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T\CV]J]A]AV

JIPMJ
FP\VC?

@ge`rb`râj @g AA
m`k Jmuktc Vjkum  UA Fafkc
MCF@G]@? NPJFNC- T@\P
Kaf. Arbj Uakkjr`jk <4:1
 Uêsqu`z
 Uêsqu`z
 JKPBGCV?
 JKPBGCV?
 Ekcr`s Tcrkk`s
Tjtrafaj
 

ZPÁ @V KJ
T\ÖV]J]J 3
Kj pröstjtj `s ugj pjrt` m`k jpjrjtc r`prcmuftcr bjsfukagc, `k fujk `stê
ecrbjmc pcr `k p`g`, kj pröstjtj y kcs t`stâfukcs. Kj pröstjtj s` satÿj oustc
m`ljoc m` kj v`oaij y m`kjgt` m`k r`ftc. ]a`g` `k tjbjúc jprcxabjmc m`
ugj gu`z y `gvu`kv` j kj ur`trj (`k fcgmuftc pcr mcgm` s` vjfâj kj cragj
m` kj v`oaij).
 

MJ]CV M@ KJ
EC\BJ KCLPKCV
• T\ÖV]J]J
Jv`kkjgj ?
Fögafj y
jpkjstjmj
• < Kjt`rjk`s
T@VC JMPK]C • : jgt`racr
• : pcst`racr
• <4 j <0 ir • : b`mac
FCKC\  ]@OAMC
• \coazc
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• Earb` y `kêstafj jk tjftc  ]
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• <>
=4 j
bb64 m`
bb m` jkturj
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• <0 bb `sp`scr 0%
  •

EAVACKCIÂJ M@ KJ
Ikêgmukj m` s`fr`faög jgfragj qu` rcm`j kj
T\ÖV]J]J

pcrfaög agafajk m` kj ur`trj y fcgmuftcs
`yjfukjmcr`s
• V`fr`faög `gmcfragj ? jgtâi`gc prcstêtafc
`sp`fafc. Ecsejtjsj jfamj
•  ]a`g` fcbc eugfaög jyumjr jk fcgtrck
uragjrac b`majgt` kj pr`saög mar`ftj fcgtrj kj
pjrt` m` kj ur`trjs qu` kc rcm`j
• Trcmuf` ugj s`fr`faög kaquamj (kaquamc
prcstêtafc)) qu` ecrbj pjrt` m`k s`b`g
prcstêtafc
• @stj s`fr`faög prcstêtafj fcgta`g`g
sustjgfajs qu` prcpcrfacgjg ug b`mac
jm`fujmc pjrj kj sup`rvav`gfaj m` kcs
`sp`rbjtczcam`s
• @stj ikêgmukj prcmuf` y s` je`ftj pcr
bÿktapk`s ncrbcgjs fcbc kj t`stcst`rcgj y
kj manamrct`stcst`rcgj
manamrct`stcst`rcgj
 

KÂZPAMC T\CV]Ê]AFC
• Kj pröstjtj s`fr`tj ug kaquamc
jkfjkagc fkjrc m` jsp`ftc k`fncsc
qu`
c
fcgta`g`
Êfamc fâtrafc? usjmc pcr kcs
`sp`rbjtczcam`s pjrj kj
prcmuffaög m` J]T `g `k fafkc
m` Hr`ls
c @gzabjs prct`ckâtafjs? TVJ
(Jgtâi`gc Trcstêtafc
@sp`fâfc), p`psagöi`gc,
kasczabj, jbakjsj y
najkurcgamjsj.
c Ecsejtjsj êfamj? kj eugfaög
jÿg s` m`sfcgcf`
c

V`bagcpkjsbagj?
fjpjz m` m`struar jgtalaötafc
ljft`rajs,
masbaguy` fr`faba`gtc
 

ZPÁ @V KJ
T\CV]J]A]AV 3
Kj prcstjtatas `s ugj agjbjfaög m`
kj pröstjtj qu` je`ftjg j kj pröstjtj c
jk êr`j p`rag`jk fcg
ugj sagtcbjtckciâj sabakjr y fcg
fcg
ugj `tackciâj `g jkiugcs fjscs
m`sfcgcfamj.
FKJVAEAFJFAÖG

: T\CV]J]A]AV JIPMJ
T\CV]J]A]AV
LJF]@\AJGJ
< T\CV]J]A]AV
LJF]@\AJGJ F\CGAFJ
6 T\CV]J]A]AV F\CGAFJ GC
LJF]@\AJGJ
= T\CV]J]CMAGAJ
 

T\CV]J]A]AV JIPMJ
• V` r``r` j kj agjbjfaög m` kj pröstjtj
LJF]@\AJGJ
r`kjfacgjmj fcg ugj P]A.
• V` fcgsam`rj qu` kj age`ffaög `s `k
r`suktjmc m` ugj age`ffaög ur`trjk
jsf`gm`gt` c m` r`uoc m` cragj
age`ftjmj m` kj v`oaij njfaj kcs fcgmuftcs
prcstêtafcs.
@G]@\CLJF]@\AJV

• @. FCKA
• HK@LVA@KKJ
• T\C]@PV
• V@\\J]AJ
• @G]@\CFCFCV
• TV@PMCBCGJV
J@\PIAGCVJ
 

VAG]CBJ]CKCIAJ
 Trckcgijfaög m`k ta`bpc m`
Trckcgijfaög
vjfajmc v`safjk
 Baffaög agfcbpk`tj
 \`t`gfaög m` cragj

 Tckjquauraj
Gafturaj
 Abp`racsamjm c uri`gfaj
 V`gsjfaög m` vjfajmc
agfcbpk`tc

 Agfcgtag`gfaj
Ea`lr`
 @sfjkceracs
 Bajkiaj
 Jktrjkiaj

 Kubljkiaj
Mckcr r`ftjk c p`rag`jk
 

MAJIGCV]AFC
@k
`gmajigöstafc
ljs` j m`kjkj prcstjtatas
nastcraj s` njrê
fkâgafj,
`xpkcrjfaög, fuktavc erjffacgjmc m`
cragj, fuktavc m` s`b`g, `fcirjeâj
trjgsr`ftjk, `stumac jgjkâtafc `g
sjgir`
jiumj) (TVJ `k`vjmc
Kj `fcirjeâj `g m`
trjgsr`ftjk kj kj
prcstjtatas
pröstjtj
`stê agmafjmj sa `g `k tjftc r`ftjk s`
jpr`faj ugj pröstjtj jub`gtjmj m`
tjbjúc
Kj fcgf`gtrjfaög m`k TVJ `g kj
sjgir` m` ug ncblr` qu` s`
`gfu`gtrj er`fu`gt`b`gt` `k`vjmj
`g ncblr`s fcg fêgf`r m` pröstjtj ,
prcstjtatas y NLT
UJKC\ GC\BJK ;=,4
bi/bk
 

]\J]JBA@G]C
Agafajr fcg t`rjpaj `bpârafj y fcgtagujr s`iÿg kcs
r`suktjmcs m` jgtalacirjbj murjgt` :4 ‖ := majs
 ]
 ]`rjpaj
`rjpaj `bparafj
Kj t`rjpajs njlatujkb`gt` `s pcr vaj crjk p`rc sa `s
pr`fasc pcr vaj agtrjv`gcs c agtrjbusfukjr , `g `stj
fjsc pcm`bcs ugjs jgtalaötafcs m` kj ejbakaj m` ?
KJV F@EJKCVTC\AGJV (f`ectjxabj :-<
: i/> ncrjs, f`etrajxcgj :-< i/mâj, c `g
fjsc m` Ts`umcbcgjs
j`ruiagcsj f`etjzamabj :-< i/> ncrjs)
JBAGCIKAFÖVAMCV (i`gtjbafagj 0
< bi/hi/mâj c tclrjbafagj j kj basbj
mcsas, `g jblcs fjscs `g ugj sckj mcsas M` pr`e`r`gfaj `bpk`jr kjs
majraj), EKPC\ZPAGAKCGJV pcr su
6 EKPC\CZPAGCKCGJV (faprccxjfagc lu`gj p`g`trjfaög
t`oamc prcstêtafc`g
y `k
=44 bi/:< ncrjs) jftavamjm er`gt` j kj
jftavamjm er`gt` j kj
 

FCBTKAFJFACG@V
NAT@\TKJVAJ L@GAGIGJ M@
T\CV]J]J
V` m`g` fcbc `k fr`faba`gtc m` kj ikêgmukj m`
kj pröstjtj j pjrtar m` kj nap`rpkjsaj prcir`savj
m` sus fákukjs y `strcbj. Fkâgafjb`gt` s` r``r`
j kcs sâgtcbjs
jscfajmcs fcg `k m`k trjftc uragjrac
fr`faba`gtc l`gaigc age`racr
m` kj
pröstjtj qu` fjusj `v`gtujkb`gt` clstruffaög.
@TAMAMABA]AV

Agjbjfaög m`k fcgmuftc ulafjmc `g kj


pjrt` pcst`racr m`k t`stâfukc qu`
jkbjf`gj y trjgspcrtj `k `sp`rbj. Kj
`pamamabatas su`k` jpjr`f`r fcbc
r`suktjmc m` ugj age`ffaög ljft`rajgj
c m` trjgsbasaög s`xujk.
 

FCBTKAFJFACG@V
JLVF@VC T\CV]J]AFC
Kcs jlsf`scs prcstêtafcs scg jfubukjfacg`s
m` pus qu` s` m`sjrrckkjg fcbc fcgs`fu`gfaj
m` kj prcstjtatas ljft`rajgj jiumj. Kcs
jlsf`scs
ljft`rajs. prcstêtafcs
Kcs sâgtcbjs`stêg fjusjmcs
fcbug`s pcr
agfkuy`g
baffaög er`fu`gt`, mckcr jk cragjr, mafuktjm
pjrj cragjr c r`t`gfaög m` cragj
T\CV]J]A]AV LJF]@\AJGJ F\CGAFJ

Agfkuy` kj age`ffaög y kj agjbjfaög m`


kj ikêgmukj m` kj pröstjtj `g kcs
ncblr`s m` tcmjs kjs `mjm`s. Tu`m`
fjusjr prclk`bjs jk cragjr qu`
agfkuy`g bjk`stjr y mckcr, jub`gtc m`
kj er`fu`gfaj y kj uri`gfaj, c
prclk`bjs fcg kj `vjfujfaög m` kj
 

LJKJGF@ NAM\AFC
@s kj r`kjfaög `xast`gt` `gtr` kcs agir`scs y
kjs pármamjs fcrpcrjk`s. Mjmc qu` `g `k
vckub`g (namrc) s` makuy`g acg`s (`k`ftrckatcs)
s` njlkj m` ljkjgf` namrc`k`ftrckâtafc. Tjrj

r`jkazjr `k fêkfukc
fujgtaeafjg m`k ljkjgf`
kcs agir`scs nâmrafc
y pármamjs s`
fcrpcrjk`s
pcr mae`r`gt`s vâjs pjrj `stjlk`f`r ug
ljkjgf` `g ug p`râcmc m`t`rbagjmc m` ta`bpc
gc bjycr m` <= ncrjs.

V` pr`s`gtj
pr`s`gtj fuj
fujgmc
gmc kcs agir`scs scg
FPJGMC @V TCVA]AUC bjycr`s qu` kcs `ir`scs c kcs `ir`scs scg
b`gcr`s qu` kcs agir`scs.
V` pr`s`gtj
pr`s`gtj fujgmc njy ugj masbagufaö
masbagufaög
g m`
FPJGMC @V
G@IJ]AUC
kcs
agir`scs c ug `xf`sc
`xf`sc m` kcs `ir`scs.
 

FPAMJMCV M@

@GE@\B@\AJ
BCGC]C\A_J\ EPGFACG@V UA]JK@V TJ\J
CLV@\UJ\ VA V@ T\@V@G]JG @V]JMCV
E@L\AK@V
TJ\J

• UJKC\J\
JKC\J\ QBJG@OJ\
QBJG @OJ\ @K MCKC\ B@MAJG]@
KJ JMBAGAV]\JFACG
JVBCMAFCV QM@JGJKI@VAFCV
JG]A@VTJVBCMAFCV
JG]A@VT
• FCG]\CKJ\ KJ AGE@FFACG TC\ B@MAC M@
JG]ALAC]AFCV
• EJUC\@F@\ KJ NAM\]JFACG M@K TJFA@G]@

• @V]ABPKJGMCKC
KK@UJ\ PG LP@G J ZP@ AGIA@\J
LJKJGF@ KAZPAMCV
NAM\AFC
( \@IAV]\C M@ AGI\@VCV Q @I\@VCV )
• UJKC\J\ KJ C\AGJ ( CLV@\UJ\ VP FCKC\ )
• EJUC\@F@\ @K FCGEC\] Q LA@G@V]J\ M@K

TJFA@G]@
 

FPAMJMCV M@
\@JKA_J\ KCV @^JB@G@V AGMAFJMCV TC\
@GE@\B@\AJ

@K B@MAFC FPAMJGMC @K TPMC\ Q
LA@G@V]J\ M@K TJFA@G]@
• BJG]@G@\ KCV FPAMJMCV M@
U@GCTPGFACG Q U@GCFKAVAV
• @GV@ÚJ\ KJ
K J T\JF]AFJ M@K V@^C V@IP\C
 Q B@]CMCV TJ\J
TJ\J T\@U@GA\ A]V JK
TJFA@G]@
• AGMAFJ\ ZP@ KJ
K JU@ TC\ V@T
V@TJ\JMC
J\JMC KJ
\CTJ
\CT J T@\VCGJK Q M@ FJBJ
• AGMAFJ\ ZP@ M@L@ M@VFJGVJ\ ]CMC KC
ZP@ TP@MJ Q L@L@\ JLPGMJG]@V
KAZPAMCV
• @^TKAFJ\ JK TJFA@G]@ KJ AGEKP@GFAJ M@K
@V]\ÁV, KJ BJKJ GP]\AFACG Q KJ EJK]J M@
M@VFJGVC @G \@KJFACG J KJV \@FAMAUJV
M@ KJ @GE@\B@MJM

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