Physiology Sheet (1)

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** the interstitium compartment is also referred to as (the bathing solution of the cell) Water between protein molecules **. Therefore , exchange of different materials can occur between the interstitium and the other 2 compartments. **waste products such as urea Talk = Exchange materials in particular) ALMOST constant. ** its volume and composition must remain almost constant. normal volume = 11 L Too little = 7 L shrinkage Too much = 15 Edema ** brain, pulmonary And heart edema can be fatal (life threatening) Add these components : K+ , Mg++, Cl-, vitamins.

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Water between water molecules

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Add these : Ca++ : 2 mM/L HCO3- : 24 mM/L Glucose=5.5 mM/L 3.9 mM/L pores so, small particales pass readily through the capillary membrane (Na+, K+, Ca++) but proteins which are large molecules cant pass and thus, the amount of proteins present may differ in the interstitium from the intravascular compartment. Is selectively permeable ** you must know the difference between the cell membrane and the capillary membrane , as the first is selectively permeable with NO pores , but the latter has pores for the exchange of materials. Apoptosis ( DNA afragmentation , cutting the DNA in the nucleus) ** and this may cause the cell eventually to explode die. ** the interior of the cell is negative to the exterior.

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Is selectively exchange

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Inside: apactosis

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osmole From lower concentration..

Examples of excitable cells : muscular cells >> contraction. Nerve cells >>conduction. Examples of non excitable cells : endocrine cells >> hormone secretion. ** ..but we use this term for cations and anions because we care about their electrical behaviour ( effect on the membrane potential) Osmosis From lower concentration of solutes to the higher one

** Page 2, Line 14 : A>>

B Too little CO2 is Bad

B>> Normal range

C

C>> Too much CO

2 is

Bad

Amount Of CO2

""

** page 2, line 26:

The internal environment is where the cells live ( interstutium comp.) .. and Therefore, the function of all the body systems is to maintain homeostasis of this internal environment. Ex. >The respiratory sytem keeps the O2 and CO2 concentrations around the normal range. The Urinay system maintains the amount of Urea in the interstiuim almost constant. The liver keeps the levels of Ammonia around the normal range . The heart pumps blood ( adding to the interstitium) and takes blood back (removing form the interstitium). ** HemEostasis is not the same as Homostasis.. Hemostasis means to stop the bleeding.

** page 2, last line:

Molarity = concentration in 1 L of solution ,, 1 Molar = 1 mole / 1 L of solution (we use Molarity in calculations) Molality = concentration in 1 Kg of water ,, 1 Molal = 1 mole / 1 Kg of water

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Increase / decrease of the concentration: Na+ >> Hyper/Hyponatrimia K+ >> Hyper/Hypokalemia Ca++ >> Hyper/Hypocalcemia

CONDITION Volume-increase Volume-decrease

CELL Swelling Shrinkage

INTERSTITIUM Edema Dehydration

INTRAVASCULAR Hypervolemia hypovolemia

** page3 , line 27: We use different terms to refer to the concentrations of the contents of the interstitium ( that must remain almost constant): 1. Molarity 2. Equivelance 3. Osmotic effect: -Assuming that we have two different compartments (A,B) separated by a membrane that is impermeable to molecule (C) . B C

Water

* C tries to move to compartment B down its concentration gradient but since the separating membrane is impermeable to it, it cant pass to A, so it retains water to from A to B .. and this is called the osmotic effect of molecule C. Note that in order to call it osmotic effect the membrane MUST be impermeable to the molecule , if it allowed the molecules to pass through easily, these molecules would distribute in the 2 compartments equally and therefore, they dont have any effect. >> Example : 1 mole of Na (23g) contains 1*6.02*10^23 (num of moles *avogdros num) of particles 1 mole of glucose (180g) contains 1*6.02*10^23 (num of moles*avogadros num) of particles. Since the number of particles is the same in both cases, 1 mole of Na has the same osmotic effect as 1 mole of glucose regardless of their m.w. >> If we have 2g of Na, and 2g of glucose, which would have a bigger osmotic effect ? 2g of Na >> (2g/23g) mole = .09 mole of Na >> (.09* avogadros num) particles 2g of glucose >> (2/180) mole =.01 mole of glucose >> (.01*avogadros num ) particles.

So , 2g of Na would have a bigger osmotic effect because it represents a bigger num of particles than 2g of glucose.

>> In our bodies , many different proteins, 2 of them are albumin (m.w =69000=69K)And Globulin (m.w = 10^6) , which would have a bigger osmotic effect? Albumin.

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Glucose concentration In the box, line 1 3

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90 mg/dL in the extracellular comp. Constant conditions #of anions= #of cations Permeable to water -1.86 C 285 m Osm/L

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70 mg/dL Almost constant Num of +ve charges = Num of ve charges .. with very few exceptions -1.68 C The doctor calculated it as 285 but the true value is 297.6 m Osm/L *The point is that the osmolarity of the plasma must be between 285 310 m Osm/L. ** the muscles of the cervix

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21 In the box, line 2 8

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To the right atrium

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To the left atrium

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.. of the ion inside the cell.

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.. of the ion outside the cell. ** Ex. According to our assumption (Em= -90 mv) : Df Na = -90-61= 151 mv.

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-84 mV Potassium and Calcium..

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-86mV Sodium and Calcium-check below

Note :
since K ions contribute the most to the membrane potential, and they have the highest conductance among Na+ and Ca+2.. then we assume that Na* and Ca conductances are zero using this equation not K+

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By calculating the current. -

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By calculating E(Equilibrium potential). Add as the book says: " fast channel means that the channel remains open for only a few thousandth of a second and they abruptly close. Ina=(Em-ENa) gNa Reached its equilibrium potential yet. Contract simultaneously. Ca-Na channels Until the sodium gate.

The box.

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DF=(Em-ENa) gNa Reached its equilibrium yet. Contract spontaneously. Calcium-potassium channels Until the gate.

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Initial depolarization

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Initial repolarization.

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Nothing to add entrance?? Going to *

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exit Postsynaptic membrane

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( ) nothing to add Resistance is proportional (As one cell ??) fast

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NA

Resistance is inversely proportional Add and reach fast..and the dr said as one cell SA node

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slide #21: Tyrosine ( hydroxylation)---> DOPA(carboxylation)---->dopamine( hydrogenation)---> norepinephrine. *if there is CH3 .. norepinephrine undergoes methylation---> it becomes epinephrine page 5, line 9. CNA means CNS page 8 , extra notes sweat glands --->(sympathetic + cholinergic) exception: the sweat glands in palms and soles they are (sympathetic+adrenergic )

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Acetylcholine(reactants) Postganglionic neurons of skeletal muscles

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CoA ** Skeletal muscles are affected by somatic neurons that use acetyl choline as a NT , so nicotinic receptors are present on the

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They affect blood vessels and skeletal muscles

skeletal muscles. (no pre- or postganglionic neurons). They affect blood vessels IN skeletal muscles.

** You

dont need to know the NAMES of the drugs under the

title (pharmacology of the ANS p.8).

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-This page is page #3 (al mf8ode le sabab m6ba3e )

C) Cerebral Cortex

): (

It is unique to human beings. It is the enlargement in the brain that the human beings have as an advantage because: 1. It contains the sites of Intelligence 2. Responsible for Thinking and perception.

Note: Animals like parrots are not able to speak; they just imitate and learn the action by watching humans do it.

3. Contains centres of Speech and Language which are absent from other animals (animals communicate by physical contact). 4. Memory: is controlled by both the Cerebral cortex and the Limbic System (we can store our emotions and remember a lot of happy or sad feelings and keep them in our memories). The cerebral cortex is highly sophisticated in humans, and the more sophisticated it is the more intelligent the human is and able to contribute to scientific achievements and discoveries. (An individual is born with a primitive cerebral cortex, but as he grows and learns they develop and become more sophisticated).

 This enlargement of the brain does not come without a side effect. Since the largest part of the human brain is responsible for solving problems, reasoning and doing intellectual tasks it results in a conflict between what we love to do (emotions- limbic system) and what our cerebral cortex tells us is right to do ( logic- common sense). The conflict could cause many psychological illnesses such as anxiety, or if it continued for a long period of time it will lead to depression or even insomnia in some cases. To sum up, parts of the brain are: Note: The cerebellum (small cerebrum) is the centre responsible for balance.

Brain Stem Self Preservation

Limbic System Emotions

Cerebral Cortex Intellectual Tasks

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Hypokalaemia

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Heyper kalaemia (increase of K+ conc.)

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p.7 Slide #17 Here you can see compound potential, there is increasing in the strength of the stimuli )( And when the stimulating electrode is away from the recording electrode the compound action potential will arise not only graded but with multiple pieces.

 2102 0791.. .. Thats exactly the same of what we can see here(the curves in the diagram) not all of them reach at the same time..so that indicates that there are types of nerve fibers as we have mentioned before..some of them could be wide and some could be small..some of the them transport faster than the others and so on.. We conclude that the small nerve fibers reach delayed )..(so in the recording the first movement will be for the fastest nerve fiber, and the last movement will be for the slowest ones!

*Neuropathy -There are many problems that occur in the CNS, for example, a disease that is called multiple sclerosis, demyelination occurs but in the CNS in the brain or the spinal cord) ( the oligodedro sites are damaged. -peripheral neuropathy peripheral demyelination Diabetic patients, vitamin B12 deficiency occurs (to know how the compound action potential changes due to demyelination or due to partial axonal loss (like in the wrist drop) , and learn how to write that in a reportmove to share7 slide 18)

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Will ---

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Will biruficate giving rise to many terminals. Can partially polarize. Moving alone in our bodies.

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Can polarize Moving in our bodies.

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The physiologist Is Burnard Katz ** for each action potential generated in the post synaptic membrane, this amount of acetyl choline ( 25 viscles, 10000 molecules) is needed.

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Fast active small molecules

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Add : easily synthesized and easily destructed.

substances

Made up of Several subunits

Separated from emotions

From reactions

Go to limbic system

Limbic system and cerebral cortex.

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** Delete accomplish channels

A or B groups

A or B anti-gens on the RBCs plasma membrane.

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Enocrine Which is water soluble

Endocrine. Lipid soluble.

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Thyroid hormones : T3 & T4

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T4

T4 is lipid souble

Norepinphrine and Epinephrine are amine WATER soluble hormones. T4 and T3 are amine LIPID soluble hormones. 7 19 Arachidonic acid can go in one of two pathways : Lipoxygenase >> leukotriens Cycloxygenase >> prostaglandins. 8 20 ** a hormone is secreted form the ant pituitary gland , then it is sliced (post translational modification) by peptidases to other hormones like ( probio milnao cortico hormone)

** Hypothalumus also secrets inhibiting hormones.

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** Ionotropic receptors : the ion channel is a part of the receptor. Metabotropic receptors: they function through a G- protein mechanism.

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- Bound hormones :the hormone is bound to the receptor or to its carrier protein in the blood.

- Free form: the hormone is not bound to the receptor nor to its carrier. - the free form Is the one that can bind to the receptor .. ( its concentration must remain constant)

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**each receptor is composed of several domains and each domain has its own function, for example : - Hormone binding domain >> binds to the hormone . - DNA-Binding and dimerization domain >> it binds to the hormone responsive element on the DNA. And so on.. **the doctor didnt mention the numbers in slide #19 .

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Too little hormone >> stimulating Too much >> inhibiting

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Too much hormone >> inhibits endocrine cells Too little hormone >> stimulates endocrine cells.

Sheet (21)
Add these points to the sheet :) Regarding leptin :
- it's produced by adipocytes - it's a peptide hormone. - associated with appetite and obesity. - it's considered an exception regarding its mechanism ( water soluble hormone that works through JAK)

Regarding insulin:
- it's considered as a Growth hormone ( page 3 ) because it's associated with : > protein synthesis by increasing amino acids influx > fat synthesis > Glycogen synthesis ,( Slide 26 its not glucose synthesis it's glycogen synthesis so correct it .) > They also cause growth and gene expression which are refered to as (mitogenic effect) . * All of this results from glucose uptake to the inside of the cell. - insulin is also considered an exception ; although it's a peptide hormone it doesnt function through a G-protein mechanism, it uses Tyrosine kinase.

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- For the self study part, Methods to measure hydrostatic pressure, you have to know only about the micropipette method. Guyton p.182 :)

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Convert CO2 to H+ ions through : CO2+ H2O >> H2CO3>> H+ +HCO3** Trypan blue die can NOT penetrate

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At least 50 micrometers

living cells so it is used as an indication of the cells death. 20 micrometers. ** Then CO2 reacts to yield H+ in the CSF. Glomerular capillaries are an example of this type.

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Called glomerular capillaries.

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The movement 6g , 4g In the muscle, interstitial proteins : 6-8 intravascular :2 60-800g/dl Donalds .. Gibs Donlads

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The Net movement. 6g/dl , 4g/dl In the interstitium : 2g/dl intravascular proteins : 6-8g/dl. 60-80g/dl Donnans effect.. Gibs Donnans.

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- Page 2 , last part :
Drainage rate for the left duct: 100ml/H For the right duct: 20ml/H

- Page 4 what does the term pitting edema mean?

Pitting : remaining indented for a few minutes after removal of firm finger pressure, distinguishing fluid edema.

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** intake > output : positive balance Intake < output : negative balance.

- Best of luck :)