑡 2 −1)(1) 𝑡 2 +1
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡2

𝑑𝑦 𝑡 2 +1 1 −𝑡(2𝑡) 1−𝑡 2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 2 +1 2 𝑡 2 +1 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑧 𝑡 2 −1 𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 1−𝑡 2
⟹ =2 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 2 +1 2

𝑑𝑧 𝑡 4 −1 𝑡−𝑡 3
⟹ =2 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡3 𝑡 2 +1 3

At 𝑡 = 1,

𝑑𝑧 1−1 1−1
ቃ =2 +2 =0 Answer.
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=1) 1 2 3
 𝑑𝑓
Problem 2. Find if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

𝜕𝑓
Solution. 𝑓𝑥 = = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑦 = = −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑡 2 + 1
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0

𝑓𝑥 = 1 cos 0 + 𝑒 1 sin 0 = 1 , 𝑓𝑦 = −1 sin 0 + 𝑒 1 cos 0 = 𝑒

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑡 = 0, = 3𝑡 2 + 1 = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
So, = 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑧
ቃ =1 0 +𝑒 1 =𝑒 Answer.
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=1)
 Polling Quiz
If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡), then which of the following is correct:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(A) = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(B) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(C) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

(D) None of these.