Gianna Hyatt

11/53
Human and Social Biology – Diseases and its Impact on Humans Summer Project

1. Pathogenic: A disease in humans that is caused by infectious agents. Example: Bacteria

Deficiency: A disease caused by the lack of an element in the diet. Example: Scurvy

Hereditary: A disease caused by mutations in certain genes passed from parent to child.
Example: Down Syndrome

Physiological: The malfunctioning of a body organ causing them to not function

properly. Example: Asthma.
 2.

Type of Disease General cause General Characteristics Type of Control and Prevention
Treatment
Pathogenic Parasite that Toxigenicity Antibiotics and  Quarantine and treat
causes disease in Antivirals contagious
the host Evasion of the hosts individuals
immune system  Set up immunization
programmes and
Adherence to host cells ensure all individuals
in populations are
vaccinated.
Deficiency The shortage or Fatigue. A diet containing  Improve nutrition
lack of a Poor night vision. foods rich in the within populations
particular missing nutrients
nutrient in the or food fortified  Set up public health
Muscle pain and
diet with the missing education
weakness.
nutrients. programmes

Depression.

Easy Bruising.

Hereditary An abmornal Unusually shaped eyes. Drugs to relieve  Avoid situations that
gene passed symptoms as worsen the
from one Different colored eyes. they develop symptoms
generation to  Genetic counselling
Excessive body hair.
the next

White patches of hair.

Large or small tongue.

Physiological The Hypertension Drugs to relieve  Adopt a lifestyle that

malfunctioning symptoms as reduces exposure to
of a body organ Stroke they develop risk factors
or a change in  Reduce obesity
the structure of
certain body
cells.
3. Vectors are arthropods such as mosquitos that may carry pathogens that can multiply
within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts usually by biting.

4. Annotated Life cycle of a mosquito

Diagram 1.
 Diagram 2.

5. Humans are the primary hosts of the pathogens that are transmitted by mosquitos.
Mosquitos are the secondary hosts. The pathogens cause disease in the primary hosts,
but the secondary hosts are not affected. When a female mosquito bites a host with
pathogens the pathogens pass through her intestines and move to her salivary glands
where they multiply, when she bites another person the pathogens are then transmitted
to that host. The pathogens transmitted cause infectious diseases such as dengue fever
yellow fever and malaria. The Anopheles mosquito transports the protozoan
Plasmodium that causes malaria, and the Aedes mosquitos transmits the viruses that
cause the viruses that cause yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya.
 6. Controlling mosquito eggs

You, your neighbors, and your community can remove standing water. Once a week, items
that hold water like tires, buckets, planters, toys, pools, birdbaths, flower pot saucers, and
trash containers should be emptied and scrubbed, turned over, covered, or thrown away.

Controlling Larvae and Pupae

Dumping or removing standing water in and around your home is one way to control larvae and
pupae. For standing water that cannot be dumped or drained, a larvicide can be used to kill
larvae and pupae.

Controlling adult mosquitos

If mosquitoes are spreading viruses, professionals spray adulticides by using backpack

sprayers, trucks, or airplanes. People can buy adulticides and use them inside and outside their
homes.
 7.

Type of Causative Transmission Symptoms Prevention Control Treatment

disease Agent

Aids HIV Through the Sweats, Chills, Abstinence. HIV testing Antiretroviral
exchange of a Recurring fever, never and therapy
variety of body sharing consultation
Chronic diarrhea,
fluids from needles, and at health Drugs to
Swollen lymph glands, enhance the
infected people, using centers,
such as blood, Persistent, condoms the Establishmen immune
breast milk, unexplained fatigue, right way t of private system
semen and Weakness, Weight every time bedrooms
vaginal secretions loss, Skin rashes or you have sex for AIDS trea
bumps tment.

Gonorrhoea Bacterium Through sexual Discharge, Anal Abstain from Using Over the
Neisseira contact with the itching, Soreness, vaginal, anal, condoms counter
gonorrhoeae penis, vagina, Bleeding, and Painful and oral sex medicines
mouth, or anus of bowel movements. Treat all such as
an infected cases antibiotics
partner
Abstinence

Education
programs

STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization,

infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV .
 8. The role of blood

 Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues

 Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
 Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
 Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood.
 Regulating body temperature.
Professional phagocytes play a central role in innate immunity by eliminating pathogenic
bacteria, fungi and malignant cells, and contribute to adaptive immunity by presenting antigens
to lymphocytes.

9. Immunization exposes your body to a very small, very safe amount of viruses or bacteria
that have been weakened or killed. Your immune system then learns to recognize and
attack the infection if you are exposed to it later in life.

10. Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's
brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or
medication. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered
drugs. When you're addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it
causes. Prescription drug abuse is the use of a prescription medication in a way not
intended by the prescribing doctor. Prescription drug abuse or problematic use includes
everything from taking a friend's prescription painkiller for your backache to snorting or
injecting ground-up pills to get high.

11. Animal and plant diseases pose a serious and continuing threat to food security, food
safety, national economies, biodiversity and the rural environment. New challenges,
including climate change, regulatory developments, changes in the geographical
concentration and size of livestock holdings, and increasing trade make this an
appropriate time to assess the state of knowledge about the impact that diseases have
and the ways in which they are managed and controlled. Diseases in both plants and
animals could cause food shortages; smaller quantities of meats andedible crops will be
produced.