Class 11

Units And Measurements
Quick Revision UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 10) Absolute error : The magnitude of the
d = Plane Angle difference between the individual
measurement and the true value of the quantity
ds = Arc Length
is called absolute error.
r = Radius
11) Mean absolute error : The arithmetic mean of
d = Solid Angle all the absolute errors is called mean absolute
D = Distance between two planet error.
b = Diameter Of Planet 12) Relative error : The ratio of mean absolute error
in the measurement of a physical quantity to its
a = Absolute error most profable value is called relative error.
amean = Mean absolute error 13) Percentage error : The relative error multiplied
by 100 is called the percentage error.
Z, A & B = Physical Quantities
FORMULAE
FORMULAE
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1) System of Units : A complete set of units both ds
fundamental and derived for all kinds of 1) Plane Angle : d 
r
physical quantities is called system of units.
2) Unit : The reference standard used for the
measurement of a physical quantity is called a
unit.
3) Fundamental Quantities : The physical
quantities which do not depend on any other
physical quantities for their measurements are
dA
known as fundamental quantities. 2) Solid Angle : d 
r2
4) Derived Quantities : The physical quantities
which depends on one or more fundamental
quantities for their measurements are known
as derived quantities.
5) Parallax Method : The method used to measure
large distances are called Parallax Method.
6) Dimensional Analysis : The dimensions of a
physical quantity are the powers to which
d
fundamental units must be raised in order to 3) Parallax Method : D 
obtain the unit of the given physical quantity.
7) Order of Magnitude : The value of its
magnitude rounded off to the nearest integral
power of 10.
8) Significant Figures : Figure which is of some
significance but it does not necessarily denote
a certainty.
9) Error : The difference between the true value
and measured value of physical quantity is
called error.
RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC * RCC 1
Units And Measurements
4) Error Analysis : a1, a2, a3, ...... an values obtained Combination of Errors:
in measurement. 1) Error of sum or difference
a1  a2  ........an Z=A+B
amean  Z  A  B
n
2) Error of product
a1  a1  amean Z = AB
a2  a2  amean Z A B
 
an  an  amean Z A B
3) Error of Division
a1  a2  .......  an
amean  A Z A B
n Z  
B Z A B
amean
Relative error  4) Error in case of raised power
amean
a A p Bq Z A B C
Percentage error  mean Z p q r
100 Cr Z A B C
amean
IMPORTANT
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimension Quantity
Frequency, angular frequency, angular velocity, velocity gradient and
[M0L0T–1] decay constant
1 2 –2 Work, internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy,
[M L T ] torque, moment of force
1 –1 –2 Pressure, stress, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity,
[M L T ] energy density
1 1 –1
[M L T ] Momentum, impulse
[M0L1T–2] Acceleration due to gravity, gravitational field intensity
[M1L1T–2] Thrust, force, weight, energy gradient
[M1L2T–1] Angular momentum and Planck's constant
1 0 –2
[M L T ] Surface tension, Surface energy (energy per unit area)
Strain, refractive index, relative density, angle, solid angle,
0 0 0
[M L T ] distance gradient, relative permittivity (dielectric constant), relative
permeability Poisson's ratio etc.
0 2 –2
[M L T ] Latent heat and gravitational potential
2 –2  1
[ML T θ ] Thermal capacity, Boltzmann's constant and entropy
l / g , m / k , R / g , where l  length
0 0 1
[M L T ] g = acceleration due to gravity, m = mass, k = spring constant,
R = Radius of earth
[M0L0T1] L/R, LC , RC where L = inductance, R = resistance, C = capacitance
V2 q2
I 2 Rt ,t , VIt , qV , LI 2 , , CV 2
[ML T ]
2 –2 R C
where I = current, t = time, q = charge,
L = inductance, C = capacitance, R = resistance
Scalars And Vectors
Quick Revision SCALARS AND VECTORS
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES FORMULAE
FORMULAE
  
A & B : Are two vectors ˆ  A
1) Unit vectors : A
  A
: Angle between A and B   
 2) Law of Triangle : R  A  B
R : Resultant of vectors.
 : Angle made by vector with x-axis
 : Angle made by vector with y-axis
: Angle made by vector with y-axis
i : unit vector along x axis     
3) Law of Polygon : R  A  B  C  D
j : unit vector along y axis
k : unit vector along z axis
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1) Scalar Quantity : A physical quantity which can
be completely described by its magnitude only   
is known as scalar quantity. 4) Law of Parallelogram : R  A  B
2) Vector Quantity : A physical quantity which has R  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos
magnitude and direction and obeys all the laws
of vector algebra is called vector quantity.
3) Parallel Vector : Those vectors which have the
same directions are called as parallel vectors.
4) Equal Vector : Vectors which have equal
magnitude and same direction are called equal
vectors.
5) Anti-parallel Vectors : Those vectors wich have
A sin
the opposite directions are called as Anti- tan  
parallel vectors. B  A cos
Cases
6) Opposite Vectors : Vectors have equal
magnitude but opposite directions are called as 1) If  0, R  A  B
opposite vectors. 2) If  90, R  A2  B2
7) Unit Vectors : Vectors whose magnitude is one
3) If  180, R  A  B
is called a unit vector.
5) Substraction of vectors :
8) Rectangular components of vector : When a
vector is splitted into components which are R  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos
right angle to each other then the components
are called rectangular components of vectors.
9) Dot Product : The dot product of two vectros
can be defined as the product of their
magnitudes with cosine angle between them.
10) Cross Product : the cross product of two vectors
can be defined as the product of their
magnitudes with sine angle between them.
Scalars And Vectors
6) Resolution of vectors 6) In case of orthogonal vectors
a) Two dimensions i j j kk i0
7) Scalar product of a vector by itself
 
A A  A2
8) Incase of unit vector
i i  j j  k k 1
9) Interms of components
b) Three dimensions  
 A B  ( Ax i  Ay j  Az k ) ( Bx i  By j  Bz k )
A  Ax i  A y j  A z k
 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
A A A A2
x
2
y
2
z
10) Projection of vector
A  
cos   x   A B
A Projection of B on to A  B cos 
A
Ay
cos    
A   A B
Projection of A on to B  A cos 
Az B
cos  8) Cross product :
A
  
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2  1 CA B

sin 2   sin 2   sin 2  2 C  C  AB sin
 
7) Dot Product : A B  AB cos
Key points
  
Key points 1) If  0, C  A B  0
 
1) If Q  0, A B  AB   
If  90, C  A B  AB
 
If Q  90, A B  0   
  If  180, C  A B  0
If Q  180, A B   AB
2) Angle between the vectors
2) Angle between two vectors  
  A B
cos 
A B sin 
AB AB
3) It is commulative 3) It is anti-commutative
       
A BB A A BB A
4) It is Distributive 4) It is distributive
             
A (B  C )  A B  B C A (B  C)A B  A C
5) It is associative 5) It is associative
                       
( A  B(C  D )  A C  A D  B C  B D ( A  B) (C  D)  A C  A D  B C  B D
Scalars And Vectors
6) Incase of orthogonal vector 10) If two vectors are parallel

i jk A  Ax i  A j j  A z k
j k i 
B  Bx i  B j j  B z k
k ij
j i  k Ax Ay Az
then B  B  B
k j  i x y z
     
i k  j 11) A , B and C are coplanar then A (B C)  0
7) Vector product of a vector by itself    
  12) Angle between ( A  B) and ( A B) is 90°.
A A0 13) Formuale to find area
8) Incase of unit vector  
i) If A and B are two sides of triangle
i i j jk k0
9) In terms of components 1  
   then its area  AB
2
A B  ( Ax i  Ay j  Az k ) ( Bx i  By j  Bz k )  
ii) If A and B are two adjacent sides of
i j k  
  parallelogram then its area  A  B
A B  Ax Ay Az
 
Bx By Bz iii) If A and B are diagonals of a
1  
 i[ Ay Bz  Az By ]  j[ Ax Bz  Az Bx ] paralelogram then its area  AB
2
 k[ Ax By  Ay Bx ]
Motion In A Straight Line
Quick Revision MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 11) Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity of
S : Displacement an object with time is called acceleration. In S.I
v : Velocity unit, it is the change in velocity in one second.
u : Initial velocity 13) Free fall: When a body released near the earth’s
t : Time taken surface, it accelerates downwards towards
a : Acceleration earth. In the absence of air resistance its velocity
g : Acceleration due to gravity continuously increases. The motion of the body
vAB : Velocity of ‘A’ with respect to ‘B’ is called free fall.
vBA : Velocity of ‘B’ with respect to ‘A’ FORMULAE E
FORMULA
|v| : Speed Distance
vo : Initial velocity or velocity at t = 0 1) Speed 
Time
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Displacement
1) Distance : It is the length of actual path 2) Velocity 
traversed by a body between its initial and final Time
position. Distance is a scalar quantity. 
d(s )
2) Displacement : It is the shortest length between 3) Velocity 
dt
initial and final position of body. It is a vector 4) Speed = |Velocity|
quantity.
vu
3) Speed : The rate of change of position of an 5) Acceleration 
object with time in any direction is called its t
speed. It is equal to distance travelled per unit 
 dv
time. 6) a
dt
4) Average speed : For an object moving with    
variable speed, the average speed is total s1  s2  s3  ......sn
7) Average velocity 
distance travelled per unit time. t1  t 2  t3  ....tn
5) Instantaneous speed : The speed of an object 8) v = u + at
at any particular instant of time or at particular 9) v2 – u2 = 2as
point of path is called instantaneous speed.
1 2
6) Velocity : The rate of change of position of 10) s  ut  at
object with time in a given direction is called 2
velocity. It is equal to displacement per unit a
time. 11) sn th = u + ( 2n - 1)
2
7) Average velocity : Average velocity is called at
12) vAB = vA – vB
the ratio of total displacement to the total time
13) vBA = vB – vA
interval of the body.
Relative change in sepration
8) Instantaneous velocity : The velocity of an 14) Relative velocity 
object at a particular instant of time or at a Time
particular point on its path is called For motion under gravity
instantaneous velocity. I) v = u – gt
9) Uniform motion: An object is said to be in II) v2 – u2 = –2gs
uniform motion if it covers equal distance in 1
III) s  ut  gt 2
equal intervals of time however small these 2
intervals may be.
10. Non-uniform motion: A body is said to be in g
IV) sn th = u  ( 2n - 1)
non uniform motion if it covers unequal 2
intervals in equal periods of time. In this
motion, its velocity changes with time.
Motion In A Straight Line
v
DISPLACEMENT–TIME
GRAPHS GRAPH II)
s
I)
t
Uniformly increasing velocity
t v
III)
Object at Rest
s
II)
t
Uniformly decreasing velocity
* Relative Velocity Graphs
GRAPHS
t
s B
Object moving with uniform velocity I)
A
s
III)
t
vA = vB
t
Relative velocity is zero
Object moving with uniform +ve acceleration
II) B
s s
IV)
t t
Object is moving with decreasing velocity vB > vA vB – vA = +ve

VELOCITY–TIME
GRAPHS GRAPH s
III) A
v
I)
B
P
t
t vA > vB vA – vB = +ve
Object moving with constant velocity P = Point of overtaking
Motion In A Plane
Quick Revision MOTION IN A PLANE
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 

dv
 6) a 
r : Displacement Vector lim t 0 dt
 
r1 or r0 : Initial position vector
 7) Speed | v| vx2  vy2
r2 : Final position vector
 
v : Velocity vector 8) a  ax iˆ  a y jˆ
vx : x-component of velocity dvx
vy : y-component of velocity 9) ax 
 dt
a : Acceleration vector
ax : x-component of acceleration vector dv y
10) ay 
vy : y-component of acceleration vector dt
R : Range of Projectile  dv dv y ˆ
T : Time of light 11) a  x iˆ  j
dt dt
u : Initial velocity   
t : Half time of projectile or Instantaneous time 12) v  v0  at
  
m : slope 13) r  r0  r
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS  
   v  vo 
1) Projectile : A projectile is the name given to any 14) r  r0   t
body which since thrown its space with some  2 
initial velocity moves thereafter under the effect 15) v 2  v 2  2 a.(r  r )
o o
of gravity alone, without being propelled by
any engine or fuel. The path followed is called vy
trajectory. 16) m  tan 
vx
Assumptions used in projectile motion:
a) There is no air resistance on the projectile. ANGULAR PROJECTILE
ANGULAR PROJECTION
b) The effect due to earth’s curvature is negligible.
u2 sin 2
c) The effect due to rotation of earth is zero. 1) R 
d) Acceleration due to gravity is constant in all g
points of motion.
2u u
2) Time of flight : It is the total time which the 2) R  2u sin .u cos  y x
projectile remains in the flight. g g
3) Horizontal Range : It is the horizontal distance
covered by the projectile during its time of 2u sin 2uy
3) T  
flight. g g
4) Horizontal component : It is the component of
velocity which remain constant and is parallel T u sin uy
to surface of earth. 4) t   
2 g g
FORMULAE
FORMULAE
   u2 sin 2
1) r  r2  r1 H
5)
 2g
2) r  xiˆ  yjˆ
 uy2
3) v  v x iˆ  v y jˆ 6) H
2g

 r
4) v 2H
t 7) T2
 g
 dr
5) v 
lim t 0 dt
Motion In A Plane
y  x tan  1  
x
8) 3) Y
 R
gx 2
9) y  x tan 
2u2 cos2
HORIZONTALPROJECTION
HORIZONTAL PROJECTILE
x
1) t t
u
2h
2) T Vertical distance with time.
g
4) x
3) v  v x2  v y2
R
4) v y  2 gh
5) v y  gt
2h
6) Rv
g
O T t
vy gt
7) tan  
u u Horizontal distance with time.
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
1) Y
5) vy
r
r0 v sin
r
O X t
 O
ro = Initial Position

 r = Displacement vector

r = Final position
-v sin
2) ux
Vertical velocity with time
t
Horizontal velocity in projectile w.r.t. time
Circular Motion
Quick Revision CIRCULAR MOTION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 8) Centrifugal force : The pseudo force in circular
: Angular Displacement [rad] motion which acts along radius and directed
away from the center of circle is called as
i : Initial Angular Velocity [rad/s] centrifugal force.
f : Final Angular Velocity [rad/s] 9) Angle of Banking : The angle made by the
surface of road with the horizontal surface of
 : Angular Acceleration [rad/s2] road is called angle of banking.
V : Linear Velocity [m/s] 10) Banking of Road : The process of raising outer
r : Radius [m] edge of road over its inner edge through certain
acp : Centripetal Acceleration [m/s2] angle is called as Banking of road.
at : Tangential Acceleration [m/s2] FORMULAE
FORMULAE
Fcp : Centripetal Force [N] 1) Kinematics of Circular Motion
Wcp : Work Done by Centripetal Force [ J ]
Pcp : Power by centripetal Force [W] 1
 i t  t 2
Ft : Tangential force [N] 2
s : Displacement [m]
2f  i2  2
: Coefficient of Friction
: Angle of Banking 
b nth    (2n  1)
m : Mass [kg] 2
q : Charge [coulomb] Vrelative
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS relative 
rrelative
1) Circular Motion : Movement of an object along
the circumference of a circle or rotation along VB  V A
a circular path is calloed as circular motion. 
rB  rA
2) Uniform Circular Motion : Periodic motion of
a particle movin g along circumference of a 2) Uniform Circular Motion
circle with constant angular speed is called as
d
uniform circular motion.  0
3) Non-uniform Circular Motion : Motion of a dt
particle moving along circumference of a circle
d
with variable angular speed is called as Non- at  r 0
uniform circular motion. dt
4) Angular Displacement ( ) : The angle V2
described by radius vector in a given time at the acp  2 r   V
r
center of circle is called as angular displacement.
5) Angular velocity [  ] : The time rate change of   V2  
limiting angular displacement is called angular acp  2 r   rˆ   V
r
velocity.
6) Angular Acceleration [ ] : The time rate change mv 2
Fcp   m2 r  mv
of an angular velocity is called angular r
acceleration.
7) Centripetal Force : Force acting on a particle Wcp  0
performing circular motion which is along
radius of circle and directed towards. Pcp  0
Circular Motion
3) Non-uniform Circular Motion
  
 d 2  1
 
dt t
d
at  r
dt
  v2  
acp  2 r   rˆ   v
r
   For condition of slack
at   r
TA  0 , V A  gl
  
anet  acp  at
 
VB  5 gl
Fcp  macp For any condition
 
Ft  mat TB  TA  6 mg
Wcp = 0 6) Motion of a Charged aprticle in a magnetic field
Wt  Ft S mv 2
qvB 
Pcp = 0 r
Wt
Pt   Ft V
t
p  Pcp  Pt
4) Banking of Road
Horizontal curve road
V rg
7) Conical Pendulum
Banked road
V2
rg(  tan ) tan 
V rg
(1  tan )
g
If 0 
h
V2
tan  cos
rg T  2
g
Pendulum in a car
V2 r
2
tan  Tension  mg 1   
rg
h
5) Verticle Circular Motion 8) Change in vector quantities
 
Change in velocity  V  2V sin  
2
 
Change in radial vector  V  2r sin  
2
 
Change in momentum  P  2mv sin  
2
Circular Motion
9) Death Well : 12) Reaction of road on car
1) car on a concave bridge
rg
V mv 2
R  mg cos 
r
2) car on a convex bridge

10) Hemispherical Vessel :
mv2
R  mg cos 
g r

R cos
11) Inverted Cone : 13) Motion of a block on frictionless hemisphere
V  gh 2
h r
3
h
cos 
r
2
 cos 1  
r
Newton’s Laws Of Motion
Quick Revision NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES FORMULAE
FORMULAE

F : Force [N]  dp dV 
m : Mass [kg] 1) F m  ma
dt dt
dv : Change in velocity [m/s]  
2) p  mV
p : Linear momentum [kg m/s]
I : Impulse [N-s] 3) I  Ft  mV  mu
dp : Change in momentum [N-s] I  F dt
W : Weight [N]
Area under F-t graph
T : Tension [N]
will give impulse.
L : Length [m]
4) W  mg
a : Acceleration [m/s2]
: Angle 5) Fpseudo  maframe
m0 : Initial mass of rocket [kg] 6) Law of conservation of momentum
dm m1u1  m1 v1
: Rate of fuel consumption [kg/s]
dt 7) Motion of connected bodies
Vr : Velocity of gases relative to rocket i) For two bodies
N : Normal reaction [N]
F
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS a
m1  m2
1) Force : Force is a push or pull which tries or
change the state of rest or uniform motion of m1 F
T
a body. m1  m2
2) Weight : Force given by earth towards its centre
ii) For three bodies
on an object is called weight.
3) Reaction : If a body is pressed against a rigid F
a
support, the body experienced a force which is m1  m2  m3
perpendicular to surface in contact is called
reaction or normal reaction. m1 F
T1 
4) Linear Momentum : The quantity of motion m1  m2  m3
present in a body is called as Linear
Momentum. ( m1  m2 )F
T2 
5) Impulse : When a large force acting for a short m1  m2  m3
interval of time is called impulse.
8) Rope on a horizontal surface
6) Intertial frame of reference : A non-accelerating
frame of reference is called inertial frame of
reference.
7) Pseudo Force : Those force which do not
actually act on the particles but appear to be
acting on the particles due to accelerated
 l
motion of frame of reference are called pseudo T  1  F
force.  L
Newton’s Laws Of Motion
9) Pulleys Case - V
Case - I ( m1  m2 sin )
a g
( m1  m2 )
m1  m2  m
T = mg ( m1 m2 )(1  sin )
T g
( m1  m2 )
a=0
Case - VI
Case - II
( m1 sin   m2 sin )
m1  m2 a g
( m1  m2 )
( m1  m2 ) m1 m2 (sin   sin )
a g T g
( m1  m2 ) ( m1  m2 )
10) Tension in lift wire
2m1 m2
T g i) Lift is stable : T  mg
( m1  m2 )
ii) Lift moving up : T  m( g  a)
Case - III
iii) Lift moving down : T  m( g  a)
( m2  m3  m1 ) 11) Apparent weight
a g
( m1  m2  m3 ) i) Lift is stable : N = Mg
ii) Lift moving up
N  M ( g  a)
iii) Lift moving down
N  M ( g  a)
12) Rocket propulsion
Vr dm
acceleration of rocket  
m dt
dm
Thrust on rocket  ma  Vr
dt
If gravitational force is considered acceleration
Case - IV Vr dm
of rocket   g
m2 g m dt
a
m1  m2  dm 
m  m0   t
m1m2  dt 
T g
( m1  m2 )
Friction
Quick Revision FRICTION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES FORMULAE
FORMULAE
F : Force (N) 1) Friction:
µ : Coefficient of friction
fs = µsN
N : Normal reaction (N)
µk : Coefficient of kinetic friction fk = µkN
µs : Coefficient of static friction
2) Angle of friction:
m : Mass (kg)
W : Weight (N) = tan–1(µ)
: Angle of repose
N
v : Velocity (m/s) R
s : Distance (m)
F
t : Time (s)
f
fs : Static friction
fk : Kinetic friction
3) Angle of repose:
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1) Friction: = tan–1(µs)
The resistive force which will act when two

bodies tries to slide is called friction.
2) Static friction:
The frictional force acting between two surfaces
at rest is called as static friction.
3) Kinetic friction:
The frictional force acting between two surfaces 4) Pull is easier than push:
in relative motion is called kinetic friction.
µmg
4) Rolling friction: FPush 
cos  µ sin
The frictional force acting when object perform
rolling motion is called rolling friction.
5) Limiting friction: F
The maximum force of static friction upto
which body does not move is called limiting
friction.
6) Angle of friction:
The angle which the resultant contact force µmg
FPull 
makes with the normal reaction is called angle cos  µ sin
of friction.
7) Angle of repose: F
The maximum angle of inclination of a plane
with the horizontal at which the object placed
on it just begin to slide down is called as angle
of repose.
Friction
5) Motion of an insect in the rough bowl: 8) Friction on an inclined surface:
i) Object moving up
 1  a  g[sin  µ cos ]
h  R1
 µ2  1 

R
h ii) Object moving down
a  g[sin  µ cos ]
6) Maximum length (Y) hung from table:
µL
Y
µ1
L–Y
9) Minimum force to move:
µmg
Y Fmin 
µ2  1
Fmin
7) Stopping of block due to friction:

10) f Versus FApplied:
v2
s
2µg
v f
t
µg
a  µg Fapplied
Work, Energy And Power
Quick Revision WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 5) Work energy principle:
W : Work done Work done by net force acting on a body is equal
P : Power to change in kinetic energy of body.
s : Displacement 6) Conservative forces:
ds : Small change in displacement A force is conservative if work done by force

in displacing a particle from one point to
K.E. : Kinetic energy another is independent on the path followed by
T.E. : Total energy particle and depends only on the initial and end
points.
T.M.E. : Total mechanical energy
6) Non-conservative forces:
P.E. : Potential energy
If the amount of work done in moving an object
p : Momentum against a force from one point to another point
KEF : Final kinetic energy depends along the path along which the body
moves, then such a force is called non-
KEI : Initial kinetic energy
conservative force.
U : Potential energy
7) Conservation of mechanical energy:
U This principle states that when only
: Partial derivative of energy w.r.t. x
x conservative forces are acting on body then its
net mechanical energy (potential energy +
U kinetic energy) remains constant.
: Partial derivative of energy w.r.t. y
y 8) Power:
It is the rate of doing work. In other words, if
U work done or energy consumed per unit time.
: Partial derivative of energy w.r.t. z
z
9) Watt:
00
Watt is S.I. unit of power. The power of an agent
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS is one watt if it does work at the rate of 1 joule
per second.
1) Work:
10) Kilowatt-hour:
Work is said to be done whenever a force acts
on a body and body moves through some Kilowatt-hour is the commercial unit of energy.
distance in the direction of force. One kilowatt hour is the electrical energy
consumed by an appliance of 1000 watt in
2) Positive work:
1 hour.
The force acting on a body has component in
the direction of displacement. The work done FORMULAE
FORMULAE
is called positive work.  
1) W F.s
3) Negative work:
2) W | F ||s|cos
If the force acting on a body has the component

opposite to direction of displacement then work  
s2
done is called negative work done. 3) W  F .ds


s1
4) Zero work:
When force or displacement for cos , either of 1 p2
4) K.E. = mv 2 
them is zero then work done is zero. 2 2m
Work, Energy And Power
 
5) p  2m( K.E.) 12) P  F . v
1 1  dv
6) W  mv 2  mu 2 13) F  
2 2 ds
  1  U
7) Fnet .s  m( v 2  u2 )   K .E. 14) Fx 
2 x
1 2  U
8) P.E. of spring = kx Fy 
2 y
1 2 1 F2  U
9) U kx  Fx  Fz 
2 2 2k z
10)  P.E.  mgh2  mgh1  mgh 15) For equilibrium,
dU
W dW F 0 0
11) P   ds
t dt
Centre Of Mass And Collision
Quick Revision CENTRE OF MASS AND COLLISION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 6) Centre of gravity :
Fnet : Net force on a particle (Fext + Fint) A point where whole weight of body is act or
m : Total mass supposed to be concentrated is called centre of
 gravity.
rcom : Position of center of mass
OR
xcom : Coordinates of Centre of mass on x-axis. Is a point at which resultant of gravitational
ycom : Coordinates of Centre of mass on y-axis. force of all the particles of a body act.
zcom : Coordinates of Centre of mass on z-axis. 7) Velocity of centre of mass :
m1, m2 : Mass of particles Taking time defivative of position vector of
  centre of mass will get the velocity vector of
r1 , r2 : Position of individual particle
centre of mass.
d1 : Distance of centre of mass m1. 8) Acceleration of centre of mass :
d2 : Distance of centre of mass m2. Taking time derivative of velocity vector of
: Linear mass density. centre of mass will get the acceleration of centre
R : Radius of circle, semicircle, disc, sphere, of masss.
hemisphere and ring. CONCEPT
CONCEPT
h : Height of triangle, hollowand solid cone. 1) Two particle system : Centre of mass divide the
: Density of material distance between particles in inverse ratio of
A : Area there masses.
V : Volume Centre of mass is closer to a massive body.
Vcom : Velocity of centre of mass 2) Applied force is in line with centre of mass then
acom : Acceleration of centre of mass body will travel in translational motion.
DEFINITIONS 3) For small body centre of mass and centre of
DEFINITIONS
gravity both one same.
1) Particle :
4) Try to place particles on co-ordinates system,
Is defined as an object whose mass in finite but
so that we get maximum no. of zero.
size and structure is neglected.
5) Try to find symmetry.
2) System : 6) Centre of mas of a two particle always lie on
Is a collection of very large no of particle, having line joining of these two particle.
finite size and structure. 7) Internal force is action reaction pair.
3) Internal force : FORMULAE
The mutual force exerted by particles of system  
FORMULAE
 m r  m2 r2  .......
on one another is called as internal force. 1) rcom  11 Weighted average
 m1  m2  ......
 Fnet (Internal)  0 .... always on system
m1 x1  m2 x2  .......
 ex. - Intermolecular force 2) xcom 
m1  m2  m3  ......
- Friction
- Explosion m1 y1  m2 y2  .......
3) ycom 
- Electrostatic m1  m2  ......
- Gravitation 4) Centre of mass of two particle system
4) External force :
The outside force exerted on a system by
external agent is called external force.
 
 Fnet (Internal)  ma
m2 d m1d
5) Centre of Mass :  d1  ,  d2 
m1  m2 m1  m2
Is a point where whole mass of a body is
supposed to be concentrated is called centre of d1 m2
  or m1d1  m2 d2
mass. d2 m1
Centre Of Mass And Collision
5) Centre of mass of a continious body 7) Motion of centre of mass
   a) Velocity of centre of mass
 m1r1  m2 r2  ..........mnrn
rcom   
m1  m2  ..................mn  m1V1  m2 V2  ........
Vcom 
m1  m2  ........
x dm y dm
xcom  , ycom   
dm dm P  MVcom
Trick : For regular shape body b) Acceleration of centre of mass
 
 m1a1  m2 a2  ......
acom 
m1  m2  ........
 
Fnet  Macom
  
Fnet  Fexternal  Finternal
6) Centre of mass a remaining portion 
a) For solid body Finternal  0
Cases:

If Fexternal  0
Then
 
 m1r1  m2 r2
rcom 
m1  m2
m1 x1  m2 x2
xcom 
m1  m2
m1 y1  m2 y2 Irrespective of the individual acceleration of
ycom 
m1  m2 particle.
b) For two dimensional body (lamina) 
a) Vcom  const :
If initially Vcom = constant then it will remain
always constant.
  
 m r  m2 r2 b) Vcom  0
rcom  1 1
m1  m2
If initially Vcom = 0 then it will remain always
m x  m2 x2 A1 x1  A2 x2 zero.
xcom  1 1 or xcom 
m1  m2 A1  A2 ex. - Particles is at rest initially
m1 y1  m2 y2 A1 y1  A2 y2 Initial velocity is zero
ycom  or ycom 
m1  m2 A1  A2 Body is at rest.
Rotational Motion
Quick Revision ROTATIONAL MOTION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 7) Rolling Motion : When a body perform
 : Angular velocity [rad/s] translational and rotational motion is called as
rolling motion.
2 : Final angular velocity [rad/s]
FORMULAE
FORMULAE
1 : Initial angular velocity [rad/s] 1) Fundamental of rotational motion
T : Time period [s] 2 
f : Frequency [1/s]   2 1
T t
 : Angular acceleration [rad/s2]
m : Mass [kg] 1
f
I : Moment of inertia [kg m2] T
r : Perpendicular distance [m]
2  2
I0 : Moment of inertia of an object through point O. 
Ic : Moment of inertia of an object through centre t
of mass. Comparison of linear and rotational motion
Iz : Moment of inertia of an object through z axis. Linear motion Rotational Motion
Ix : Moment of inertia of an object through x axis V  u  at 2  1  t
Iy : Moment of inertia of an object through y axis
m1 : Mass of first particle [kg] V 2  u2  2as 22  12  2
m2 : Mass of second particle [kg]
: Torque [N-m] 1 1
S  ut  at 2  1t  t 2
F : Force [N] 2 2
r1 : Perpendicular distance [m] 2) Moment of inertia of a particle
: Angle I  mr 2
k : Radius of gravition [m] 3) Theorem of parallel axis
h : height [m]
v : Velocity [m/s] I 0  I c  Mh 2
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1) Rotation Motion : The change in the orientation X
a
of body during its motion is called rotational d
motion.
2) Moment of Inertia : The property of body due
CM
to which it oposees any change in its state of
rest or of uniform rotation is called moment of
ienrtia.
3) Radius of Gyration : The distance from an axis X’ a’
of rotation where entire mass of the body 4) Theorem of perpendicular axis
supposed to be concentrated and the value of
Iz  Ix  I y
moment of inertia is same that due to actual
distribution of masses of body is called radius
Z Y
of gyration.
4) Torque : If a pivoted, hinged or suspended body
O
tends to rotate under the action of force it is said X’ X
to be acted on by a torque. Z’
5) Angular Momentum : The moment of linear Y’
momentum of body with respect to any axis of
rotation is called as angular momentum.
6) Kinetic Energy of Rotation : The energy which Formula for moment of inertia of regular
a body has by virtue of it rotational motion is bodies
called as kinetic energy of rotation.
Rotational Motion
Shape Of Moment Of Radius Of

Axis Of Rotation Figure
Body Inertia (I) Gyration
(1) 1.Passes through the centre 2

Circular Ring & perpendicular to plane MR R
M = Mass
R = Radius 2.About it’s diameter in
2
it’s own plane (1/2)MR R/ 2
3.A b ou t a t a n g en t i a l a xi s 2
2MR 2R
perpendicular to its own plane
4.About a tangential axis in its 3 2 3

MR R
own plane 2 2
(2)
1.Passing through the centre and MR 2 R
Circular Disc perpendicular to the plane
2 2
M = Mass
R = Radius
MR 2 R
2.About diameter
4 2
3.About a tangential axis lying 5 5

MR 2 R
its own plane 4 2
4.A b ou t a t a n g en t i a l a xi s 3 3
MR 2 R
perpendicular to its own plane 2 2
(3)
Hollow
1.About its geometrical axis MR 2 R
Cylinder l
M = Mass 2.About an axis passing through
 MR 2 Ml 2 
its CM and perpendicular to its    R2 l2
R = Radius cm  2 12  
length  2 12
L = Length l
3.About an axis perpendicular to  MR 2 Ml 2 
its length and passing through    R2 l 2
 2 
 3  2 3
one end of the cylinder
l
Rotational Motion
(4) MR 2 R
1.About its geometrical axis
Solid C 2 2
Cylinder
M = Mass 2.About an axis passing through 2 2
its CM and perpendicular to its MR Ml R2 l 2
R = Radius  
C 4 12 4 12
L = Length length
l
3.About an axis perpendicular to
R2 l2 R2 l 2
its length and passing through M  
4 3 2 3
one end of the cylinder
(5)
Annular disk
1.Passing through centre and R1 M R12  R22
[ R12  R22 ]
perpendicular to the plane R2 2 2
R1
R2
M = Mass
R1 = Internal
2.About its diameter R1 R2 M [ R12  R22 ] 2
R1  R2
2
Radius
4 2
R2 = Outer
Radius
(6)
1.About its geometrical axis or
Hollow R1 R2 M[ R12  R22 ] R12  R 22
about the axis which is passing
Cylinder R1 2 2
through centre
= Internal
Radius
R2 = Outer
Radius 2.Passing through centre of mass
2 2 2
L ( R  R2 ) L2 R12  R22
M  1 
and perpendicular to its length cm 12 4 12 4
M = Mass
L = Length
(7)
Solid Sphere 1.About its axis OR diameter 2 2 2
whi ch i s passi ng through MR R
M = Mass R = 5 5
which is
Radius
7 7
2.About tangential axis MR 2 R
2 5
Rotational Motion
(8)
Thin Spherical 1 .Pa s s in g t h ro ug h a xis or 2 2
MR 2 R
Shell diameter 3 3
(Hollow Sphere)
M = Mass
R = Radius
(Thickness 5 5
2.About tangential axis MR2 R
negligible) 3 3
(9)
Solid Sphere
With Cavity
r = Internal About passing through centre 2 [ R5  r5 ] 2 (R 5  r 5 )
M
Radius OR about diameter 5 [ R3  r3 ] 5 (R 3  r 3 )
R = Outer
Radius
M = Mass
(10)
1.Passing through centre of mass ML L
Thin Rod
and perpendicular to length 12 2 3
[Thickness is L
negligible
w.r.t. length]
2.Passing through its one end and ML2 L
perpendicular to axis 3 3
(11)
Rectangular 1.About an axis passing through
CM and perpendicular to side cm Ma 2 a
Plate b
12 2 3
a in its plane
a = Length
b = Width a
M = Mass
2.About an axis passing through 2
Mb b
CM and perpendicular to side cm b
12 2 3
b in its plane
a
3.About an axis passing through M (a 2  b 2 ) a2  b2

CM b
cm 12 12
a
Rotational Motion
(12) Triangular
Prism Passing through centre of mass
Ma 2 a
a = (Side of base and perpendicular triangular
6 6
and height) face
a
(13)
Cone About the line joining of top of 3 3
MR 2 R
R = Radius the cone and mid-point of base 10 10
h = Height
R
Moment of inertia of some special bodies
Ma2 I5
I1  I 3  I4 
Moment of inertia of square 12
(a) a I1
plate Ma 2
I5  cm
6
a I4
I3 I5
I1
I2
Ma2
I1 
6
(b) Moment of inertia of cube
2Ma2
I2  a
3
a
a
IAB
A
I n a tri angle, M.I. w il l be If
(c) maximum relative to smallest AC > BC > AB,
side IA C < I BC < I AB
B C I
AC
I BC
I2
I n t ria n g le, M. I . wi ll b e
If
maximum rela tive to tha t 2
(d) < 2 < 3,

perpen dicula r a xis whi ch 1
I1 > I 2 > I 3
passes through least angle 3
1
I3 I1
Greater the mass away from
(e) axis of rotation, more will be
M.I.
Rotational Motion
5) Radius of gyration [k] 10) Rolling motion
I  mk 2 i) Kinetic energy in rolling motion
6) Moment of inertia of two point masses 1 2 1
K.E.rolling  I   MV 2
r  r1  r2 m1 m2 2 2
CM
m1r1  m2 r2 r1 r2
1 k2
 MV 2 1  2
m2 r 2 R
r1 
m1  m2
ii) Rolling : motion on an inclined plane
m1r
r2  g sin  m
m1  m2 a Rolling body
k2
1 2 VCM
I  m1r12  m2 r22 R Height
h S
m1 m2 2 gh Inclined plane
I r 2  mr r 2 V
m1  m2 k2
1 2
7) Torque R
  
r F
1 2h  k2 
 rF sin t  1  
sin g  R2 
 F r1
Moment of couple = Fr iii) Pure rolling
V  R
F
F
8) Angular momentum [L]
  
Lr p iv) Energy distribution in rolling motion
L  rmv sin
E trans 1 Erotation K 2 / R2
L  mvr sin  
K2 E trans 1
Body  Etotal K2 E total K2
R 2 Erotation K 2 / R2 1 2 1
R R2
Law of conservation of angular momentum if Ring 1 1
1 1
there is no external torque. 2

2
2
1
1
Disc 2
I 11  I 2 2
2 3 3
2 5 5 2
Solid Sphere
5 2 7 7
9) Kinetic energy of rotation 2 3 3 2
Spherical Shell
3 2 5 5
1 2 1 2 V2 1 2 1
K.E.  I   mk
Solid cylinder 2
2 3 3
2 2 R2 Hollow Cylinder 1 1
1 1
2 2
1 k 2 L2
 mV 2 2 
2 R 2I
Gravitation
Quick Revision GRAVITATION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
F : Force due to gravitation 1) Newton’s law of gravitation :
Law states that every particle on planet or
 20 
G : Universal gravitational constant  10 11  universe attract every other partical by a force
 3  which is directly preportional to product of
M : Mass of earth (6 × 1024 kg) their masses and inversely proportional to
square of distance between them.
m : Mass of object
2) Acceleration due to Gravity :
g : Acceleration due to gravity
Acceleration produced in body due to gravity
: Density of object or gravitational pull is called as acceleration due
g’h : Acceleration due to gravity at height h above to gravity.
g’d : Acceleration due to gravity at depth d 3) Gravity or Gravitational pull :
h : Height above the earth surface The force of attraction due to earth on a body
d : Depth below the earth surface is called as gravity or gravitational force or
gravitational pull.
R : Radius of earth (6400 km)
4) Gravitational field :
E : Gravitational field.
The gravitational force of attraction per unit
V : Graivtational potential
mass is called as gravitational field.
U : Gravitational potential energy.
OR
W : Work done
A gravitational field is defined as a sphere of
Ve : Escae velocity influence around a mass in which gravitational
Vc : Orbital or critical velocity. force has been experienced.
C : Speed of light (3 × 108 m/s) 5) Gravitational potential :
 : Angular velocity Gravitational potential at a point in a
B.E. : Binding energy gravitational field of a body is defined as
amount of wokdone required to bring a mass
K.E. : Kinetic energy
from infinity to that point per unit mass.
VP : Velocity of projection
6) Gravitational potential energy :
VH : Horizontal velocity
GPE of a body is defined as amount of
T : Time period of satellite or planet. workdone required to bring a mass from
a : Semi-major axis. infinity to that point.
b : Semi-minor axis. 7) Escape velocity :
The minimum velocity with which a body
 dA  projected to just overcome the gravitational pull
VA : Areal velocity  
 dt  of planet.
L : Angular momentum. 8) Orbital velocity (critical velocity) :
g’R : Acceleration due to gravity due to rotation. The velocity of sattelite required to put this
satellite in to a circular orbit around the planet.
g’P : Acceleration due to gravity due to at a pole
9) Binding energy :
g’eq : Acceleration due to gravity due to at a equator
The minimum amount energy required to
Rp : Radius of earth at pole. remove a satellite from earth’s gravitational
Req : Radius of earth at equator. influence.
Gravitation
FORMULAE
FORMULAE a) if h <<<< R
Gm1 m2  2h 
1) F 2   then g 'h  g  1  
r F12 F21  R
r
 Gm1m2
F ( rˆ ) m1 m2 4  d
r2  g 'd  G( R  d) or g  1   .. At depth ‘d’
3  R
2) Null point
g ' R  g  2 R cos 2 ... Due to rotation of Earth
r
x = Latitude
m2
1 GM GM
m1  g 'p  2 ,
g 'eq  2
Rp Req
3) Gravitational force between spherical shell and
point mass. F
6) Gravitational field : E 
m
i) For point mass
x R xR xr  GM
GMm GMm E  2 ( rˆ)
F0 F F r
R2 R2 ii) For spherical shell
4) Gravitational force between solid sphere and
point mass.
x R xR xr
 GM GM
E0 E 2 E 2
R r
M Mx
 iii) For solid sphere
4 3 4 3
R x
3 3
x R xR xr
GMm GMm GMm
F F F
R3 R2 R2
5) Acceleration due to gravity
GM Rx xR xr
g ... Surface
R2 GMx GM GM
E 3 E 2 E 2
GM R2 R R r
 g 'h  or g .... height ‘h’
( R  h )2 ( R  h) 2
Gravitation
W iii) Relation between GP and GPE
7) Gravitational Potential  V  U = Vm
m
i) For point mass : iv) U on the earth surface
U = – mgR
v) U at height (h << R)
U = mgh
10) Escape velocity
2GM
ii) For spherical shell : Ve  .... from surface
R
2GM
V 'e  ... from height ‘h’ abovee
Rh
11) Orbital velocity
GM
VC  ...... r = R + h
r
x R xR xr r3
GM GM GM T  2
VR  VQ  VP  GM
R R r
GMm
iii) For solid sphere : Kinetic Energy 
2r
GMm
Potential Enegy 
r
GMm
Total Energy 
2r
Binding Energy = – Total Energy
x R xR xr KE  TE  2 PE  BE
W  WR x 12) Areal Velocity :
VR   R W R W r
VQ  VP  dA L
m m r VA  
GM x2 GM GM dt 2 m
 2 2 VQ   VP  
2R R R r GRAPHS
GRAPHS
i) Acceleration due to gravity Vs. distance from
8) Relation between V and E
center
dv
E
dr
V   E dr
9) Gravitational potential energy
GMm
i) U  W r   ...... point mass
r
ii) For solid sphere (earth) ii) E vs. Position Vector
a) Point mass
GMm x2
Ux   3 2 ..... inside earth
2R R
Gravitation
b) Spherical Shell b) Spherical shell
c) Solid Sphere c) Solid sphere
iii) V vs. position (Distance) iv)Energy

a) Point mass
Mechanical Properties Of Solids
Quick Revision MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 5) Rigid body:
F : External force The body which is having regular shape.
A : Area of cross section 6) Stress:
l : Change in length Internal restoring force (external force) per unit
L : Original length area.
V : Change in volume 7) Longitudinal stress:
V : Original volume
When applied force / deforming force produces
: Shear strain change in length of body is called as
Y : Young’s modulus longitudinal force.
K : Bulk modulus 8) Volume stress:
 : Shear modulus When deforming force produces change in its
E : Modulus of elasticity volume of body is called as volume stress (also
 : Poisson’s ratio called as change in pressure).
P : Breaking stress 9) Shear stress:
C : Compressibility When applied force produces change in its
 : Angle of twist shape only of body is called shear stress.
 : Angle of shear 10) Strain:
W : Work done The ratio of change in dimension by original
U : Elastic potential energy dimension is called strain.
f : Final density 11) Longitudical strain:
i : Initial density Longitudinal strain or tensile strain is the ratio
Kt : Isothermal elasticity of change in length to the original length.
K : Adiabatic elasticity 12) Volume strain (Bulk strain):
v : Heat capacity
It is the ratio of change in volume to the original
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS volume.
1) Elasticity: 13) Shear strain:
The property of matter by virtue of which body
Ratio of change in shape by original shape.
regains its original size and shape after removal
of deforming force is called as elasticity. OR
2) Deforming force: The applied force produces change in shape
The force which produces deformation is called (cube to parallelopiped) the strain is called as
as deforming force. shear strain.
3) Deformation: 14) Elastic limit:
The change in size, shape or both in a body The maximum deforming force up to which
arising due to external force called as body regains its original size and shape is called
deformation. as elastic limit.
4) Plasticity: 15) Hooke’s law:
The property of matter to undergo a permanent
It states that within elastic limit stress is directly
deformation after removal of deforming force
proportional to strain.
is called as plasticity.
16) Modulus of elasticity: FORMULAE
FORMULAE
It is a slope of stress-strain graph within elastic F
limit. 1) Stress = A
C /S
17) Young’s modulus:
= Longitudinal stress
Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of longitudinal
(tensile) stress to longitudinal strain. F
2) Volume stress =  P
18) Bulk modulus: Total area
Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of volume

Tangential force Ft
stress to the volume strain. 3) Shear stress  
A A
It measures the resistance offered by solid,
liquid and gas to change its volume. l
4) Longitudinal strain =
19) Shear modulus (Modulus of rigidity): L
Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of shear stress V

to shear strain. 5) Volume strain = 
V
It measures the resistance offered by solids to
change in its shape. x
6) Shear strain  
L
20) Compressibility:
The reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity is Stress
7) E
called compressibility. Strain
21) Poisson’s ratio:
FL
8) Y
Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of lateral strain AL
to longitudinal strain.
Breaking force
22) Lateral strain: 9) Breaking stress  P 
C/ S Area
Strain developed in the direction perpendicular
to the applied deforming force.
P
10) K 
23) Longitudinal strain: V / V
Strain developed in the direction of applied
1
deforming force. 11) C 
K
24) Strain energy:
It is defined as elastic potential energy stored 12) f
 i [1  C P]
by wire during elongation or compression by
13) Kt = Pressure
deforming force.
14) K = v × Pressure
Area of stress-strain graph gives work done or
elastic potential energy stored in stretched wire F FL
per unit volume. 15) Shear modulus,   t or t
A Ax
Molecules having mininum potential energy
when they are in stable equibrium position, for r
any other position potential energy increases. 16)   L  Angle of shear
17) Relation between Y, K and : GRAPHS
GRAPHS
1) Hooke’s law:
9 3 1
  Stress
Elastic limit
Y  K
Proportional limit
r / r
18)   Value 0  0.5
L / L
Strain
19) Relation between Y, K,  and : 2) Stress–Strain Graph:
Y  3K(1  2)
Breaking strength
B
Y  2(1  ) Elastic region
Yield point C
20) Work done = Change in potential energy E
Stress
Rupture point
P Elastic limit
1
W U  × Force× Elongation Proportional limit
2
1
W U  × Stress× Strain× Volume
2 Strain
1 B &C Small then material is brittle

W U  × Stress 2 × Volume Distance
2Y
Large then material is ductile
1 Very very small then elastomer

W U  × Y Strain 2 × Volume
2
3) Elastomer:
21) Elongation due to self weight  Stress is not directly proportional to strain
Does not obey Hooke’s law.
Mg L
L  Stress
2 AY
22) Breaking stress due to self weight
Mg
P Strain
A
Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
Quick Revision MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES FORMULAE
FORMULAE
dv/dt : Velocity Gradient
A : Area dv
1) Fv  A
 : Coefficient of Viscosity dt
: Shearinag stress
Fv : Viscous force Fv dv
2)  
W : Weight A dt
FB : Buoyancy force
Vt : Terminal velocity 3) 1 poise = 0.1 N.s/m2
 : Density of ball (spherical object)
4) Fv  6rv
: Density of fluid
r : Radius of sphere
5) FB  Vsub g = density of liquid
g : Acceleration due to gravity
Re : Reynold’s number
P : Pressure Vd
6) Re 
Q : volumetric flow (Discharge) 
L : Length
Vsub : Submerged volume 2r 2 (   ) g
H : Total height of tank 7) Vt 
g
h : Height of hole
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS 8) Q = AV
1) Viscosity :
The characteristic of fluid by virtue of which 9) Velocity of efflux V  2 gh
relative motion between different layers is
opposed is known as viscosity.
10) Range of efflux R  2 h( H  h)
Viscosity is internal friction of a fludi in motion.
2) Critical Velocity :
The maximum velocity up to which fluid 2gh
motion is steady is called critical velocity. 11) Q  A1 A2
A  A22
2
1
3) Laminar flow :
Flow in which one liquid particle never cross GRAPHS
GRAPHS
a path of other liquid particle.
4) Reynold’s number :
It can be defined as a ratio of inertia force to
viscous force.
Re 2000 ... Laminar flow
3000  Re  2000 ... transition flow
Re  3000 ... Turbulent flow
Surface Tension
Quick Revision SURFACE TENSION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES FORMULAE
FORMULAE
T or  or s : Surface Tension F
F : Force due to surface tension 1) Surface Tension (T) =
l
l : Length of object in contact with liquid 2) Name of object Length
surface (for circular object it is i) Wire 2l
circumference)
ii) Ring 2 2r
W : Work done
iii) Circular plate 2 r
A : Total change in surface area.
iv) Hollow disc 2r1  2 r2
Q : Increase or decrease in temperature
v) Square plate 4l
J : Mechanical equivalent of heat. vi) Square frame 8l
V : Volume 3) W  T A
d or : Density 4) Name of object Surface Area
S : Spacific heat Droplet 4 r 2
P : Pressure difference Bubble 2 4 r 2
: Angle of contact Air bubble inside liquid 4r 2
h : Rise in capillary 5) Formation of smaller droplet from bigger
t : Thickness between two plate. W  4 T[nr 2  R 2 ] ... Energy absorbed
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS Or
1) Surface Tension :
1 1
Surface tension of liquid is measured by the W  3VT 
r R
force acting per unit length on either side of an
imaginary line drawn on the free surface of 3T 1 1
liquid.    ... Temperature Decreased
JSd r R
2) Surface Energy :
6) Formation of bigger droplet from smaller
The potential energy stored in surface film per
unit surface area is called as surface energy per W  4 T [nr 2  R2 ] ... Energy released
unit area. Or
3) Angle of Contact :
1 1
When liquid is in contact with solid, the angle  3VT 
between tangent drawn to the free surface of r R
liquid and the surface of solid at the point of
3T 1 1
contact measured inside the liquid.    ... Temperature increased
JSd r R
4) Capillarity :
The phenomena of rise or fall or a liquid inside 7) Excess pressure ( P )
a capillary tube when it is dipped in the liquid 2T
is called capillaryity. P  ... For droplet and Air bubble inside
r
5) Sphere of Influence : liquid
An imaginary sphere around a molecule in
4T
which intermolecular force has been P  ... For bubble
experienced is called as sphere of influence. r
Surface Tension
10) Formation of Double bubble :
2T cos
8) h 1 1 1
rg  
R R1 R2
R1 R2
1 R
h or hr = constant or h1r1  h2 r2 R2  R1
r
11) Force required to pull two plate (JEE concept)
2TA
h r F
t
(tube) (meniscus radius) (Angle of contact)
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
Rise in capillary Vs radius of tube
9) Formation of single bubble or droplet from two
bubble or droplet in isothermal condition
c  a 2  b2
Thermal Properties Of Matter
Quick Revision THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 3) Heat :
TC : Temperature in °C is energy in transit which is transfered from one
Tk : Temperature in °K body to other due to temperature difference
x0 : Thermometric property at 0°C between them.
x100 : Thermometric property at 100°C 4) Heat Capacity :
xt : Thermometric property at t°C The heat required to raise the temperature of
l : Length body by 1°C is called heat capacity.
V : Volume 5) Water equivalent :
P : Pressure Water equivalent of a body is the mass of water
R : Resistance having the same heat capacity as a given body
 : Linear expansion coefficient 6) Latent heat :
 : Coeficient of areal expansion The amount of heat required to change the state
: Coeficient of volume expansion of unit mass of a substance at a constant
temperature is called latent heat.
: Density
7) Thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability
T : Time period of a substance to conduct heat through it.
Y : Young’s modulus 8) Black body :
vapp : Apparent coefficient of volume expansion
A body which absorb all the radiation falling
W : workdone on it is caused black body.
J : Mechanical equivalent of heat (4.2 J/cal)
8) Emissive power :
Q : Heat
Emissive is the energy radiated per unit area
S : Specific heat capacity
per unit time per unit solid angle along the
 : Change in temperature normal to the area.
C : Molar heat capacity 9) Absorptive power :
M : Molecular weight Absorptive power is a fraction of the incident
L : Latent heat radiation that is absorbed by the body.
LF : Latent heat of fusion FORMULAE
K : Coefficient of thermal conductivity
FORMULAE
A : Area of cross-section tt  t0
1) t 100 C
i : Heat current t100  t0
R : Thermal resistance
E : Emissive power C0 F  32 K  273.15
2)  
U : Energy radiator 100  0 212  32 373.15  273.15
a : Absorptive power l  l0
 : Stefans constant (5.67 × 10–8 W/m2k4) 3) Liquid thermometer : t  100 C
l100  l0
e : Emmissivity of the surface
S : Solar constant V  V0
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS 4) Gas thermometer : t  V  V 100 C
100 0
1) Temperature :
It is defined as degree of coldness or hotness P  P0
of a body and it is measured by thermometer. t 100 C
P100  P0
2) Zeroth law of Thermodynamics :
If two bodies x and y are are in equlibrium and R  R0
x and z are in equilibrium then y and z are in 5) Resistance thermometer : t  100 C
R100  R0
equilibrium.
Thermal Properties Of Matter
6) Thermal expansion
U
a) Linear expansion L2  L1[1   ] 14) E 
At 
b) Area expansion A2  A1 [1   ] 15) u   T 4
c) Volume expansion V2  V1 [1   ] dT eA 4
16) Rate of cooling   (T  T04 )
d) pendulum clock time period dt ms
1 dT
T2  T1 1   Newtons law   K (T  T0 )
2 dt
e) Density  [1   ] 4eAT03
2 1 K
ms
7) Thermal stress t  
17) Wien’s law m
T = b = constant
8) Vapp  V app
 where app
 1
 b = 0.288 cm-k
9) W = JQ
10)  ms ,  nc ,  mL GRAPHS
GRAPHS
11) Heat lost = Heat gained 1) Heating Curve
While solving problems, when temperature
change is involved, use  ms or nc ,
when state change is involved, use  mL
 KA( 1  )
12)  2
t L
d d
  KA
dt dx
 L
   iR
t KA 2)
13) Keq
1 1 1
a) Series K  K  K .........
eq 1 2
b) Parallel Keq  K1  K2  K3 ......
Thermodynamics
Quick Revision THERMODYNAMICS
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 5) Adiabatic process :
n : Number of moles of gas. If system is completely isolated from
c : Molar specific heat capacity. surroundings so that no heat flows ‘in’ or ‘out’,
cp : Molar specific heat capacity at constant then any change that the system undergoes is
pressure. called an adiabatic process.
cv : Molar specific heat capacity at constant
6) Iso-baric process :
volume.
R : Universal gas constant. A process taking place at constant pressure
T : Absolute temperature of gas. throughout.
Q : Heat energy supplied to the gas. 7) Isochoric (Isometric) process :
w : Work done by the gas.
u : Internal energy of gas. Thermodynamic process in which volume of
the system remains constant throughout.
u : Change in internal energy of gas.
 : Efficiency 8) Cyclic process :
The process in which the initial and final states
 cp  of gas after traversing a cycle are same.
: Adiabatic exponent   c 
 v  9) Second laws of thermodynamics :
P : Pressure exerted by gas. It states that it is impossible for a self acting
V : Volume occupied by gas. machine unaided by any external agency, to
f : Degree of freedom. transfer heat from a body at lower temperature
to a body at higher temperature. It is decided
 R  from this law that, the efficiency of any heat
k : Boltzmann constant  k  
 NA  engine can never be 100%.
F.L.T. : First law of thermodynamics. 10) Heat engine : It is a device which converts heat
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS energy into mechanical energy.
1) Heat ( ) : 11) Refrigerator :
It is the energy which is transfered from a
Refrigerator is a heat engine running in
system to surroundings (or) vice versa due to
backward direction i.e., working substance
temperature difference between system and takes heat from cold body and gives out to
surroundings. hotter body with the help of external agency.
 It is a macroscopic quantity..
 Path dependent. 12) Carnot’s theorem :
2) Work : It states that no heat engine can have efficiency
Work is the energy that is transmitted from one greater than carnot’s engine working between
system to other by a force moving its points of same hot and cold reservair.
application. 13) Reversible process :
 It is a macroscopic quantity..
 Path dependent. A process which can proud in opposite
3) Internal energy : direction in such a way, that the system passes
through the same states as in the direct process
The total kinetic energy of gas and gas
and finally the system and surroundings
molecule. u T
acquire the initial conditions.
4) Isothermal process :
A thermodynamic process in which the 14) Irreversible process :
temperature of the system remains constant The process which cannot be traced back in the
throughout. opposite direction.
Thermodynamics
FORMULAE
FORMULAE 6) Cyclic process :
1) First law of thermodynamics a) Initial and final states are same.
 u   b) u  0
 nc T  heat energy supplied to gas. c) Work done by gas = Area inside cycle.
u  nGT  change in internal energy of gas.  = +ve for clockwise cycle and –ve for anti-
clockwise cycle.
d) net   ; ( net  supplied  released )
1
2
 dV  work doen by the gas. 
v1 e) cycle 
supplied
2) Isothemal process :
7) Molar specific heat capacity for a polytropic
a) condition T = constant throughout
process with state equation PVh = constant is
b) State equation pv = constant
R
( P1V1  P2 V2 ) given by C  CV 
1 n
c) F.L.T.  u  ncv T  0 ; ( T  0) 8) Area covered by P-V graph with volume axis
gives work done by the gas.

P
u 
d) Work done by the gas   RT ln  2 
 u1 
P 
 RT ln  1  Work
 P2  V
3) Iso-baric process : 9) Bulk modulus of gas Bisothermal = P
a) Condition p = constant throughout Badiabatic = P
10) Efficiency of heat engine :
V V V  c/p 
b) State equation = constant.  1  2  efficiency  
T  T1 T2  i/p 1
c) F.L.T.   ut 
  1 2
d) Work done by the gas   P( V )  R( T ) 1 1
4) Iso-choric process : (Isometric process) for carnot engine ' ' is

a) Condition : v = cconstant throughout maximum is given by
P P  T
P max  1  2  1  2
b) State equation  constant   1  2  T1
T  T1 T2 
1
11) Refrigerator
c) F.L.T.   u;(   0) Co-efficient of performance
d) Work done by the gas    0 ;
 1
 1 T1
( v = constant)   
5) Adiabatic process : 2 1 T2  T1
a) Condition   0 (Hot Reservoir) (Cold Reservoir)
Source Engine Sink
b) State equation  PV = constant
1 = constant T1 T2
TV
Q1 Q2
P 1 T = constant
c) F.L.T.  u    0 ; (  0)
W = Q1 – Q2
d) work done by the gas
12) Relation between "  " and "  "
PV PV R(T1  T2 )
 1 1 2 2  1 
1 1 

Thermodynamics
GRAPHS
GRAPHS 5) What does the slope of P-V graph gives ..?
1) Iso-thermal process : a) for isothermal process graph
dP P
slope  
dV V
b) for adiabatic graph
dP P
slope    
dV V 
6) Iso-choric process :
2) Adiabatic process :
7) Iso-baric process :
3) Iso-thermal and Adiabatic comparison :
4) Comparison of mono, dia and polyatomic gases

for adiabatic process 8) Carnot’s cycle :
T1  T2  TH (temperature of hot reservior)
T3  T4  TC (temperature of cold reservior)
TC
cycle  1 
TH
more  more slope 1

 2
 3
5
1  monoatomic  
3
7
2  diatomic gas   1  2  isothermal expansion
5 2  3  adiabatic expansion
4 3  4  isothermal compression
3  polyatomic gas   4  1  adiabatic compression
3
Kinetic Theory Of Gases
Quick Revision KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 6) Charle’s law:
P : Pressure exerted by the gas It states that, volume of given mass of gas
varies directly proportional to its absolute
V : Volume occupied by the gas
temperature, given its pressure is constant.
n : Number of moles of the gas
V
R : Universal gas constant  Constant
T
T : Absolute temperature of gas
7) Dalton’s law of partial pressure:
M : Molar mass of the gas
Partial pressure of a gas is the pressure which
m : Mass of gas sample it would exert if contained alone in the given
µ : Molecular mass of the gas confined space.
K : Boltzmann constant P = P1+P2+P3
C : Specific heat capacity P = Total pressure of mixture of gases
P1+P2+P3 = Partial pressure of individual gases
Cp : Specific heat capacity at constant pressure in mixture
Cv : Specific heat capacity at constant volume 8) Graham’s law of diffusion:
: Density of gas Graham’s law of diffusion states that, rate of
N : Number of molecules diffusion of gas varies inversely as the square
NA : Avagadro’s number root of density of gas.
: Adiabatic exponent (Cp / Cv) 1
r
f : Degree of freedom
v : Speed of gas molecules 9) Avagadro’s law:
Q : Heat energy It states that under similar conditions of
U : Internal energy of gas pressure and temperature equal volumes of all
gases contain equal number of molecules.
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
PV = nRT
1) Gas: 10) Root mean square speed (vrms):
Type of matter that does not have any fixed It is the square root of the mean of squares of
shape or volume. individual speeds of the molecules of gas.
2) Ideal gas: 11) Average speed:
Gas in which, size of molecule and force of It is the arithmetic mean of speed of the
interaction between molecules is considered molecules of a gas.
zero. 12) Most probable speed:
3) Real gas: It is the speed possessed by maximum number
of molecules of a gas sample.
The gas that shows deviation from ideal gas
13) Degree of freedom:
behaviour is called a real gas.
Number of possible independent ways in which
4) Avagadro’s number (NA): the position and configuration of the system
It is the number of carbon atoms contained in may change.
12 gms of C-12 carbon. 14) Law of equipartition of energy:
NA = 6.023 × 10 23 In a gas sample, in thermal equilibrium, the
5) Boyle’s law: total internal energy of the gas is divided
equally among all the degree of freedom.
It states that the volume of a given amount of
15) Gram specific heat capacity (c):
gas varies inversely as its pressure, provided its
Amount of heat energy required by unit mass
temperature is kept constant.
of gas to rise its temperaure by 1°C (or) 1 K.
PV = Constant
16) Molar specific heat capacity (c): 6) Translational K.E. of a gas,
Amount of heat energy required by 1 mole of
3
gas in order to rise its temperature by 1°C or K .E.T  nRT
1 K. 2
17) Heat capacity: 7) Energy per molecule per degree of freedom is
Heat energy consumed by gas sample to rise is
temperature by 1°C or 1 K. 1
KT
18) Adiabatic exponent (): 2
It is the ratio of Cp to Cv of a gas. 8) Energy per mole per degree of freedom is
Cp
 1
Cv RT
2
FORMULAE
FORMULAE 9) Internal energy (U):
1) Ideal gas equation:
f
a) PV = nRT For one molecule  KT
RT 2
b) P 
M f
For n moles of gas  nRT
KT 2
c) P 
µ 10) Change in internal energy of a gas sample is,
d) PV = NKT
f
2) Real gas equation: U  nRT  nC v T
2
n2 a
P ( V  nb)  nRT 11) For a given gas,
V2
R
where a, b are Vander waal’s constants a) C v  f
3) Pressure exerted by a gas 2
2 b) Cp – Cv = R
P e (If Cp & Cv are molar specific heat capacities)
3
where e is translational KE per unit volume of R
gas. c) C p  Cv 
M
1 2
and P  v ; = Density of gas (If Cp & Cv are gram specific heat capacities)
3 rms
4) R.M.S. speed, Cp
d) C 
3 RT 3P 3KT v
vrms   
M µ
2
Average speed, e)  1
f
8 RT 8P 8 KT
vavg   
M  µ R R
f) Cv  ; Cp 
Most probable speed, 1 1
2 RT 2P 2KT 12) Degree of freedom (f) (Excluding vibrational
vmp    energies):
M µ
i) Monoatomic = 3, (3 Translational)
5) In a given gas sample vrms  vavg  vmp ii) Diatomic (or) polylinear = 5, (3 Translational
+ 2 Rotational)
8
vrms : vavg : vmp  3 : : 2 iii)Poly non-linear = 6, (3 Translational
 + 3 Rotational)
13) For a mixture of gases: GRAPHS
GRAPHS
1) Boyle’s law:
n1C p1  n2C p2  .....
C p (mix.) 
n1  n2  .....
n1Cv1  n2Cv2  ..... P

1
Cv (mix.)  ; T = constant
V
n1  n2  .....
C p(mix)
mix

Cv (mix)
2) Charle’s law:
Absolute temperature of mixture,
V
f1n1T1  f2 n2T2  .....
Tmix. 
f1n1  f2 n2  .....
P = constant
14) Heat energy supplied to a gas
Q  mC ab T or Q  nC molar T T
Cab = gram sp. heat capacity
Cmolar = molar sp. heat capacity
Simple Harmonic Motion
Quick Revision SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES 4) Amplitude :
T : Time period [s] The maximum value of displacement from
 : Angular frequency [rad’s] equilibrium position is called as amplitude.
x : Displacement of particle from mean 5) Phase :
position [m] The state of particle with respect to its position
and direction of motion is called as phase.
V : Velocity [m/s]
6) Initial phase :
a : Acceleration [m/s2] The initial state of particle is said to be initial
k : Spring constant [N/m] phase.
m : Mass of block [kg] 7) Free oscillation :
When a system is displaced from its
Ms : Mass of spring [kg]
equilibrium position and released, it oscillates
F : Force [N] with the natural frequency and the oscillations
A : Amplitude [m] are called as free oscillation.
 : Initial phase or epech 8) Forced or driven oscillation :
If an external agency maintain the oscillations
K.E. : Kinetic energy [ J ]
then it is called as forced or driven oscillation.
P.E. : Potential energy [ J ] 9) Resonance :
T.E. : Total energy [ J ] The phenomenon of increase in amplitude
R : Resultant amplitude [m] when driving force is close to natural
frequenccy of oscillator is called resonance.
s : Resultant initial phase angle
FORMULAE
FORMULAE
Fd : Damped force [N]
1) Linear simple harmonic motion
b : Damping constant
F = –kx
F(t) : External force [N]
F  kx
F0 : Amplitude of external force [N] a   2 x
m m
d : Forced frequency
k
0 : Natural frequency 
m
I : Moment of inertia
2 m
C : Torsinal constant T  2
 k
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
F = –kx
1) Periodic motion :
ma = –kx
A motion that repeat itself at regular interval
of time is called periodic motion. k
a x
2) Time period : m
The smallest time interval after which the
d2 x
motion repeats itslef is called the time period. 2
 2 x
dt
3) Simple harmonic motion :
Incase of motion of particle moves back and d2 x
 2 x  0
forth about fixed point throught a force which dt 2
is directly proportional to displacement but
opposite in direction the motion is called as V   A2  x2
simple harmonic motion. x  A sin(t  )
2) Equation of SHM 6) Pendulum in lift
i) Particle starting from extreme right i) If lift is at rest
x  A cos(t )
l
Angle measured from positive x axis. T  2
g
ii) Particle starting from mean position
ii) If lift is moving upward with an acceleration
x  A sin t
[a]
Angle measure from negative y axis.
3) Energy in SHM l
If x  A sin t T  2
ga
1 1 iii) If lift is moving downward with an
K.E.  m2 ( A2  x 2 )  K( A2  x 2 )
2 2 acceleration [a]
1 l
K.E.  K( A 2  A2 sin 2 t ) T  2
2 ga
1 iv) If lift is under free fall

 KA2 cos2 t
2 T 
1 1
1 1 1 t   0
P.E.  m2 x 2  kx2  KA2 sin2 t T 
2 2 2
v) Pendulum accelerating horizontally
1
T .E.  K .E.  P.E.  KA 2 l
2 T  2 1
1 ( g2  a2 ) 2
K.E.average  KA 2
4 7) Second pendulum
T=2S
1
P.E.average 
KA2 g
4 l 2
4) Comparison of two SHM 
8) Pendulum of large length
x1  A1 sin( t  1 )
1
x2  A2 sin( t   2 ) T  2
1 1
g 
x  x1  x2 l R
x  A1 sin( t  1 )  x  A2 sin( t   2 ) if l  
x  R sin( t  ) R
T  2  84.6 min
g
R  A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos( 1   2 )
9) Compound pendulum
A sin 1  A2 sin  2
tan   1 I
A1 cos 1  A2 cos  2 T  2
mgl
5) Simple pendulum
10) Torsional pendulum
l I
T  2 T  2
g C
11) Motin of a ball in a tunnel through earth 16) Damped simple harmonic motion
F  Fd  Fs
R
T  2  84.6 min M a  bV  kx
g
d2 x dx
12) Oscillating of a floating body in a liquid M 2
 b  kx
dt dt
h d2 x dx
T  2 s
M 2
 b  kx  0
g l dt dt
bt
13) Oscillating of a liquid column in a V-tube. 
x  Ae 2m
cos(  ' t  )
h
T  2 2
g k  b 
'   
14) Simple pendulum in a liquid m  2m 
l 2
T  2 s T
g(  ) k  b 
2

s l
15) Spring System m  2 m 

F   kx
17) Forced oscillation and resonance
k

m F (t )  F0 cos( t )
m
T  2 d2 x dx
k m 2
b  kx  F0 cos t
dt dt
Spring in sereis
1

1

1 x(t )  A cos( d t  )
K eff K1 K 2
F0
A 1
[m2 ( 2  2d )2  2d b2 ]2
 v0
tan 
d x0
Spring in a parallel
V0 = Initial velocity
Keff  K1  K 2
If mass of spring [Ms] considered then i) Small damping driving frequency far from
natural frequency
Ms
m
3 F0
T  2 A
K M(2  2d )
Reduced mass
ii) Driving frequency closed to natural
Mr
T  2 frequency
K
M1 M 2 F0
Mr  A
M1  M 2 d b
GRAPHS
GRAPHS 3) x  A cos t
1) F Vs x V  A sin t
a  2 A cos t
2) x  A sin t
V  A cos t
a  2 A sin t
Waves
Quick Revision WAVES
TERMINOLOGY
VALUES FORMULAE
FORMULAE
A : Amplitude 1) Wave velocity (v) :
: Wavelength

v : Wave velocity v f  
T k
K : Wave number
T : Tension in string 2) Intensity of wave (I) :
: Mass per unit length I  2 2 f 2 A 2 v
: Density of medium 3) Energy density :
Y : Young’s modulus of elasticity 2 2 f 2 a 2 v
B : Bulk modulus of elasticity Energy density 
V
P : Pressure
R : Universal gas constant 4) Velocity of transverse wave :
T : Temperature T
M : Molar mass v (in stretched string)
I : Intensity
 : Angular 
 : Modulus of rigidity v (in solid)
TYPES OF WAVES
DEFINITIONS 5) Velocity of sound wave :
1) On The Basis Of Medium:
i) Mechanical Waves : Required medium for Elasticity of medium
v
their propagation ex.: Waves on string, and Density of medium
spring etc.
ii) Non-mechanical Waves : Do not require E
v
medium for their propagation ex.: Light,
radio waves, X-rays etc.
2) On The Basis Of Vibration Of Particle: Y
v (in solids)
i) Transverse waves : Particle of medium
vibrates in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of waves ex.: B
movement of string of sitar v (in liquid and gaslong medium)
ii) Longitudinal waves : Particles of medium
vibrate in the direction of wave motion. ex.: 6) Newton’s formula :
sound wave travel through air. P
3) On The Basis Of Energy Propagation: v
i) Progressive wave : These waves propagates
energy in medium. Ex. : Sound wave 7) Laplace correction :
ii) Stationary wave : Energy is not propagated YP
by these waves. ex.: waves in a string, waves v Y = 1.41 for air
in organ pipes.
4) Amplitude : Maximum displacement from YRT
mean position. v
M
5) Wavelength : It is equal to the distance travelled
by the wave during the time in which any 8) Equation of plane progressive wave :
particle of medium completes one vibration. y( x1t )  A sin( t kx ) (general equation)
6) Angular wave number : Number of wavelengths
where = Initial phase
in the distance 2 .
7) Wave velocity (v) : It is the distance travelled  = Wave number
by the disturbance in one time period. A = amplitude
Waves
Various Form Destructive interference:
Phase difference,  180 or (2n  1)
i) y  A sin( t  kx) , Let 0
 = 1, 2, 3, .........
 2  Path difference  (2 n  1)
ii) y  A sin  t  x
2
(odd multiple of
2
)
 
Amin  A1  A2
 2 2  2
iii) y  A sin  t  x I min  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2  I1  I 2
 T 
11) Stationary wave :
 t x equation, y  2 A sin kx cos t
y  A sin 2    Amplitude of wave
T 
Node : The points where amplitude is
9) Particle velocity minimum
VP = –v × slope of wave at that point. Distance between two successive nodes is

2
10) Interference of sound waves : When two waves Antinode : The points of maximum amplitude.
of same frequency, same velocity moves in same Distance between two successive antinodes
direction.
is .
2
y1  A1 sin(t )
y2  A2 sin( t  )
after superposition. 12) Stenting wave can string

frequency of vibration = frequency of wave
Anet  A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos
v 1 T
 
Intensity ( I )  I 1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 cos
13) i) Fundamental frequency or first harmonic
Constructive interference: 1 T 1 T
n1  
Phase difference 0 or 2n 2l
ii) Second harmonic or first overtone :
Path difference   (even multiple of ) h2 

1 T
2
Resultant amplitude,
1 T
h2   2n2
Amax  A1  A2 l
iii) Third harmonic or second over tone.
Resultant intensity
1 T
h3 
I max  I 1  I 2  2 I 1 I 2
3 T
 I1  I 2
2
h3   3n1
2l
Waves
14) Standing wave in organ pipe : Open organ pipe
Closed organ pipe {Vs = Velocity of sound} Vs
Resonance frequency f1  [fundamental frequency or 1st harmonic]
2l
Vs
f1  [fundamental frequency 1st harmonic]
4l
2V s
f2  [2nd harmonic or 1st overtone]
2l
3Vs
f2  [3rd harmonic or 1st over tone]
4l
15) Beat frequency

Beat frequency = No. of beats per second
= Difference in frequency of
two source
= n1  n2
5V
f3  s [5th harmonic or 2nd overtone] Doppler effect :
4l apparent frequency
 v v0 
fapp    factual
 v vsource 
Note : choose plus / minus signs based on
situation
v = velocity of sound.

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Units And Measurements

Quick Revision UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Object is moving with decreasing velocity vB > vA vB – vA = +ve

Vertical velocity with time

2) car on a convex bridge

11) Inverted Cone : 13) Motion of a block on frictionless hemisphere

m0 : Initial mass of rocket [kg] 6) Law of conservation of momentum

The resistive force which will act when two

7) Stopping of block due to friction:

s : Displacement 6) Conservative forces:

ds : Small change in displacement A force is conservative if work done by force

done is called negative work done. 3) W  F .ds

Shape Of Moment Of Radius Of

(1) 1.Passes through the centre 2

4.About a tangential axis in its 3 2 3

3.About a tangential axis lying 5 5

3.About an axis passing through M (a 2  b 2 ) a2  b2

Moment of inertia of some special bodies

(d) < 2 < 3,

there is no external torque. 2

L : Angular momentum. 8) Orbital velocity (critical velocity) :

c) Solid Sphere c) Solid sphere

iii) V vs. position (Distance) iv)Energy

Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of volume

Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of shear stress V

1 B &C Small then material is brittle

1 Very very small then elastomer

22) Breaking stress due to self weight

b) Parallel Keq  K1  K2  K3 ......

d) Work done by the gas   P( V )  R( T ) 1 1

4) Iso-choric process : (Isometric process) for carnot engine ' ' is

3) Iso-thermal and Adiabatic comparison :

4) Comparison of mono, dia and polyatomic gases

more  more slope 1

n1Cv1  n2Cv2  ..... P

1 iv) If lift is under free fall

15) Spring System m  2 m 

VP = –v × slope of wave at that point. Distance between two successive nodes is

after superposition. 12) Stenting wave can string

Path difference   (even multiple of ) h2 

15) Beat frequency

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